The crisis of legal authority in the management of customary forests reflects deep-seated issues in the relationship between customary law and state law in Indonesia, particularly in the context of the Dayak indigenous community in Kalimantan. This research aims to identify and analyze the dynamics of legal conflicts and authority imbalances in forest management recognized as customary areas by local communities, but often claimed as state forest areas by the government. Using a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach and case study method, this research focuses on two strategic areas, namely Lamandau Regency and Gunung Mas. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and analysis of legal documents as well as customary territory maps from BRWA and AMAN. The research results indicate that the tension between customary law and state law is evident both structurally and in practice. On one hand, indigenous communities uphold principles of management based on local wisdom, spirituality, and social collectivism; on the other hand, the state imposes a positive law approach and administrative logic on forest areas. This conflict not only creates legal uncertainty but also marginalizes the role of indigenous communities as key stakeholders. The findings also indicate the existence of resistance efforts undertaken by indigenous communities through participatory mapping, strategic litigation, and strengthening local institutions. This research concludes that an approach of legal pluralism and substantial recognition of customary legal authority is a crucial step in creating ecological and social justice for indigenous communities.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into digital recruitment platforms has introduced significant enhancements in efficiency and decision-making, alongside complex ethical challenges regarding fairness, transparency, and accountability in candidate evaluation. This study investigates how leading AI-driven recruitment platforms articulate and operationalize ethical principles and whether these commitments are effectively translated into practice. Employing a qualitative exploratory design, the research analyzes official white papers, privacy policies, and AI ethics statements from LinkedIn, HireVue, Pymetrics, and ModernHire. Data was examined using AI-assisted text mining and thematic content analysis to identify ethical discourse patterns and assess the depth of implementation. The findings indicate that moral terms such as “fairness” and “bias” are cited frequently, with LinkedIn referencing them 27 times and HireVue 19 times. A comparative transparency assessment yielded scores of 8.5 out of 10 for LinkedIn, 7.2 for HireVue, 6.8 for Pymetrics, and 4.3 for ModernHire, while formal mechanisms for candidate appeals were absent on most platforms. This study contributes to the field by revealing a persistent gap between stated ethical ideals and operational practices in AI recruitment and by recommending the adoption of explainable AI, transparent auditing frameworks, and international regulatory standards. Such measures are essential to foster more accountable, equitable, and humane AI-based hiring processes.

Climate change poses a significant global challenge requiring robust international legal frameworks to ensure effective mitigation and adaptation. This study examines the role of international law in implementing the Paris Agreement, focusing on the challenges and opportunities of its bottom-up approach to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Utilizing a meta-analytic methodology, the research synthesizes findings from 30 scholarly articles and policy documents to identify critical patterns and gaps. The findings reveal disparities between developed and developing nations in achieving NDC targets, driven by differences in financial and technological capacities. Developed nations exhibit higher success rates due to better infrastructure and funding, while developing nations struggle with significant barriers such as limited access to climate finance and bureaucratic inefficiencies. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of accountability and transparency mechanisms, such as the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), in fostering international cooperation. The study recommends reforms in global climate finance, enhanced institutional capacity in developing countries, and stronger collaborations for technology transfer. By addressing these gaps, the Paris Agreement can serve as a more effective platform for global climate action. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on climate governance and provide actionable insights for policymakers and international stakeholders.