This study aims to examine the application of mala in se and mala per se concepts in the counter-terrorism policy in Indonesia, based on Law Number 15 of 2003 in conjunction with Law Number 5 of 2018. Terrorism is categorized as an extraordinary crime that causes serious harm both nationally and internationally. This research employs a literature review and normative legal approach to analyze the application of criminal law norms within the context of human rights protection. The findings show that terrorism, as a mala in se offense, requires a comprehensive legal approach that prioritizes not only national security but also the protection of civil rights. The enforcement of anti-terrorism laws, if applied too broadly and harshly, may violate the principles of due process and substantive justice. Therefore, counter-terrorism efforts must be based on the pro justitia principle, supported by independent oversight and active civil society participation to prevent abuse of power and maintain the integrity of the legal system.

Self-confidence is a crucial aspect of student development and academic success. However, many students still struggle with low self-confidence. This article reviews the effectiveness of group counseling through a literature review of 22 journals (2013–2025). Findings show that group counseling effectively enhances self-confidence across various educational levels. Techniques used include REBT, bibliocounseling, self-instruction, and role play. Success also depends on the stages of implementation. Group counseling provides a reflective and supportive space, making it a suitable intervention strategy in guidance and counseling programs.

In recent years, retail investor participation in Southeast Asian capital markets has surged, contributing to increased market volatility and making sentiment analysis a critical factor in understanding price dynamics. This study investigates the relationship between social media sentiment and stock market fluctuations by focusing on Twitter data during periods of market volatility in Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. The objective is to examine how collective investor emotions, as expressed through social media, correlate with daily stock index movements. Employing an exploratory quantitative approach, the study integrates Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods, both lexicon-based tools such as VADER and advanced transformer-based models like BERT and GPT, to classify over 150,000 tweets into positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. Sentiment scores were then aggregated and statistically tested using Pearson correlation with daily stock index returns, specifically the IDX Composite, SET Index, and FTSE Bursa Malaysia. The findings reveal a significant negative correlation between negative sentiment and market returns, particularly in the IDX Composite (r = -0.61, p < 0.05), indicating that pessimistic sentiment is associated with market downturns. Thailand’s SET Index and Malaysia’s FTSE Index showed moderate to weak negative correlations, with r = -0.43 and r = -0.27, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of emerging markets to emotionally driven retail behavior. The study concludes that AI-based sentiment analysis offers a valuable early warning tool for market volatility and can complement traditional financial indicators. It recommends developing AI-based sentiment dashboards and enhancing digital financial literacy to mitigate emotional reactivity among retail investors.

Every student must have personal problems both from behavior to emotional, especially in the context of education, so that these problems can interfere with the process of self-development. This can be overcome with the help of group counseling. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of group counseling in finding solutions to students’ personal problems. The method used is the literature study method, which obtains research from various reading sources such as journals. This research produces evidence from various literatures that group counseling is very effective in finding solutions to students’ personal problems both from behavior to emotional problems. Therefore, group counseling services are highly recommended for guidance and counseling in schools to be carried out regularly and periodically to help students overcome their problems effectively.

This article explores the effectiveness of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach in group counseling services to address various psychological issues experienced by students, such as anxiety, academic stress, low self-efficacy, and procrastination. Through a literature review of 20 articles published between 2015 and 2024, the study highlights that CBT-based group counseling has a positive impact on enhancing educational awareness, career maturity, self-confidence, self-control, and body image. Techniques such as cognitive restructuring, role playing, symbolic modeling, and active music therapy further reinforce the effectiveness of these interventions. However, the success of implementation greatly depends on the counselor’s skills, the intensity of sessions, and the participants’ active engagement. Therefore, CBT is considered a relevant and adaptable approach to be applied in group counseling within educational settings.

Indonesian language learning includes four aspects of language skills, namely listening skills, speaking skills, reading skills and writing skills, writing is a language skill that aims to convey information in writing through graphic symbols that are clear and easy to understand by readers. The purpose of this study is to explain and describe the structure of the biographical text, namely the orientation of important events and reorientation. This description uses a case study approach, which is a method that aims to analyze and understand a phenomenon or problem in depth and comprehensively. This study uses data analysis techniques based on the Miles and Huberman model, namely through the process of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.

This research is motivated by the performance of the Padang City Inspectorate auditors which is still not optimal in implementing good governance. This is indicated by the cases of violations that have occurred, including corruption. One example is the corruption of the KONI Padang City Grant Fund with the source of the Padang City APBD Fund from 2018 to 2020, which resulted in financial losses for the State and Region of 3,117,003,327,- (BPKP Representative Office of West Sumatra Province, 2022). The purpose of this study is the effect of auditor independence, professional ethics, and organizational commitment on the performance of Government Auditors at the Padang City Inspectorate. This study uses a quantitative method. Data were collected using a questionnaire technique, the respondents of this study were 52 auditors. Four hypotheses were formulated and tested using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study indicate that auditor independence has a significant positive effect on auditor performance, professional ethics has a significant positive effect on auditor performance, and organizational commitment has a significant positive effect on auditor performance. Meanwhile, simultaneously auditor independence, professional ethics, and organizational commitment have a significant positive effect on the performance of Government Auditors at the Padang City Inspectorate. Thus, it can be concluded that the four variables are very important to support the performance of the Padang City Inspectorate auditors
 
 

This study aims to determine the effect of Green Product on Repurchase Intention mediated by Brand Image at Fore Coffee in Makassar. The type of research used is explanatory research, which tests causal relationships between variables through hypothesis testing. The sampling technique employed is non-probability sampling using the purposive sampling method. The sample consists of 106 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires, and data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Square (PLS) with the help of SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results of the study indicate that (1) Green Product has a positive but not significant effect on Repurchase Intention, (2) Green Product has a positive and significant effect on Brand Image, (3) Brand Image has a positive and significant effect on Repurchase Intention, and (4) Green Product has a positive and significant effect on Repurchase Intention through Brand Image.
 
 

Indonesia is a multicultural country facing serious challenges related to intolerance, social conflict, and identity polarization. This study aims to examine the strategic role of Civic Education as a means of strengthening national insight in building a tolerant society. Using a qualitative approach through literature review methods, this research analyzes various relevant sources on education, tolerance, and nationalism. The results show that Civic Education contributes to shaping students’ democratic character, inclusiveness, and appreciation of diversity. It not only transfers civic knowledge but also instills social skills and human values. However, challenges in implementation remain, such as cognitively-centered curricula and the negative influence of digital technology. Therefore, a contextual learning approach that emphasizes real-life experiences and active student participation is needed. The findings indicate the importance of synergy between schools, families, and communities in creating a conducive environment for nurturing tolerant attitudes. The implications of this research highlight the need to revitalize Civic Education as a key medium for building a peaceful, inclusive, and civilized nation amid complex social dynamics.

Education teacher religion Catholic (PAK) becomes part in system education in Indonesia which follow play a role important in improvement quality education . Improvement self with adapt technology in this 5.0 era become matter important . At this time Still There is difficulty PAK teachers in Semarang City in adapt progress technology especially the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Purpose devotion public This For spread knowledge ( diffusion ) and skills in leveraging IoT and AI in to design device teach education religion Catholic . Activities devotion public This implemented in School St. Francis Catechetical Pastoral College ( STPKat ) Semarang Assisi with amount participants 22 PAK teachers consists of from Elementary, Middle, and High School/Vocational High School teachers in Semarang City. Methods Which applied in devotion is method lecture , with material base law And document church Which support use Internet For kindness His creation , method discussion And ask answer done with method give example And step search application compile device teach PAK with method practice direct search And making in a way independent . Evaluation activity done with give questionnaire pretest -posttest through application Kahoot . Results activity This show existence improvement understanding , knowledge , and skills before And after given diffusion And mentoring utilization of IoT and AI in compile device teach education religion Catholic by 29.31 points .