This research examines North Korea's violation of the principle of good faith under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and its legal consequences. The main issue addressed in this study is North Korea’s breach of the good faith principle within the framework of the NPT, which raises legal implications regarding its status and obligations as a party to the treaty. Although North Korea was formally bound by the NPT, it secretly developed a nuclear weapons program, demonstrating non-compliance with the fundamental principle of international treaty implementation. This issue was further exacerbated by its refusal to allow inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its unilateral withdrawal from the NPT, which has sparked debate over the legitimacy and legality of such action.Using a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes North Korea’s clandestine development of nuclear weapons while still a member of the NPT, as well as the validity of its withdrawal from the treaty. The findings show that North Korea violated the principle of good faith through its secret nuclear program, refusal of IAEA inspections, and withdrawal that did not meet the requirements of Article X of the NPT. The withdrawal may be deemed invalid as it was conducted in bad faith and without fulfilling the treaty's formal provisions. The legal consequences include the continued applicability of obligations under the NPT and state responsibility for breaches of international law. Ideal forms of accountability include the cessation of the nuclear program, payment of reparations, guarantees of non-repetition, and renewed compliance with NPT provisions through verifiable denuclearization.

Many countries are transitioning from conventional energy to renewable energy sources. This transformation requires support through socialization and training activities targeting all sectors of society, including educators in schools. The Al-Hidayah Waqaf Foundation in Thailand is an educational institution with educators who have limited knowledge regarding the implementation of renewable energy as part of energy diversification efforts. Collaborative activities were conducted with the Al-Hidayah Waqaf Foundation in Thailand through socialization and training on renewable energy. The outcomes of these activities provided educators with increased knowledge, information, and perspectives on renewable energy. 

In the following study explores how homeschooling can be an alternative Islamic education option for Muslim families. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method with a literature review. The results obtained from the research show that (1) Homeschooling is not a current topic in Islamic education. Rasulullah pioneered homeschooling . Rasulullah educated his friends and produced outstanding students at Arqam's house. There are three types of homeschooling in the Islamic tradition: single (family) homeschooling , multiple homeschooling (halaqah), and community (mosque) homeschooling . Natural education includes monotheism, religion, morals, leadership and vocational education. (4) Family education should touch on seven aspects: faith, morals, physical, intellectual, psychological, social and sexual. (5) To instill these values, various methods need to be used, including example, advice, customs, attention, appreciation and punishment. 

Jabatan Wakil Menteri di Indonesia, yang pertama kali diperkenalkan pasca proklamasi kemerdekaan, terus menjadi subjek perdebatan terkait kedudukan, kewenangan, dan tanggung jawabnya. Meskipun diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2008 tentang Kementerian Negara, regulasi mengenai peran dan fungsi Wakil Menteri masih kurang jelas, menimbulkan tantangan dalam efektivitas pelaksanaan tugas dan pengelolaan anggaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan dan kewenangan Wakil Menteri serta menilai efektivitas perannya dalam konteks pertanggungjawaban, kinerja, dan anggaran. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan analisis kualitatif terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan pengadilan terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan untuk memperjelas kerangka hukum dan operasional posisi Wakil Menteri guna meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas pemerintahan. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya revisi kebijakan dan peraturan terkait untuk memastikan peran Wakil Menteri memberikan kontribusi nyata dalam pencapaian tujuan nasional.

This research aims to analyze cash turnover, receivables turnover and inventory turnover on profitability in textile and garment subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) for the period 2018 to 2023. This research uses quantitative methods. The population of this research is all textile and garment subsector manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. The sample in this study used purposive sampling totaling 16 textile and garment subsector manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. The data collection technique in this research uses secondary data. Data analysis used the classic assumption test, then multiple linear regression analysis was carried out, and continued with hypothesis testing using the SPSS version 25 software program. The results of this research show that cash turnover and accounts receivable turnover have no effect on profitability. Meanwhile, inventory turnover affects profitability. Simultaneously cash turnover, accounts receivable turnover and inventory turnover together influence profitability
 

Purpose: The study explores the work program preparation, budgeting, implementation, and accountability of SDGs targets and achievements by Central Java and Yogyakarta.
Method: The research used a qualitative approach and included case studies of the governments of Central Java and Yogyakarta. Data was collected through interviews with the SDGs Implementation Team and study of SDGs documentation, then reduced, presented, and concluded.
Findings: The results showed three main themes that reveal accountability SDGs in Central Java and Yogyakarta: preparation and budgeting, implementation and accountability, and strengthening the implementation of SDGs. Those themes explained that the implementation of SDGs by Central Java and Yogyakarta governments are not carried out separately but are attached to programs and activities prepared about the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan. This study is expected to improve integration between central and regional governments so that SDGs can be reported according to actual conditions.
Novelty: The research provides an overview of the accountability mechanisms for SDG programs and activities, starting from the planning process, budgeting, and implementation to strengthening. This also reveals the facts SDGs accountability in the field, which demonstrate the legitimacy of local governments towards the commitment of implementation of SDGs.

The increase in automotive technology, especially cars, has caused the availability of fuel to decrease. This is because more and more fuel are needed by vehicles while the amount of fuel on earth is dwindling because petroleum is a non-renewable natural resource. Motorized vehicles must not only save fuel but also have good performance. The better the fuel quality, the better the combustion process so that the greater the power and torque produced. So there needs to be an ideal fuel mixture for good combustion of multi-cylinder gasoline engine performance. Several things can be done to improve engine performance and fuel economy ranging from creating fuel saving devices, changing engine construction, hybrid technology to finding alternative fuels. This research uses an experimental research method with a descriptive quantitative approach to determine the effect of using magnetic coils on fuel pipelines on engine performance. The results showed the largest increase in power value of 12.89% in the use of magnetic coil with a copper wire diameter of 0.40 mm using first fuel at 2500 rpm. While the largest increase in torque value of 70.60 Nm to 79.70 Nm on the use of magnetic coil with a copper diameter of 0.40 mm at 2500 rpm using first fuel.

Public service is a reflection of the relationship between the state and its citizens, measured through the effectiveness, accessibility, and accountability of bureaucracy in fulfilling basic public rights. This article examines public services from an administrative perspective by focusing on the principles of goods categorization (public goods, private goods, club goods, and common goods) and the classification of service types (goods and services). The study adopts a qualitative literature review approach by analyzing scholarly literature and public policy documents. The findings indicate that a precise understanding of public goods classification has strategic implications for policy formulation, resource allocation, and bureaucratic performance evaluation. This study further highlights that public service reform in Indonesia continues to face structural and cultural challenges, particularly in integrating good governance values and new public service principles. The article recommends a conceptual and institutional renewal to ensure that service systems are more adaptive to digital and inclusive societal dynamics.

Kasus kelalaian tindakan medis merupakan salah satu permasalahan serius dalam praktik hukum kesehatan yang dapat merugikan pasien sebagai korban. Kelalaian ini tidak hanya berdampak pada kerugian fisik dan psikis korban, tetapi juga menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang efektivitas perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada mereka. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum bagi korban kelalaian tindakan medis dengan menelaah Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 840/Pid.B/2020/PN Sby tanggal 28 Januari 2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus, didukung oleh kajian dokumen hukum dan literatur relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengadilan mempertimbangkan unsur kelalaian, akibat hukum, serta pemenuhan hak korban dalam putusannya. Namun, terdapat tantangan dalam implementasi perlindungan hukum, terutama terkait pemenuhan ganti rugi dan rehabilitasi bagi korban. Artikel ini merekomendasikan penguatan regulasi dan kebijakan hukum kesehatan yang lebih berpihak pada korban, serta peningkatan pemahaman tenaga medis terhadap kewajiban hukum untuk mencegah kelalaian serupa di masa depan.

This study examines positive law and Islamic law regarding patients' rights to access and confidentiality of medical records. Health is a crucial component of human life that requires special attention, both in terms of healthcare services and the protection of patients' rights. The right to access and confidentiality of medical records is one of the essential rights held by patients. Medical records encompass all of a patient's medical history, including diagnoses, treatments, and health conditions. Given the unique nature of this research subject, the method employed is a normative juridical descriptive analysis. This study adopts a comparative approach and focuses on primary legal materials, including theories, concepts, principles, and relevant legal regulations. It is recognized as a library research approach, which involves collecting data from literature, legislation, and book studies. According to Islamic law, strong confidentiality is required to uphold patients' rights to access their medical records. Although patients have the right to know what is recorded in their medical records, doctors and healthcare providers must ensure that this information is not used unethically or in violation of the patient's privacy. Among the universal humanitarian values is the right of patients to access their medical records and the protection of their confidentiality. Both Islamic law and positive law emphasize the importance of maintaining a balance between patients' rights to know their medical information and the obligation of healthcare providers to safeguard the confidentiality of that information. This principle aims to protect patients' rights, preserve their dignity, and build trust between patients and healthcare professionals