This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach which aims to examine how teachers and students view the challenges of using technology in elementary school learning. The purpose of this analysis is to provide insight to teachers and students to find out the various challenges that can be faced in the use of technology in the learning process. This literature review also provides knowledge about the challenges faced in the use of technology in learning in primary schools. The data in this study were taken from five journal articles relevant to the topic, published between 2021 and 2025. Data analysis uses content analysis techniques where each source or literature studied is adjusted to the context of the subject presented in this study. The results of this study show that the role of teachers is very important in the use of technology in learning. To improve the quality of learning, the perception of teachers and students is very important regarding the use of technology in this learning. In the use of technology, there are still a number of obstacles to integrating technology into the learning process. However, the existing challenges can be overcome with the right support from various parties.

This study aims to improve the singing skills of sixth grade students at State Elementary School 173632 through the national song "Indonesia Raya". application of vocal techniques. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a classroom action research (CAR) method approach which is carried out in several cycles, including the stages of planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The results of the study indicate that the systematic application of vocal techniques can improve the quality of students' singing. Diaphragm breathing exercises help students control their voices more stably, articulation techniques make song lyrics clearer, intonation exercises improve pitch accuracy, and expression techniques help students convey emotions in songs better. Data analysis shows an increase in the average singing skills of students from the category of sufficient to good after being given action. In addition, the results of observations show that the majority of students feel more confident and enjoy learning to sing with a vocal technique approach. Thus, this study can help improve students' vocal skills as well as knowledge for students and teachers as well as for readers.

The phenomenon of bilingualism and diglossia often occurs in societies that have more than one language, where individuals can choose a language based on the situation and the person they are talking to. This study aims to understand the perception of the use of regional languages by the Batak Toba and Mandailing ethnic groups in everyday communication. Qualitative methods were used with observation and interview techniques with students of the Geography Education Department at Medan State University. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Batak Toba ethnic group more often uses regional languages in communication with fellow ethnic groups, both on and off campus. Meanwhile, the Mandailing ethnic group shows flexibility in language use, with a tendency to use Indonesian more often, especially in the campus environment. Keywords: Batak Toba ethnicity, communication, Language choice, Mandailing ethnicity, sociolinguistics.

This research investigates the key factors influencing companies registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that is experiencing financial distress between the years 2021 to 2023. In this study, 353 data points were selected from the target population using purposive sampling. Three key financial ratios were utilized as indicators of financial distress: Profitability can be measured by Return on Assets (ROA), while the Current Ratio (CR) is used to measure liquidity. Meanwhile, The Logarithm of Natural to Total Assets (LnTA) is a metric for evaluating a company’s size.  Multiple regression analysis is performed utilizing SmartPLS 4.0 software to analyze the connection between these factors and the probability of experiencing financial distress. The findings indicate a significant negative association between liquidity (CR) and company size (LnTA) with financial distress. In contrast, profitability (ROA) demonstrates an insignificant negative correlation with financial distress. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing financial distress in Indonesia consumer cyclical companies employs signaling theory to interpret the relationships discovered.

The shift converter process uses Copper-promoted iron (HTS) and Copper/Zinc (LTS) catalysts to convert syngas into hydrogen through the water-gas shift reaction. Catalytic performance evaluation was conducted by analyzing parameters such as Approach Temperature Equilibrium (ATE), pressure drop, and CO conversion. The findings indicate that in the HTS unit, CO conversion ranged from 69% to 75%, with a significant decline to 69% in the fifth data set due to reduced catalyst activity. Key contributing factors to this decrease include catalyst deactivation caused by sintering and poisoning. Within the LTS unit, CO conversion reached a peak value of 94.08% following the catalyst replacement in January 2024. This observed pressure drop also significantly affected catalyst efficiency, as increased pressure drop reduced the contact time between reactant gases and the catalyst, decreasing optimal CO conversion efficiency. ATE analysis showed that the reaction did not always reach the expected thermodynamic equilibrium, particularly in the HTS unit, where ATE values exceeding design specifications indicated inefficient reaction performance. Catalyst efficiency in the shift converter is significantly influenced by catalyst lifespan, pressure drop, and various operational factors, thus requiring routine catalyst replacement to maintain optimal reactor performance.

Stunting is a significant public health issue and the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia was reported at 21.6% in 2022. This study used a mixed-methods approach. The qualitative component employed a single-case embedded study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving 15 participants and analyzed by using a thematic approach using NVivo-12. Meanwhile, the quantitative component utilized a one-group pre-test post-test design involving 155 respondents, data were gathered using questionnaires and were analyzed using paired t-tests with SPSS-26.Participants had a lack of knowledge about stunting. However, they acknowledged various healthy nutrition and health programs for stunting prevention. There were also various programs managed by local government involving multisector bodies, and communities focusing on reducing stunting prevalence. However, there were expectations to strengthen the program strategies by providing home visits, online educational media, adequate facilities, and infrastructure within Integrated Community Services (ICS (Posyandu)). The paired t-test revealed a significant average difference between pre-test and post-test values, with a mean difference of 1.167 and a p-value of <0.008. The ongoing stunting alleviation program demonstrates the government’s commitment to multi-sectoral collaboration and the use of educational media, such as videos, significantly enhances respondents’ knowledge about stunting.

The incidence of breast cancer continues to rise and constitutes a significant global health issue, including in Indonesia. Early detection of breast cancer, although seemingly simple, is often neglected by women. This study aims to assess knowledge regarding breast cancer prevention and its correlation with the “CERDIK” behavior among adults. The research design is non-experimental with a cross-sectional approach. The population comprises all adults in the Tlogomas area, with a sample of 81 individuals selected through accidental sampling. The independent variable is knowledge of breast cancer prevention, while the dependent variable is the "CERDIK" behavior. The instrument used was a questionnaire, which had undergone validity and reliability testing by the researchers. Data analysis was performed using the Fisher exact test. The results indicate that nearly all respondents (86.2%) possess insufficient knowledge of breast cancer prevention; the majority (55.6%) exhibit moderate "CERDIK" behavior, and there is no significant correlation between knowledge of breast cancer prevention and the "CERDIK" behavior among adults in Tlogomas (p-value 0.511). It is recommended that future research conduct health promotion activities regarding breast cancer prevention and examine attitudes and determinant factors related to the "CERDIK" behavior.

This research aims to explain the effectiveness of the productive implementation of zakat as an effort to distribute zakat funds in the Jambi City National Zakat Amil Agency. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, namely problems that guide researchers to explore and photograph the situation to be researched thoroughly, broadly and in depth. The data collection technique is field research (field research), while the tools used are observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this research inform that the distribution of productive zakat carried out by BAZNAS Jambi City through the distribution of productive zakat to mustahik in Jambi City has been effective, because it can improve the welfare of mustahik, this is proven by the increase in income of fourteen out of fifteen mustahik people as a whole and one person whose income is fixed.

This study examines the relationship between cultural heritage and syntactic evolution in multilingual societies, focusing on cross-generational language transmission. Employing a mixed-methods approach, it analyzes linguistic practices, cultural narratives, and syntactic patterns across three generational cohorts in five distinct multilingual communities. Findings reveal significant generational shifts, with elders preserving traditional syntax linked to cultural rituals, while younger cohorts exhibit syntactic simplifications and hybrid constructions influenced by dominant languages. Statistical analyses underscore the role of cultural practices in shaping linguistic patterns, highlighting the dynamic interplay between heritage preservation and linguistic innovation in contexts of societal bilingualism and intercultural interaction. The research demonstrates that syntactic changes correlate strongly with the frequency and depth of cultural engagement, with participants who actively participate in traditional practices showing greater retention of heritage language syntactic features. Furthermore, we identify specific linguistic mechanisms through which cultural transmission influences syntactic maintenance and innovation, including ritualized speech patterns, narrative structures, and metaphorical expressions embedded in cultural practices. This study contributes to theoretical understandings of language change by proposing a cultural-syntactic framework that helps explain the variable trajectories of heritage languages in diverse multilingual contexts.

Mental health disorders, particularly depression, are becoming an increasing concern among university students. This study aims to analyze the comparative levels of depression among students from the 2022 and 2024 cohorts in the Biology Department at Universitas Negeri Medan. The research employs a mixed-method approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 51 active students. The results indicate that students from the 2022 cohort exhibit higher levels of depression compared to those from the 2024 cohort, due to academic pressure, social factors, and lifestyle habits. These findings highlight the importance of preventive strategies and interventions to mitigate depression risks, such as stress management, promoting healthy lifestyle habits, and strengthening social support in academic environments. Therefore, educational institutions must prioritize student mental health to foster a more conducive learning environment.