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Nutritional problems can jeopardize the survival of a country. The nutritional condition of each individual reflects the physiological demands of that individual, because if these needs are not met, nutrition-related health problems will arise. Children's health and nutritional status are interrelated. When a child's health deteriorates due to an infectious disease, their appetite is affected and they consume less food, resulting in less nutrients entering the body. Journals in this literature review used 3 databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct using the words malnutrition, child, 2-5 years. The literature search was adjusted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search results obtained 10 journals consisting of 4 national journals and 6 international journals. The results showed that the risk factors for malnutrition in children aged 2-5 years were inadequate nutritional intake, parental education and knowledge, infectious diseases, parenting, environmental sanitation and socioeconomic factors.

Malaria remains a significant public health issue both globally and in Indonesia, particularly affecting high-risk groups such as infants, young children, and pregnant women. The increasing incidence of malaria is closely linked to environmental and behavioral factors. This study aims to examine the relationship between community behavior and environmental conditions with malaria incidence at the Arso City Health Center, Keerom Regency. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was used, allowing analysis of variables at a single point in time. The sample was selected through simple random sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings revealed that there is no significant relationship between the habit of going outside the house and malaria incidence (p = 0.07). However, there is a significant relationship between the use of mosquito repellent and malaria incidence (p = 0.000). Similarly, using mosquito nets and gauze also showed a significant relationship with reduced malaria cases. Environmental aspects such as mosquito breeding sites and unsealed house walls were also found to be significantly associated with malaria occurrence. These results suggest that both behavioral factors—particularly protective measures—and environmental conditions contribute to malaria transmission in the community. Public health efforts should prioritize education on preventive behaviors and improvements in living environments to reduce malaria risk.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between job satisfaction and employee loyalty in an industrial environment. Job satisfaction is measured based on several factors, such as compensation, work environment, opportunities for development, and recognition of performance, all of which have a significant effect on employee loyalty. The method used is a literature study with a quantitative descriptive approach, reviewing various theories and previous research findings related to the two variables. The results of the study indicate that high job satisfaction is directly related to higher levels of employee loyalty, which is reflected in positive attitudes towards the company, long-term commitment, and reduced turnover rates. Therefore, companies in the industrial sector are advised to focus on improving employee job satisfaction in order to strengthen loyalty and support the long-term success of the organization.

Changes in land surface temperature are one of the important indicators in monitoring global environmental change. In the last decade, increasing surface temperatures have become a global concern, as they have the potential to affect ecosystems, air quality, water availability and human health. In addition, increasing land surface temperature also has a direct impact on the urban heat island phenomenon, which can worsen environmental conditions in urban areas. In this context, analyzing periodic changes in land surface temperature is important to understand the patterns and factors that influence these changes. The objectives in conducting this research, namely: Analyzing the land surface temperature, Creating a regional land surface temperature map and Analyzing changes in land surface temperature from the land surface temperature map of Pariaman City in 2015, 2019, and 2023. Based on the results of the analysis of changes in land surface temperature using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images in 2015, 2019, and 2023, it was found that there were significant variations in temperature changes in several areas. Landsat 8 image data is processed through several stages, starting from converting Digital Number (DN) values to spectral radians, brightness temperature, to estimating Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Celsius units. The analysis shows that there was a significant increase in land surface temperature during the period, especially in urban and coastal areas. In 2015, the majority of areas had temperatures of 20°C-24°C, while in 2019 it shifted to 24°C-28°C, and in 2023 it was dominated by temperatures of 28°C-32°C and above 32°C. These changes reflect a significant local warming trend, influenced by human activities and land use change. This research is expected to contribute to the understanding of environmental dynamics and support spatial planning that is more adaptive to climate change.

Gout is a disease that is often found in the world. Usually gout occurs due to the deposition of monosidium urate crystals in the tissue or due to supersaturation of uric acid in the extracellular fluid. Some factors that cause gout include excessive purine intake. An unhealthy diet and high-protein foods with high purine levels. One of the non-pharmacological actions in reducing uric acid levels is the provision of soursop leaf decoction (Annona Muricata L) intervention. To determine the effectiveness of soursop leaf decoction on reducing uric acid levels in the elderly by administering soursop leaf decoction in Rambung Village, South Binjai District, Binjai City. This study uses a One-group pretest-posttest design research design approach. The sample of this study was 8 respondents. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The collection of research data uses demographic data, a consent sheet to become a respondent (Informed Consent). Data collection is carried out through observations by researchers of respondents and conducting observations. Research with Parametric Test Paired Sample T-test obtained a p Value of (0.000) <α (0.05), so there is a significant effectiveness of giving soursop leaf decoction to reduce uric acid levels in the elderly, and can be used as an alternative to reduce uric acid levels.

This research analyzes the adaptive capabilities of Ponggok Village Government in responding to the changes brought by Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, using the Dynamic Governance framework developed by Neo and Chen. Employing a qualitative method through focus group discussions, interviews, and document analysis, the study investigates the village government’s capacity in thinking ahead, thinking again, and thinking across. Findings show that Ponggok Village successfully adapted to legal reforms by implementing participatory planning, institutional innovation through BUMDes, human resource development, and digital governance. These adaptive efforts demonstrate a responsive and future-oriented local governance model supported by competent actors and agile processes. The case of Ponggok Village illustrates how dynamic capabilities can transform regulatory changes into opportunities for sustainable development.

Modernization, a global phenomenon, significantly impacts religious life, challenging religions to maintain their relevance amidst rapid social changes. This study aims to examine how religion, particularly Islam, can transform without losing its traditional essence, and to map the dynamics between tradition and modernity in religious practice. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach and library research methods, data were collected through literature review and analyzed thematically.The findings reveal a tension between tradition, perceived as a sacred heritage, and modernity, often suspected of introducing secular values. However, modernization also offers opportunities for religion to adapt through innovative outreach and reinterpretation of teachings. It is found that reinterpretation of religious teachings is crucial for contextual relevance, refreshing the understanding of universal values without altering the core doctrines. Furthermore, religion is not merely an object of modernization but also a vital actor in driving just social transformation, serving as a corrective force and an agent for civilizational development.In conclusion, religious modernization is an interactive process demanding responses from religious communities. The reinterpretation of doctrines is key to religion's ongoing relevance, and the synergy between tradition and transformation allows religion to remain pertinent and a moral guide in the globalized era.  

This study explores the role and relevance of Islamic political economy within the context of Indonesia's economic system, particularly in addressing wealth distribution inequality and the fulfillment of basic societal needs. The study employs a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods to examine the relationship between Islamic economic principles such as justice, balance, and social responsibility and national economic policies. The findings reveal a philosophical alignment between Islamic economic values and Indonesia’s foundational principles, especially Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. However, the implementation of these principles remains limited, often confined to microeconomic aspects like Islamic financial institutions. Islamic political parties play a significant role in advocating for sharia-compliant economic policies but face challenges in reconciling Islamic values with a pluralistic democratic system. The study highlights the need for broader public education, strong political commitment, and digital innovation to fully realize the potential of Islamic economics in building a just, inclusive, and sustainable national economy.

The use of materials in health research requires a binding instrument to regulate the distribution of benefits. Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) is an essential material transfer agreement, allowing the management of the transfer through negotiation until a mutually beneficial agreement is reached. In addition, MTA functions as a contract that protects the rights of the parties involved and ensures compliance with regulations, based on the theory of legal protection and authority. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The collection of legal materials is carried out through the identification of positive legal rules, as well as examining primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. The data is then analyzed from the identification of legal facts to drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that MTA regulations in Indonesia are comprehensively regulated by various levels, including Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (Article 340 paragraph 3), Law Number 11 of 2019 (Article 76 letter h and Article 77 paragraph 1), Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024 (Articles 972, 1025–1031), and Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 85 of 2020 (Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, and 16 paragraph 1). These national legal frameworks complement each other to ensure procedural certainty, biosafety, benefit sharing, protection of intellectual property rights, and sanctions for violators in the transfer of health materials. Although its implementation faces preventive and repressive challenges, MTA has proven essential in bridging national and commercial interests, increasing the capacity of science and technology, and protecting the sovereignty of Indonesia's genetic resources.

This study aims to analyze the urgency of revising Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages, which was amended through Law Number 3 of 2024, and its impact on village governance in Indonesia. The research focuses on comparing legal substance before and after the revision, identifying implementation problems, and reinforcing decentralization theory as a foundation for participatory and sustainable village governance. The findings reveal that the Village Law revision is a crucial step in addressing previous weaknesses, particularly in oversight, accountability in the use of village funds, gender inclusion, and the integration of technology in governance. However, several issues remain post-revision, such as limited understanding among village officials, unclear technical regulations, and insufficient community participation. This study recommends the need for extensive training for village officials, comprehensive derivative regulations, and stronger public involvement in oversight. These findings support previous literature that emphasizes the importance of structural readiness and institutional support in decentralization implementation. This research is expected to contribute academically to village policy evaluation and promote public policy reform grounded in local wisdom and participatory principles.  

Corruption in Indonesia is a serious and systemic issue. One of the legal approaches used to address this problem is the imposition of criminal fines. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of fines imposed on corruption offenders. The research employs a normative approach with a juridical-qualitative method, based on literature studies of relevant laws and court decisions. The findings indicate that although criminal fines are regulated under Law No. 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law No. 20 of 2001, their implementation has not been effective. Fines can still be replaced with substitute imprisonment of up to eight months under the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP), which is often preferred by convicted individuals. In addition, there is no clear system regarding the proportional amount of fines, deadlines for payment, or enforcement mechanisms. The lack of strict regulations concerning remission also weakens the deterrent effect. This study concludes that the regulation and enforcement of criminal fines in corruption cases have not yet provided optimal deterrence and still leave many legal loopholes that need to be addressed.

This study aims to examine the implementation of kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligence learning in early childhood. The background of this research is the importance of developing multiple intelligences in early childhood, especially kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligence which often receive less attention in formal learning. The research methods used include limited participatory observation, in-depth interviews with teachers, and documentation of children's work and lesson planning documents. The results of the research at TKIT Siti Khadijah show that the learning activities designed consistently support the development of children's multiple intelligences. A case study of a child named Abbil showed significant progress in visual-spatial intelligence through coloring activities, assembling lego blocks, and basic introduction to visual programming. In the kinesthetic aspect, Abbil showed good body coordination through morning exercises and traditional games such as engklek, as well as social-kinesthetic skills in group games. This study concludes that developing kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligence through a holistic and fun learning approach can help children reach their full potential.

Digital transformation in health services faces significant challenges, particularly the gap between rapid technological advancements and the readiness of institutional work culture. This study investigates the cultural lag experienced during the implementation of digital systems at the East Nunukan Health Center. Using an observational qualitative approach, it examines health workers' responses to digital applications such as e-Puskesmas and various Health Information Systems. The findings reveal substantial resistance to change, attributed to factors like limited digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and the persistence of traditional work patterns. Despite the introduction of digital systems, healthcare practices remain largely dependent on manual methods, highlighting the disconnect between technological progress and the socio-cultural preparedness of healthcare organizations. The study concludes that this cultural lag within healthcare institutions can significantly impede the effectiveness of digital transformation efforts. To address these issues, the research advocates for ongoing training, improvement of supporting facilities, and the adoption of strategies that align with local work culture. This research provides valuable insights into the socio-cultural dynamics affecting the digitization of public services, especially in border regions with limited technological access.

This article discusses the implementation of movement and dance arts learning in Smart and Cheerful PAUD as an effort to optimize early childhood development. Movement and dance arts activities have been proven to have a positive impact on gross and fine motor skills, creativity, social-emotional, and children's self-expression. This study used observation and ability test methods on children's participation in art activities. The results showed that most children were able to follow simple dance movements, recognize musical rhythms, dare to perform, and demonstrate good body coordination. Movement and dance arts learning not only supports physical and emotional growth, but also strengthens children's love for local culture. Therefore, movement and dance arts need to be made an integral part of the PAUD curriculum in a structured and enjoyable way, so that they can have a holistic impact on children's development.

This study aims to examine the significance of developing interpersonal intelligence in early childhood as a fundamental basis for supporting their social, emotional, and cognitive growth. Interpersonal intelligence which involves the ability to understand and interact effectively with others plays a vital role in forming positive relationships, promoting cooperation, and resolving conflicts in a healthy way. Through an in-depth literature review, this study explores various strategies and approaches that can be implemented to foster interpersonal intelligence from an early age, such as play based activities, group interactions, and the application of specially designed curricula. The findings show that a warm and supportive environment, interactions that are sensitive to children's needs, and opportunities to interact in meaningful social activities greatly contribute to improving children's interpersonal abilities. Therefore, this study recommends the importance of including strategies for developing interpersonal intelligence in early childhood education programs in order to form individuals who are able to interact socially and emotionally well in the future.

This study aims to analyze how group dance activities can contribute to the social development of early childhood. Social development in childhood is very important because it is the basis for children's ability to interact, cooperate, and build relationships with their surroundings. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with observation, interview, and documentation techniques for children involved in group dance activities at one of the PAUD institutions. The results of the study showed that through group dance activities, children showed improvements in terms of cooperation, communication, empathy, and the ability to follow rules and take turns. These activities also facilitate children in recognizing social roles and building self-confidence. Thus, group dance activities can be used as an effective strategy in supporting the social development of early childhood.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalis tantangan literasi yang dihadapi oleh anak usia dini dalam kelompok B TK Negeri Handayani Tonala, khususnya dalam hal menulis dan mengenal huruf abjad kecil. Kesulitan dalam mengenal bentuk dan menulis huruf kecil berdampak pada perkembangan literasi awal anak yang merupakan fondasi bagi kemampuan membaca dan menulis lanjutkan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan tehnik pengumpulan data berupa obsevasi, serta dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa faktor utama kesulitas anak terletak pada kurangnya variasi media pembelajaran, metode mengajar yang belum menyenangkan, serta kurangnya latihan motorik halus.Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah penggunan pendekatan bermain dan media visual interaktif untuk mendukung pengenalan huruf dan keterampilan menulis anak usia dini.

The Constitutional Court (MK) Decision Number 55/PHPU.BUP-XXIII/2025 is an important precedent in the dynamics of regional head election law in Indonesia. The Constitutional Court canceled the participation of the North Gorontalo Regent candidate pair because one of the candidates was still undergoing a criminal probation period. This article analyzes the Constitutional Court's legal considerations and their implications for the principle of legal certainty and protection of voters' constitutional rights. This study uses a normative legal approach with a descriptive-qualitative analysis method of laws and regulations and Supreme Court decisions. The results show that the enforcement of strict nomination requirements by the Constitutional Court emphasizes the importance of compliance with the law in the democratic process, while ensuring that regional head candidates have proper moral and legal integrity, this decision also emphasizes that the election process is not only procedural, but also substantial in ensuring the quality of leadership that will be elected. In addition, this decision provides guidelines for election organizers, especially the General Election Commission (KPU), to be more careful in conducting factual verification of candidate requirements. On the other hand, political parties are encouraged to be more selective in nominating candidates, in order to avoid potential legal disputes that could harm public trust in democracy.

The determination of compensation in the process of land acquisition for infrastructure development in Indonesia still faces various complex legal problems. Although has been regulated in Law Number 2 Year 2012, its implementation often creates inequality, both in terms of compensation value and procedures for community involvement. The phrase “decent and fair” in the regulation opens wide room for interpretation, so there is often a mismatch between the value set by the government and the expectations of the community. This imbalance is exacerbated by weak public participation, lack of legal literacy, and the dominance of legal-formalistic approaches. Agrarian conflicts, legal uncertainty, and disregard for the social and cultural values of indigenous peoples also exacerbate the situation. Therefore, policy reforms based on a participatory approach, institutional strengthening, and the use of digital technology to realize transparency and accountability are needed. Fair compensation must ensure protection of citizens' human rights and build trust in the legal system in the development process. 

This study aims to describe the strategies implemented by Rumah Belajar Merah Putih in addressing the educational needs of children of commercial sex workers who are not enrolled in formal schooling. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that Rumah Belajar Merah Putih faces several challenges, including limited facilities and infrastructure, insufficient funding, low public awareness of the importance of education, a shortage of qualified teaching staff, and difficulties in establishing external partnerships. To overcome these obstacles, the organization has developed strategies encompassing four key aspects: (1) Corporate strategy, which emphasizes the formulation of a vision, mission, and goals in response to the community’s lack of attention to education; (2) Program strategy, designed based on the background of the learners to raise awareness of the importance of education; (3) Resource support strategy, aimed at addressing the limitations in teaching staff, funding, and facilities; and (4) Institutional strategy, focused on strengthening internal communication and expanding external partnerships to tackle collaboration challenges. These four strategies have proven effective in addressing the identified challenges and serve as a crucial foundation for providing inclusive education for children of commercial sex workers, although continuous improvement and reinforcement are still needed.