Active learning is an instructional approach that positions students as central participants in the learning process through interactive, collaborative, and reflective activities. This study aims to examine the implementation of active learning strategies in enhancing student engagement at the elementary school level. A literature review method was employed, analyzing 20 national and international scholarly articles published between 2019 and 2024. The findings indicate that strategies such as Problem-Based Learning, cooperative learning, and experiential learning effectively increase students' participation, motivation, and academic achievement. The integration of digital media and educational games also contributes positively to students’ focus and emotional engagement during lessons. However, several implementation challenges were identified, including limited teacher competence, insufficient learning facilities, and time constraints within the curriculum. These findings highlight the importance of policy support, continuous teacher training, and the provision of adequate learning resources to ensure the optimal application of active learning in elementary classrooms. Therefore, active learning emerges as a strategic solution to improve the quality of primary education by fostering student-centered and engaging learning experiences.

Immunization is one of the most effective and efficient public health efforts in preventing diseases and reducing mortality rates in children such as smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), tetanus, pneumonia (lung inflammation) and meningitis (inflammation of the brain membrane) (Nandi & Shet, 2020). Data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2020 showed that vaccination coverage in the 3rd and 4th months was months. However, efforts can be made to increase child vaccination coverage to 80% and that does not include DT, MR2, and HPV vaccinations. As, measles data is only 45%, diphtheria-tetanus (DT) is around 40% (Indonesian Ministry of Health, 2021). To determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and the completeness of basic immunization in children at the Raden Omas Posyandu. This study uses a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional method. The population in this study consisted of mothers who had children aged 12 to 18 months at Posyandu Raden Omas, totaling 36 mothers. The statistical results showed a relationship between maternal knowledge and the completeness of basic immunization in children p-value (0.048). Most respondents had good knowledge, as many as 13 respondents (36.1%). Sufficient knowledge, as many as 13 respondents (36.1%). Insufficient knowledge, as many as 10 respondents or 27.8%. Most respondents had incomplete immunization, namely 18 respondents (50%).

The purpose of this study is to examine the structure of economic performance and identify superior clusters in districts/cities in order to develop a basis for formulating effective regional development strategies. The methodology used is quantitative with a descriptive approach that includes analysis of location quotient (LQ), shift share and class typology. Secondary data comes from official institutions such as the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The results of the study indicate that Sidoarjo has an advantage in the manufacturing sector (LQ 1.85) and is included in the category of advanced and rapidly developing regions. Lamongan stands out in the agricultural and fisheries sectors with significant growth, although its contribution to GDP is low, it is classified as a rapidly developing region. Gresik has a large and solid commercial sector, but its growth is still lagging behind the national average. Pasuruan is included in the lagging category because its education services sector has not become the mainstay of the economy. The cluster approach has proven successful in identifying regional potential and formulating data-based development policies. Cross-sector collaboration and responsive and supportive government policies are key factors in developing superior clusters that can accelerate regional economic growth in an inclusive and sustainable manner.

Corporate Governance and Cross-listing are considered crucial factors in promoting corporate transparency and accountability, particularly in sustainability reporting based on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) standards. A strong governance structure is believed to enhance the quality of ESG disclosure, while Cross-listing serves as an external pressure that reinforces a company's commitment to global reporting standards. This study aims to examine the influence of board size, board independence, institutional ownership, audit committee size, and Cross-listing status on the quality of ESG disclosure. The research focuses on companies in the energy and basic materials sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period, using ESG data sourced from Bloomberg. The sample consists of 18 companies with a total of 73 observations selected through purposive sampling. Hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that board size, board independence, institutional ownership, and Cross-listing have a positive and significant effect on the quality of ESG disclosure. Conversely, audit committee size has a negative and significant effect. These findings indicate that both internal pressure through governance mechanisms and external pressure through Cross-listing on foreign exchanges play an important role in driving the quality of corporate ESG disclosure.

This research aims to examine the impact of social media on the mindset of children at the elementary school level. The method applied is a literature review by analyzing journals, articles, and books relevant to the topic. The findings indicate that social media significantly affects children’s way of thinking, both in positive and negative ways. Positively, it can improve communication abilities and social interaction. However, when used without proper supervision, it may reduce self-confidence, trigger aggressive behavior, and hinder direct social interaction. This study is expected to enrich understanding of the influence of social media on children’s mindsets and serve as a reference for parents, teachers, and educators in formulating effective strategies to minimize potential negative impacts.

The rapid development of social media has changed the learning patterns of the digital generation, including in learning Japanese. This study examines the effectiveness of short videos based on social media such as YouTube Shorts, TikTok, and Instagram Reels as a medium for learning Japanese. The study used a quantitative approach through a descriptive survey with a Likert scale instrument, involving 61 respondents who had experience teaching Japanese using short videos. The findings showed that this media effectively improved vocabulary and phrase understanding, practised pronunciation, and built learning motivation. However, its effectiveness in developing productive skills such as speaking and writing is still limited. Most respondents also stated the need for longer content to deepen mastery of the material. These findings indicate that short videos have the potential to be an interesting, practical, and easily accessible learning medium. However, the development of learning content should be directed at combining the visual appeal of short videos and communication practice-oriented materials to achieve more optimal and sustainable learning outcomes.

This study aims to introduce the concept of money to children with mild mental retardation by using an economic token. The subject of this study was a 10 year old girl with mild mental retardation. This study collects data using observation by monitoring behavior. The technique used in this modification program is in the form of an economic token in order to bring up the desired stimulus response. Initial data collection or baseline was carried out in 7 sessions and then continued with intervention for 5 days with a total of 10 sessions. The results of the study show that the token economy technique can improve the ability of mentally retarded children to recognize the concept of money.

This study aims to examine the effect of Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) on stock prices of agro-industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the post-Covid-19 economic recovery period, specifically from 2021 to 2023. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a causal associative type. The data used are secondary data from annual financial statements and year-end stock prices. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with classical assumption tests to ensure model validity. The results indicate that ROA and ROE have both simultaneous and partial effects on stock prices. ROA demonstrates a stronger influence compared to ROE, suggesting that asset management efficiency is a key determinant of stock value in agro-industrial firms during the economic recovery period.

The education system in Indonesia comprises a series of interconnected components and educational activities aimed at achieving national education goals. With the growing demands for educational reform, policies related to education have undergone several modifications. Every individual in the country has the right and obligation to attain a decent life; however, in reality, many are still unable to experience genuine well-being. This situation arises because the government and leaders tend to prioritize rights over fulfilling their responsibilities. The methodology employed is qualitative, The research findings indicate that the education policies implemented have not yet fully reached all segments of society, particularly vulnerable groups, despite the presence of public participation in forums such as Musrenbang. Moreover, the success of implementation largely depends on effective coordination between central and regional governments, as well as adequate socio-political support.

of reproductive age, characterized by insulin resistance (IR), anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, often leading to infertility. Metformin is the first-line therapy used. However, inositol, especially myo-inositol (MI) and D-chiro-inositol (DCI), have shown promising therapeutic potential. Direct comparison and optimal efficacy of both still require a comprehensive review. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of inositol (as monotherapy or in combination) compared with metformin, placebo, or no intervention, in improving reproductive, hormonal, and metabolic outcomes in women with PCOS. Methods: Conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in Pubmed and Ebsco databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the last 10 years. Studies evaluating inositol and/or metformin in women with PCOS and reporting reproductive, hormonal, or metabolic outcomes were included. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by five reviewers. Results: Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this review. Metformin consistently showed improvements in insulin resistance and androgen levels. Myo-inositol also demonstrated efficacy in improving metabolic and hormonal parameters, as well as reproductive outcomes, often with a better tolerability profile, especially as monotherapy. The combination of metformin and myo-inositol has shown potential improvements in some reproductive functions (such as live birth rate) compared to metformin alone in some studies. However, other studies have shown comparable or superior efficacy of myo-inositol monotherapy with fewer side effects. Adjuvant therapies such as dexamethasone or calcium/vitamin D have shown benefits in certain subpopulations. Conclusions: Both inositol (especially myo-inositol) and metformin have significant therapeutic roles in the management of PCOS. Metformin remains an important intervention for metabolic dysregulation and hyperandrogenism. Inositol appears to be an effective and often better tolerated alternative, with significant reproductive benefits. The choice of therapy should be individualized based on patient phenotype and treatment goals.