This study explores the optimization of non-normal assignments utilizing the Hungarian method for both maximization and minimization. The Hungarian algorithm is a combinatorial optimization technique that efficiently solves assignment problems, ensuring optimal allocation of resources. By applying this method to non-normal assignment scenarios, we aim to demonstrate its effectiveness in enhancing productivity and reducing costs in various industries. The findings indicate that the Hungarian method can significantly improve decision-making processes in complex assignment frameworks, leading to more efficient operations.

This research aims to improve the narrative writing ability and idea expression of third-grade students at MI Miftakhul Amal Bluluk through the application of interactive storytelling, with an emphasis on addressing vocabulary limitations, text structure, and low student motivation. Methods: The study employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) in two cycles with procedures of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data were collected through narrative writing tests, direct observations, and documentation of students’ work. Analysis data: The data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively by comparing the mean scores and mastery percentages before and after the action. Result and discussions: The initial average student score was 68.08 with a mastery level of 30%. After the intervention in Cycle I, the score increased to 78.12 with 61.54% mastery, and in Cycle II it reached 81.27 with 88.46% mastery. This improvement was triggered by more varied storytelling techniques, intensive guidance, and written feedback on students’ writing tests. The findings indicate that interactive storytelling improved narrative structure, story flow, and students’ ability to express ideas in writing. Conclusion: Interactive storytelling is an effective instructional approach to developing narrative writing skills in elementary students. Teachers are advised to continuously develop creative storytelling variations and conduct ongoing reflection to create a more immersive, enjoyable, and meaningful writing environment.

This study aims to evaluate the reading and writing literacy levels of elementary school students and to assess the extent to which the Independent Curriculum contributes to improving literacy in Gunungkidul Regency, located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This region is predominantly rural and faces challenges related to limited access and inadequate educational facilities. The lack of educational resources—such as quality reading materials, proper libraries, and technological infrastructure—poses a major obstacle to enhancing student literacy. The research employs a quantitative approach to analyze numerical data, emphasizing standardized data collection methods and utilizing statistical analysis to test hypotheses. This approach is intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of students' reading and writing literacy skills. The findings reveal that the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in elementary schools across the Gunungkidul area has not yet produced a significant impact on improving students' literacy skills. This is evident from the average test scores, which remain below the Minimum Completion Criteria (MCC) set by the schools: 65.6 in the control group and 61.4 in the experimental group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the reading and writing literacy levels of elementary school students in the region remain relatively low.

This study aims to understand the meaning and symbolism of the saur matua ceremony performed by the Batak Toba community, as well as to explore how this tradition reflects the cultural values ​​of the Batak community, such as hamoraon (wealth), hagabeon (many descendants), and hasangapon (honor). The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. Interviews were conducted with informants who are experienced in carrying out the saur matua ceremony, as well as literature studies relevant to the research topic. The collected data were analyzed thematically, to identify the main elements in the saur matua ceremony and understand its meaning in the context of the social and cultural life of the Batak Toba. The results of the study show that the saur matua ceremony is not just a death ritual, but a celebration of a person's success in life. Death is seen as an achievement, where the deceased is considered to have succeeded in fulfilling customary expectations in social, material, and descendant aspects. This ceremony reflects a view of life that values ​​honor and kinship, and provides a new meaning to a joyful death.

This study aims to examine the influence of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) Practices and Self-Efficacy on the Environmental Performance of millennial employees in the banking sectorJakarta Barat, with Green Innovation as a mediating variable. As the dominant workforce today, millennials play a crucial role in supporting organizational sustainability. This research uses a quantitative approach through a survey of millennial employees in several banking institutions. The findings show that Green HRM Practices and Self-Efficacy have a positive and significant effect on Environmental Performance. Furthermore, Green Innovation is proven to mediate the relationship between these variables and environmental performance. These results suggest that environmentally focused HR policies and strong employee self-belief can drive green innovation, which in turn enhances environmental performance. The practical implication of this research encourages banking institutions to strengthen GHRM practices and foster a work culture that supports green innovation among millennial employees.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between investment and economic growth in North Sumatra Province during the period of 2005–2023. The main focus is on how investment, both Domestic Investment (PMDN) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), influences the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) as the primary indicator of economic growth. Using a descriptive qualitative method based on secondary data, the study finds that FDI tends to have a more significant impact on economic growth compared to domestic investment. Moreover, investment also plays a role in increasing employment opportunities and interacts with other variables such as inflation and government spending. The findings show that the impact of investment on economic growth can vary depending on macroeconomic conditions and other structural factors. Therefore, optimizing investment requires support from inclusive and sustainable development policies.

Hiripau Village, inhabited by the Kamoro ethnic community, exhibits housing conditions that do not meet the basic infrastructure standards for livable settlements. This study aims to identify the characteristics of housing facilities and infrastructure, as well as to formulate a development strategy for the area. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, utilizing field observation, in-depth interviews with local residents and traditional leaders, and documentation of existing conditions. The findings indicate that basic infrastructure components such as neighborhood roads, clean water supply, sanitation systems, drainage, and waste management are in inadequate condition. Therefore, the study recommends an integrated planning approach for infrastructure improvement, emphasizing active community participation in the management and maintenance of the residential environment to achieve a habitable and sustainable settlement.

The moral crisis affecting today’s young generation in Indonesia has become a serious concern in the midst of globalization and digitalization. Traditional values are increasingly marginalized by the rise of instant gratification, hedonism, and individualism. This article explores the role of psychology in supporting the implementation of character education as a strategic solution to address this issue. Using a qualitative approach through literature review, the findings reveal that psychology plays a crucial role in shaping students’ character through understanding cognitive development, self-regulation, emotional intelligence, and experiential learning. However, challenges such as limited educator competence, weak collaboration between schools and families, and the negative influence of social media hinder the implementation process. Therefore, integrating psychological approaches with an adaptive education system is essential to foster a resilient and morally grounded generation.

Doom spending is often conceptualized as a form of mental problem wherein individuals seek temporary relief or satisfaction through impulsive consumption in response to mental distress. This study examines the phenomenon of doom spending within the framework of mental health and Islamic ethical teachings. Employing a qualitative approach, this research adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on a comprehensive literature review of prior studies encompassing psychological, sociocultural, and religious perspectives. Thematic analysis is utilized to identify meaning patterns and explore the correlation between consumptive behavior and Islamic ethical principles. Findings indicate that doom spending not only undermines an individual's financial stability but also aggravates psychological well-being. Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of self-restraint, gratitude (shukr), and detachment from material excess (zuhd). Islam advocates for the pursuit of inner tranquility through worship, self-reflection (mu??sabah), and responsible financial conduct—reminding individuals that lasting happiness does not stem from fulfilling excessive worldly desires but from spiritual contentment and ethical living.

This study uses a qualitative method to examine the influence of sustainable manufacturing systems on the competitiveness of industrial companies in Indonesia. In an increasingly competitive global market, implementing sustainability principles in manufacturing systems has become a vital strategy to enhance operational efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and strengthen a company’s image in the eyes of consumers and stakeholders. This research focuses on how industrial companies in Indonesia integrate economic, social, and environmental aspects into their production processes and how such integration contributes to long-term competitiveness. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with production managers, analysis of internal company documents, and direct observation of sustainable manufacturing practices. The findings reveal that companies consistently applying sustainable manufacturing systems are able to improve product quality, expand market share, and enhance customer loyalty. Additionally, they are more adaptive to environmental regulations and market trends demanding corporate social responsibility. Thus, sustainability becomes a strategic factor in enhancing industrial competitiveness in Indonesia.