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This study investigates the role of scaffolding assessment in fostering self-directed learning (SDL) within project-based learning (PBL) environments in higher education. Scaffolding assessment, characterized by gradual guidance, helps students transition from structured support to greater autonomy while enhancing critical thinking, goal-setting, and self-regulation. Through a mixed-methods approach, the study examines students' perceptions and experiences of scaffolding interventions in a research-based course. Quantitative findings reveal positive impacts on autonomy, critical thinking, and goal-setting, while qualitative insights highlight the importance of tailored scaffolding tools, motivational elements, and digital adaptability.Although scaffolding significantly enhances SDL by promoting independence and cognitive engagement, challenges remain in optimizing digital tools and addressing individual learning needs. Personalized scaffolding strategies and motivational scaffolds are essential for sustaining long-term engagement and effectively supporting diverse learners in complex, research-intensive environments. This study underscores the importance of adaptive scaffolding designs that balance structure and flexibility, offering practical implications for educators seeking to implement scaffolding assessments to enhance student autonomy and learning outcomes in higher education.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the problem-based learning model (PBL) in improving the understanding of fiqh material and its implementation in class XI students of MA Plus Anas Bin Malik Lekong Rembuk. The PBL model was chosen because it is considered capable of encouraging active student involvement and developing critical thinking skills through solving real problems that are relevant to everyday life. This study uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach which is implemented in two cycles, each consisting of the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data collection techniques include tests, observations, and interviews. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the understanding of fiqh concepts and active participation of students during the learning process. Students became more enthusiastic, able to express opinions, and demonstrate the ability to apply fiqh values in everyday life. Thus, the PBL model has proven effective in improving the quality of fiqh learning in madrasas and can be used as an alternative innovative learning strategy to improve learning outcomes and student character simultaneously.

Islamic Education in schools, particularly in fiqh materials, often faces challenges in terms of student engagement and understanding. Fiqh, which is often perceived as rigid and theoretical, requires a more engaging and applicable approach to make it easier for students to grasp the concepts being taught. This study aims to describe the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in Islamic Education at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Batu and to analyze the impact of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on students in Islamic Education learning. The PBL model was chosen due to its ability to enhance student understanding through problem-solving that is relevant to daily life. Using a case study method, this research collected data through observation, interviews, and documentation to assess the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning model in improving student comprehension. The results indicate that the use of the Problem-Based Learning model can increase students' interest and understanding of Islamic Education, especially in fiqh materials, although there are some technical challenges in its implementation.

This study is motivated by the low academic performance of fourth-grade students in Pancasila Education, specifically in the topic of mutual cooperation. The aim of this research is to assess the improvement in learning outcomes for fourth-grade students in Pancasila Education through the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model with a Differentiation approach. This research falls under the category of classroom action research and was conducted in two cycles. The subjects of the study were 28 fourth-grade students from SD YP HKBP 1 Pematangsiantar. Data were collected through observations and tests, and then analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods. The results indicate that the implementation of the PBL model with a Differentiation approach successfully improved student learning outcomes in the topic of mutual cooperation. The average student performance was 57.14 during the pre-cycle. After implementing the PBL model in cycle I, the average score increased to 71.42, and in cycle II, it rose further to 84.72. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the PBL model with a Differentiation approach is effective in enhancing the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students on the topic of mutual cooperation at SD YP HKBP 1 Pematangsiantar.

This research aims to analyze the learning methods used by Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in improving students' critical thinking skills at the junior high school level. The focus of this research is on the use of learning methods such as lectures, discussions, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), and cooperative learning. The approach used is qualitative by collecting data through journals, literature reviews, document studies and e-books. The research location was carried out in North Sumatra Province and its surroundings, Indonesia. The research results show that PAK teachers still predominantly use lecture methods which are less effective in encouraging students to think critically. However, some students have shown potential for critical thinking when given more innovative learning methods, such as PBL and group discussions. Learning methods that actively involve students, such as discussions and cooperative learning, have been proven to be able to increase student participation and develop analytical skills, problem solving and creativity.  

Education has a very important role in forming a generation that is intelligent, creative and has the ability to think critically. This research aims to improve the learning understanding of class 10 students at SMA Negeri 1 Galang on GIS material through a Project Based Learning (PBL) learning model. This research can provide new insights into the use of the Project Based Learning approach as an effective learning method in teaching complex material. This research uses the Kemmis and Mc model. Taggart as a PTK procedure, which consists of two cycles. Each cycle consists of implementation, action, observation and reflection. From this research, it was found that the Project-Based Learning (PBL) learning model can improve the understanding of class 10 students at SMAN 1 Galang in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) material in geography subjects. This increase in understanding can be seen from the increase in the average value in the cycle -1 and cycle-2 application of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) model. The average value of students in cycle-1 was 81.94 and in cycle-2 there was an increase in the average value of students by 91.94. The implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) model is considered successful in increasing students' understanding because they have achieved the predetermined success indicators.

The Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes individual freedom to learn according to their potential. Thus, teachers face the challenge of providing instruction that suits students' varying abilities. In addition, many students face difficulties in multiplication and division when studying mathematics. So, the aim of this research is to find out whether student learning outcomes are better by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in learning Indonesian in one grade. Learning Indonesian in first grade often faces problems in improving students' skills. Consequently, the aim of this research is to apply the PBL learning model and learning approach at the appropriate level (TaRL) at SDN Pakis V Surabaya. The aim of this research is to explain the use of TaRL in Indonesian language learning in grade 1 using data collection techniques such as observation, interviews and document analysis. The research results show that efforts to improve student learning outcomes are through the use of TaRL in a process that includes classifying learning needs, learning design, implementation, and student reflection and evaluation.

This research aims to identify and synthesize previous research related to optimizing Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics learning through a systematic literature review. Data was collected from relevant scientific articles published in the last 10 years using certain keywords through databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The results of the literature review show that the application of PBL consistently plays a role in improving students' critical thinking abilities, especially when supported by strategies such as the use of relevant contextual problems, structured feedback, and directed teacher guidance. These findings confirm the constructivist theory which states that meaningful learning occurs when students are actively involved in authentic problem solving. However, there are variations in results across educational levels and countries, indicating the importance of contextual adaptation in the implementation of PBL. In addition, the lack of comprehensive practical guidance and long-term evaluation instruments is a major obstacle. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need to develop clearer PBL implementation guidelines and more accurate evaluation instruments to measure its impact on students' critical thinking abilities, as well as the potential of PBL in improving the quality of mathematics learning that encourages critical thinking skills as an important competency in 21st century education.

Classroom management is one of the important skills that a teacher must have to understand, analyze, make decisions, and take action to create a dynamic and conducive classroom atmosphere. Learning model planning is one of the indicators to support the success of a learning goal by analyzing student needs. For students, physics is a complicated lesson, often they avoid or fear this lesson. The Problem Based Learning (PBL) model is the most appropriate model to apply because this learning approach by implementing an authentic problem (real experience with what students often encounter or find in life) to students. This research is based on the literature review method by collecting data from various journals and previous scientific sources. The process in this method includes searching for literature relevant to the topic. The results show that physics learning using the PBL method shows very significant results, the PBL method students are able to understand concepts in depth compared to conventional learning or lectures.

The social media-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) model is an innovative approach in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning that utilizes digital platforms to build more interesting and relevant learning interactions. This study aims to examine the extent of the effectiveness of this model in improving students' understanding of Islamic values, such as morals, ethics, and morals. By using social media, students are invited to discuss and solve problems related to current issues, making the learning process more contextual and experience-based. This research was conducted by literature study method, analyzing various literature related to the implementation of the PBL model, the use of social media in education, and its role in the formation of Islamic character. The results of the study show that this model is able to increase students' involvement in learning and deepen their appreciation of Islamic values through active interaction and critical reflection. However, the implementation of this model is inseparable from challenges such as disruption from irrelevant content, lack of digital literacy, and limited access to technology. To overcome this, good social media management, supervision of student activities, and improvement of digital infrastructure in schools are needed. With the right approach, the social media-based PBL model has the potential to be an effective strategy in building students' Islamic character in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in enhancing the critical thinking abilities of 4th-grade students. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques such as observation, interviews with mentor teachers, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of PBL has a positive impact on developing students' critical thinking skills. Students are accustomed to facing real-world problems, analyzing situations, and seeking relevant and rational solutions. Furthermore, this learning model also enhances students' communication and collaboration skills as they engage in group discussions to solve problems collectively. However, challenges in its implementation lie in time management and ensuring the active participation of all students in the learning process. Overall, this study demonstrates that PBL is effective in developing students' critical thinking abilities, as well as improving their social and communication skills, which are essential in daily life.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics at Grade VII SMP Negeri 5 Setu. The research type used is experimental with a one-group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected through a critical thinking skills test administered at three stages: pre-cycle, cycle 1, and cycle 2. The results show a significant improvement in students' critical thinking skills, with the average test score reaching 57.5% in the pre-cycle, 72.8% in cycle 1, and 85.6% in cycle 2. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Project-Based Learning is effective in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics at SMP Negeri 5 Setu.

This study aims to develop and implement Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PJBL) learning models in mathematics learning at SD Negeri No. 18 Bababulo, Majene Regency. The main objective of implementing these two models is to increase student involvement, as well as critical, analytical, and creative thinking skills in solving mathematical problems. The implementation procedure began with an introduction to the theme of the impact of plastic waste on the environment. Students were divided into six groups to discuss problems, develop project plans, and conduct observations. The results showed that students were actively involved, with significant increases in motivation and critical thinking skills. Enthusiasm was seen during discussions and presentations, although there were challenges related to self-confidence during presentations, which were overcome through practice from the teacher. The conclusion of this study states that the implementation of PBL and PJBL is effective in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts and social skills. Suggested follow-ups include consistent implementation of both models and periodic evaluation to improve the quality of learning.

This research aims to determine the increase in mathematical problem solving abilities in permutation material through the problem based learning (PBL) learning model. This research is classroom action research (PTK) with research subjects being students of class XI TPM 2 SMK Negeri 1 Madiun, totaling 34 students. In this research, the instruments used were problem-solving ability tests and observation sheets. In this research there are two cycles, where each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation and reflection which follows the Lewin model procedure. In this study, the minimum learning completeness obtained was >75%. The analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative which is adapted to the Hiles and Huberman technique, including data collection, data reduction, drawing conclusions and verification. The results of this research show that there is an increase in problem solving abilities using the problem based learning (PBL) learning model. This can be seen from the number of students who have achieved the very good problem solving ability category, namely 15.63% in the pre-cycle, then increasing to 25 % in cycle 1, and then increased in cycle 2, namely 53%, and in cycle 2 learning completion had reached 84.38%.  

This study aims to improve students' learning outcomes in zakat learning through the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. The method used is Classroom Action Research (CAR) with two cycles that include planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The results of the study showed that the implementation of PBL improved students' understanding and participation. In cycle 1, learning motivation increased, but there were still students who were less active. Improvements in cycle 2, such as more intensive guidance and relevant case studies, showed a significant increase in students' understanding and involvement. In conclusion, PBL is effective in improving zakat learning outcomes, encouraging students to think critically, and understanding the concept of zakat in theory and practice.    

Learning is essentially a process of interaction between students and educators and learning resources in a learning environment, according to Gagne (Kanusta 1977: 19). The purpose of this study was to measure the level of student activeness in the classroom by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning method. Based on the results of observations that have been made by researchers in history learning activities in class X SMA Swasta Gabriel Wanibesak from 24 students, only 49% of students are active in learning history, this also shows that in cycle I the level of student learning activeness has a classical percentage level of 49% where this is further confirmed based on the formula for calculating student activeness criteria in learning according to Arikunto (2007: 18) If the level of activeness is below 75% then students are less active in participating in the teaching and learning process. In cycle II researchers used the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning method, there was an increase in the level of student activeness where the level of activeness in cycle II classically averaged 83%, this shows the level of enthusiasm of students in participating in the teaching and learning process that occurs in the classroom, in cycle II the teacher also tries to guide students to be more active in the teaching and learning process, such as answering questions given by the teacher, being able to express opinions, students are also active in group discussions, students actively ask the teacher regarding the material that has been conveyed, with the help and guidance of the teacher so that in cycle II the average level of student activeness has increased well.

The development of Science Student Worksheets (LKPD) based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) aims to produce teaching materials that are suitable for use in terms of content, language and design. Development is carried out using the ADDIE model, which includes the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation stages. The LKPD product developed has been validated and is considered suitable for use in learning. This LKPD is expected to make the learning process more efficient, centered on students, and encourage them to find and solve problems with teacher guidance, thereby improving critical thinking skills through the PBL approach.

This study aims to determine the significant effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) based on the Magnet TPACK of SD Negeri 01 Munggur. This research uses a qualitative type of research based on the philosophy of polytheism. The population and sample used for the research were 28 students of class IV of SD Negeri 01 Munggur. The technique used in selecting the sample was purposive sampling. This research utilizes the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. In this design, before the treatment is given, a pre-test (alwall test) is given before the treatment is given and after the treatment is given, a post-test (final test) is given. Data collection techniques using observation, tests and documentation. Based on the results of the study, the conclusion is that there is a significant use of the Problem Balsed Lealing model of learning based on TPACK in class IV of SD N 01 Munggur. The effect of the PBL learning model based on TPACK on the learning outcomes of IPALS in class IV before the treatment was given, the maximum score was 90, while the minimum score was 45. The mean score was 63.92, the median was 62.5. Data analysis results using palired salmpel t-tes it is known that the mean value it is known that the mean pretest value of students 57,6 while the mean posttest for students was 63.92. The results of the statistical test with the crossed sample t-test recognize the effect of the Problem Balsed Learning (PBL) model based on TPACK Regarding the learning outcomes of grade IV students in the subject of science at SD Negeri 01 Munggur, it was found that based on the paired sample t-test table, the significant value (2 tallies) 0.000 <0.05 indicated that there was a difference between the initial and final variables(pretest & posttest), this proves that there is a significant effect on the difference in the need for calcualn given for the variable. 

This research is classroom action research that aims to improve learning outcomes in Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS). The topic is changing forms of energy in class IV-B students, SDN Pakis 01 Surabaya. The number of students in the class consists of 25. The data collection method used consists of observation, tests, and documentation. The learning model applied is problem-based learning (PBL). The research results show that the learning model Problem-Based Learning (PBL) can significantly improve student learning outcomes in science subjects. The pre-cycle results showed a completion rate of 32%; in cycle 1, it increased to 56%, and then in cycle 2, it increased to 80%. Implementation of learning models (problem-based learning) has succeeded in achieving the expected targets and can effectively improve student learning outcomes, especially in class IV-B at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya in the 2024-2025 academic year. The learning model of problem-based learning (PBL) is also known for its effectiveness in building students' critical thinking skills so that it can help make the learning process easier.    

The purpose of this classroom action research is to use the problem-based learning paradigm to improve the skills of twenty-four fourth-grade students at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya in producing transitive and intransitive sentences. Methods such as observation, testing, and documentation were used to collect data. Two phases formed this investigation. Students of class IV A improved their learning outcomes for the formation of transitive and intransitive sentences according to the classroom action research. In cycle I, the average score was 72, or 45%, or 11 students. In cycle II, it jumped to 80, or 83%, or 20 students. This study found that in the 2024-2025 academic year, students in class IV A at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya were able to improve their capacity to create transitive and intransitive sentences by using the problem-based learning paradigm. Problem-Based Learning is known as a learning method that involves identifying a problem and then assigning students to solve it, thus making students more active and able to understand the material during the learning process. Transitive and Intransitive Sentences, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Classroom Action Research, and Improving Student Learning Outcomes.