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This study aims to examine the implementation of social competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in disciplining students at UPTD SD Negeri 070988 Hilinakhe, Gunungsitoli City. The social competence of PAK teachers has an important role in creating harmonious relationships between teachers, students, and parents, which can support the creation of discipline in the school environment. This study uses a qualitative approach by exploring library sources to describe how PAK teachers apply social competence in disciplining students. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with PAK teachers, direct observation in class, and analysis of documents related to discipline policies implemented in schools. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers at UPTD SD Negeri 070988 Hilinakhe have implemented their social competence in an effective way, through good communication with students, providing moral and spiritual examples. The conclusion in this study shows that the implementation of consistent discipline strategies for the diversity of student backgrounds is greatly influenced by the social competence of teachers through good communication. In addition, there is closer cooperation between the school, students, and parents to strengthen the implementation of discipline in the school environment.

This study aims to explore the optimization of pedagogical competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in the application of problem-based learning (PBM) methods at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran, North Tapanuli Regency. Teachers' pedagogical competence has a crucial role in designing and implementing effective learning processes, especially in the context of implementing PBM methods that aim to improve students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This study uses a qualitative research method with a library approach from book and journal theories to explore information on how PAK teachers implement their pedagogical competence in PBM. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran have optimized their pedagogical competence in adapting the PBM method by focusing on the characteristics of student development which is carried out with a more personal approach. This study concludes that increasing training and development of pedagogical competence for PAK teachers through the application of PBM methods is very effective in improving the quality of learning at SMP Negeri 4 Pagaran.

The personality competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers is very important in creating a learning environment that supports the development of student character, especially through the application of religious norms that are in line with Christian teachings. This study aims to analyze the personality competence of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in applying religious norms for the formation of student character at SMA Negeri 1 Idanogawo, Nias Regency. This study uses a qualitative library approach through book and journal theories. The results of the study indicate that competence opens up new opportunities to enable teachers to integrate religious norms into the learning process for students. This role is also taught to students through Bible stories, discussions, and daily behavior. This paper concludes that the personality of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers not only enriches teaching materials, but also plays an important role in forming student character, which is in line with religious values ​​so that through the practice of religious norms as an example it greatly supports the formation of better student character.

The purpose of this study explores Christian religious education learning that develops students' potential at SMA Negeri 1 Siempat Nempu Hulu, Dairi Regency. Theories related to the contribution of Christian Religious Education teachers in developing students' character and potential are important references for analyzing the steps of activities carried out in learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis method, which involves data collection through interviews, observations, and document studies. The results of the study indicate that Christian religious education does not only focus on cognitive aspects, but also on developing students' moral and spiritual values. Through learning that is integrated with Christian values, students are taught to apply Christian values ​​in good character and independence. Thus, students are equipped with various skills from their potential so that they have an impact on their lives and the surrounding environment. The conclusion in this study emphasizes that teachers in teaching Christian education are useful in shaping character and developing students' potential, as well as providing recommendations for improving teaching methods to be more effective in achieving educational goals.

In the context of education, Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers not only function as teachers, but also as moral role models who teach Christian values ​​and social norms that are important for the development of students' character. This study aims to examine the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers based on social norms in building student character at SDN 064959 Medan Area. This study uses a qualitative literature method by collecting data from observations, interviews, and relevant literature studies. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers play a role in instilling Christian values ​​that teach social norms to maintain tolerance in living together with others. PAK teachers also function as facilitators in creating a learning environment that supports the development of empathy and social concern among students. This study emphasizes that Christian religious education has a significant impact on forming individuals who are not only knowledgeable, but also have strong moral and ethical integrity. The conclusion in this study provides insight into the development of a Christian religious education curriculum that is more effective and relevant to the needs of today's society.

This study aims to analyze the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers' work ethic in character building of students at SMP Negeri 4 Tuhemberua, North Nias Regency. The work ethic possessed by a teacher not only affects the quality of learning, but also has a significant impact on the formation of students' character, in terms of discipline, responsibility, and integrity. PAK teachers have a strategic role in instilling moral and spiritual values ​​through role models and teachings applied in everyday life. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method to describe the work ethic of PAK teachers that contributes to the formation of students' character. The results of the study indicate that the work ethic of PAK teachers, which includes exemplary behavior, discipline, and commitment to the profession, has an impact on the formation of students' character at SMP Negeri 4 Tuhemberua. Students who are equipped with the basic work ethic of teachers show an increase in attitudes of discipline, responsibility, and honesty. The conclusion in this study is that strengthening the capacity of PAK teachers in integrating work ethic in all aspects of learning is useful for supporting the formation of students' character.

Challenges faced by Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in dealing with the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the acceptance of the values ​​taught This study examines the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in providing examples through noble morals to students at SMP Negeri 1 Lahomi, West Nias Regency. The noble morals possessed by a PAK teacher play an important role in shaping students' character, especially in the context of religious education that emphasizes moral and spiritual values. This study uses a qualitative literature method. Data were collected through document analysis related to learning activities and teacher interactions with students. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers at SMP Negeri 1 Lahomi provide strong examples through noble morals in various aspects, such as patience, honesty, discipline, and compassion. PAK teachers also use an approach based on religious values ​​to guide students in developing good character. This study concludes that strengthening PAK teachers to provide examples in developing noble morals has an impact on students in creating themselves as role models for others.

This study aims to analyze the pedagogical competence of Christian Religious Education teachers in implementing the demonstration method to students at SD Negeri 173182 Lobutolong, North Tapanuli Regency. The pedagogical competence in question includes the teacher's ability to design, implement, and evaluate effective learning, focusing on the demonstration method used to improve students' understanding and skills. This study is a descriptive qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were Christian Religious Education teachers at SD Negeri 173182 Lobutolong, as well as several students who were directly involved in the learning process. The study results indicate that Christian Religious Education teachers at SD Negeri 173182 Lobutolong have good pedagogical competence in implementing the demonstration method. Teachers can use the demonstration method effectively to teach Christian religious concepts, such as compassion, forgiveness, and other moral values, by actively involving students in the learning process. Applying the demonstration method positively impacts the learning process and the formation of student character. Therefore, schools need to continue to increase support for the development of teacher competence and the provision of facilities that support the optimal implementation of this method.

Marriage dispensation is a granting of marriage permit by the court to prospective husband and wife who are not yet 19 years old to get married. The granting of this permit has a significant impact on the rampant child marriage. Moreover, the author found a decision granting marriage dispensation on the grounds of having lived together for five months as stated in the Decision of the Larantuka PA/83/PDT.P/PA. LRT. From this background, the author is interested in finding out whether the granting of marriage dispensation on the grounds is in accordance with Islamic Law, the Marriage Law and the Child Protection Law or not. This study was conducted using a qualitative juridical method by examining library materials. The results of the study indicate that the granting of marriage dispensation on the grounds has not met the provisions of Islamic Law, the Marriage Law and the Child Protection Law. This is because there is still a lack of sufficient evidence to accept the application for marriage dispensation in the form of a health certificate and a mental age test to determine the health, both physically and mentally, of the child. Thus, the decision does not reflect the best interests of the child in the form of the right to health insurance for children.

This study aims to analyze the effect of government spending, unemployment, and inflation on the number of poor people in North Sumatra Province during the period 2001-2023. The data used is secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Bank Indonesia. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression with EViews 13 software. The classical assumption tests used include normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation tests. The results show that government spending has a negative and significant effect on poverty, while unemployment and inflation have no significant effect. Simultaneously, the three variables have a significant influence on the number of poor people in North Sumatra. It is recommended that the government increase the effectiveness of spending on strategic sectors for poverty alleviation and maintain economic stability with integrated policies.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Sailors' Satisfaction in the Online Seafarer Book Issuance Service at the KSOP Class III Tanjung Wangi Office. This study analyzes the factors that influence sailors' satisfaction in the Online Seafarer Book issuance service at the KSOP Class III Tanjung Wangi Office. The aim of this research is to explore the impact of Service Quality, Ease of Use, and Data Security, both individually and collectively, on ship operators' satisfaction. The method used is a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis on data obtained through questionnaires. Although the hypothesis suggested an expected simultaneous relationship between the independent variables (Ease of Use, Service Quality, and Data Security) and the dependent variable (Sailors' Satisfaction), the research findings indicate that this relationship did not materialize. These findings require further analysis to identify factors that may have caused the discrepancy in results, such as the presence of unaccounted variables or the use of an inappropriate analytical model.

Economic globalization has increased the complexity of cross-border transactions, particularly in transfer pricing practices, which are often used by multinational companies to shift profits to lower-tax jurisdictions. While this strategy can legally reduce tax burdens, aggressive transfer pricing often leads to income distribution inequalities and reduced government tax revenues. On the other hand, tax planning using the Gross-Up method in Article 21 Income Tax has emerged as a more transparent alternative strategy that enhances employee welfare through company-covered tax incentives. This study analyzes the effectiveness of the Gross-Up method in managing tax obligations and its impact on economic fairness compared to transfer pricing practices. Using a qualitative approach based on case studies of companies in Indonesia, the study finds that implementing the Gross-Up method can improve tax compliance and employee loyalty, whereas uncontrolled transfer pricing poses a risk of reducing government tax revenues. Therefore, stricter and more transparent tax regulations are needed to mitigate the misuse of transfer pricing and encourage the adoption of fairer tax planning strategies.

This research investigates the key factors influencing companies registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) that is experiencing financial distress between the years 2021 to 2023. In this study, 353 data points were selected from the target population using purposive sampling. Three key financial ratios were utilized as indicators of financial distress: Profitability can be measured by Return on Assets (ROA), while the Current Ratio (CR) is used to measure liquidity. Meanwhile, The Logarithm of Natural to Total Assets (LnTA) is a metric for evaluating a company’s size.  Multiple regression analysis is performed utilizing SmartPLS 4.0 software to analyze the connection between these factors and the probability of experiencing financial distress. The findings indicate a significant negative association between liquidity (CR) and company size (LnTA) with financial distress. In contrast, profitability (ROA) demonstrates an insignificant negative correlation with financial distress. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing financial distress in Indonesia consumer cyclical companies employs signaling theory to interpret the relationships discovered.

There are many traditional Indonesian cakes, especially traditional cakes from the South Coast of West Sumatra. This research was conducted to introduce traditional cakes typical of the South Coast of West Sumatra to the wider community in the Jabodetabek area. West Sumatra, is a province in Indonesia located on the island of Sumatra with Padang as its capital city. Pesisir Selatan Minang traditional cake is a traditional cake originating from the province of West Sumatra. The formulation of the problem consists of: (1) What are the typical Minang cakes and what is the texture and taste of Minang snacks? (2) How to introduce Minang cakes? The aims of this research are (1) To know and recognize the traditional Mianang cake. (2) Introducing and disseminating traditional Minang cakes. The research methods and data collection techniques used are (1) descriptive methods (2) data collection techniques using questionnaires (3) literature study. Place and time of research: the distribution of the questionnaire was carried out on 24-28 July 2021 through Google Form and WhatsApp media. Currently only a few people know the traditional Minang cake. It takes effort and support from the government and the community, especially the younger generation to preserve traditional cakes, especially traditional Minang cakes so that they are not lost due to the development of modern cakes.

This study aims to (1) analyze the influence of the principal’s leadership style on the performance of student cooperative managers at SMP Negeri 21 Makassar; (2) assess the influence of organizational culture; (3) examine the impact of teacher commitment; (4) analyze the simultaneous effect of leadership style, organizational culture, and teacher commitment; and (5) identify the most dominant influencing variable. This quantitative research involved 45 student cooperative managers from grades VII–IX using a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression, t-test, and F-test with SPSS 26. Results show that leadership style, organizational culture, and teacher commitment have a significant positive partial and simultaneous effect. Teacher commitment is the most dominant variable influencing cooperative management performance.

The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) has increased the risk of cybercrime in Indonesia. Law enforcement against this crime faces various obstacles and challenges, both in terms of regulations, the capacity of law enforcement officials, and public awareness. This study aims to analyze the obstacles and challenges in law enforcement against violent crime in Indonesia and provide recommendations to improve its effectiveness. Through a qualitative approach with a case study method, this study uses primary data from interviews with law enforcement officials, academics, and cybersecurity practitioners, as well as secondary data from laws and regulations and related reports. The results of the study show that existing regulations, such as the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law), still have weaknesses in accommodating the development of cybercrime. In addition, limited human and technological resources in law enforcement institutions, as well as low public awareness of cybersecurity, also hinder the effectiveness of law enforcement. To address these challenges, the study recommends more adaptive regulatory revisions, capacity building of law enforcement officials through more advanced training and technology, and public education campaigns to increase public awareness of cybersecurity. In addition, international cooperation needs to be strengthened to deal with transboundary crimes.

The immune system plays a role in protecting the body from foreign antigens that invade. Research on the immune system continues to evolve, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Various studies have been conducted on substances and compounds with bioactivity as immunomodulators, which aim to enhance immune responses. One potential source of immunomodulator compounds is seaweed. This study aims to determine the effects of various types of seaweed on enhancing animal immune responses. The study was conducted using a literature review method of previous primary studies. Articles were searched using online databases PubMed and ScienceDirect. Seven articles were used in this study. The three groups of seaweed—red, brown, and green seaweed—demonstrated effects in enhancing immune responses in animals, as seen from the increased levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM, as well as Th1 expression. However, there are no recommendations for the optimal dose of seaweed to enhance immune responses.

The Personnel Information System at the Jayapura City Transportation Office aims to increase efficiency and effectiveness in managing personnel data. In today's digital era, manual data management has limitations that affect the speed and accuracy of information. Therefore, a computerized information system is necessary for better management of employee data. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the personnel information system at the Jayapura City Transportation Office, as well as evaluate its impact on personnel administration performance. The methods used in this study include direct observation of the system in use, interviews with staff and system managers, and analysis of the system's effectiveness in improving data management. The system was evaluated in terms of its ability to streamline administrative tasks, facilitate easy access to personnel data, and enhance overall efficiency in managing personnel information. The results of the study indicate that the system has successfully optimized employee data management, improved administrative efficiency, and made access to information faster and more accurate. However, some obstacles were identified, such as the need for further training for staff to use the system optimally and occasional technical issues with system integration. Despite these challenges, the personnel information system has proven to be an essential tool for improving the overall performance of the personnel administration at the Jayapura City Transportation Office. The study concludes with recommendations for further system enhancements and the importance of ongoing staff training to ensure the system's continued success.

In the elementary school curriculum that combines science and social studies learning into a single unit, namely science, differentiated learning is expected to be able to increase student understanding and support the improvement of learning outcomes because it adjusts the learning process according to the needs, interests, and individual potentials of students. This article aims to examine the effectiveness of differentiated learning in social studies learning through a literature review of various studies conducted between 2020 and 2025. This study reveals that the application of differentiated learning can improve the cognitive understanding, activeness, and analytical thinking skills of students in social studies learning.

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of daily journal assignments in improving elementary school students' writing skills. By using qualitative research methods through a library research approach, various literature and previous research results were studied comprehensively. The research results show that daily journal assignments have a significant positive impact on improving students' writing skills, which include linguistic aspects, idea development, writing coherence, and self-expression. This research also identified several supporting factors for the successful implementation of daily journals, such as consistency of assignments, clear guidelines, quality feedback, and support from the learning environment. The findings of this research provide practical implications for educators in developing effective writing learning strategies at the elementary school level.