This study aims to analyze the transformation of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) into individual limited liability companies and the legal implications on land ownership status. The enactment of the Job Creation Law (UU Cipta Kerja) introduces substantial amendments to Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, particularly allowing the establishment of a company by a single founder via an online platform, without the requirement for a notarial deed or minimum capital. This regulatory simplification facilitates the formalization of MSMEs into individual PTs, enhancing legal certainty and access to financial services. However, a critical issue arises concerning land ownership: individual PTs, as legal entities, are not permitted to hold freehold title (hak milik). Land assets used for business purposes must be converted to land use rights, such as building use rights (HGB) or right to cultivate (HGU), to comply with agrarian regulations. This change may pose practical challenges for MSME owners who previously held land under personal ownership. For instance, farmers or small-scale producers using their residential land for business must navigate land status conversion procedures, which can be complex and costly. This study, through a normative juridical approach, reveals a regulatory gap that may affect the operational continuity of MSMEs post-conversion. Compared to previous literature that generally emphasizes administrative ease, this study highlights the often-overlooked implications of asset restructuring, particularly in land governance. The findings underline the need for harmonized policies that support MSMEs' transformation while safeguarding their control over productive land assets.
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis transformasi usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) menjadi Perseroan Terbatas Perorangan serta implikasi hukumnya terhadap status kepemilikan tanah. Pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja membawa perubahan signifikan terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, khususnya dalam memperbolehkan pendirian perseroan oleh satu orang pendiri melalui sistem daring tanpa keharusan akta notaris dan modal minimum. Kebijakan ini mempermudah proses legalisasi UMKM menjadi badan hukum, memberikan kepastian hukum, serta akses yang lebih luas terhadap pembiayaan. Namun, tantangan muncul terkait kepemilikan tanah, karena badan hukum seperti PT tidak diperkenankan memiliki hak milik atas tanah. Tanah yang digunakan sebagai aset usaha harus diubah statusnya menjadi hak guna bangunan (HGB) atau hak guna usaha (HGU) sesuai dengan ketentuan agraria. Perubahan ini berpotensi memengaruhi operasional UMKM, khususnya bagi pelaku usaha yang menggunakan tanah milik pribadi untuk kegiatan bisnis, seperti petani atau produsen rumahan. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dan menemukan adanya celah regulasi yang dapat mengganggu keberlangsungan usaha pasca transformasi menjadi PT. Berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang lebih menekankan pada kemudahan administratif, penelitian ini menunjukkan pentingnya perhatian terhadap restrukturisasi aset, terutama dalam hal pertanahan. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya sinkronisasi kebijakan agar transformasi badan usaha tidak justru menghilangkan kendali UMKM atas aset produktif yang dimilikinya.

Traditional markets are characterized by fast-paced and diverse transactions, necessitating a reliable product monitoring system to enhance the efficiency of stock management and transactions. This study develops a monitoring system based on a loadcell sensor and a TCS230 color sensor to automatically classify product weight and type. The loadcell is used to measure product weight with high accuracy, while the TCS230 detects the color characteristics of products to distinguish between different types of commodities, such as various varieties of chili peppers. The development process includes sensor calibration, dataset collection, and the training and evaluation of a classification model. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy exceeds 90%, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining weight and color data for market product recognition.

Crystal guava farmers in Cikarawang Village, Bogor Regency, face challenges in accessing information related to proper cultivation techniques, from seedling to harvest. The lack of access to valid and easy-to-understand sources of information causes farmers to have difficulty in dealing with various cultivation problems, such as pests, diseases, and effective fertilization. In response to these problems, an innovation was developed in the form of a digital agricultural website containing a complete summary of material on crystal guava cultivation. This website is designed to be easily accessible to farmers and functions as a practical and efficient one-way information media. In addition, this website is also equipped with an online community feature through a discussion group connected to expert mentors in the field of crystal guava cultivation. This feature allows farmers to share experiences, discuss, and obtain direct guidance from experts. This innovation is expected to improve farmers' knowledge, skills, and independence in managing crystal guava cultivation sustainably.

Job satisfaction is an important factor in employee performance and productivity, so it needs a leader who is able to direct and motivate in order to increase employee job satisfaction. This study aims to examine the effect of leadership style on job satisfaction with compensation as a mediating variable. This research was conducted on employees of PT Asuransi Raksa Pratikara, with a total of 84 respondents involved. This research used primary data collected through questionnaires distributed to employees. This type of research is quantitative research with the analysis method using SEM-PLS with the help of the SmartPLS 3 program. The results of this study indicate that leadership style had a significant effect on job satisfaction and compensation. Likewise, compensation had a significant effect on job satisfaction. Thus, it is proven that compensation is able to mediate the effect of leadership style on job satisfaction

Digital transformation of public services is an important step towards efficient, transparent and accountable government institutions. This study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure and providing ongoing training for staff and the community to support the optimization of digital transformation of land services. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of Management Information Systems in supporting the digital transformation of land services at the Land Office (BPN) of Asahan Regency. The study used a qualitative approach, combining case studies and analysis. The results show that various services such as Complete System Land Registration (PTSL), certificate checking, and electronic transfer of rights have been digitized, supported by innovations such as the Touch My Land application and digitization of land registration archives. This shift has accelerated service processes, increased transparency, and improved public satisfaction. However, challenges remain in terms of public digital literacy, technology infrastructure, data security, and so on. To maintain the sustainability of the transformation, Asahan District BPN implements a strategy of continuous system development, human resource training, and cross-sector collaboration.
 

The accuracy of the diagnosis code is a statement that shows a code for a convincing diagnosis, and has been said to be certain and clear according to the ICD-10 guidelines. The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of the analysis of the accuracy of injury codes and external causes of injury in emergency care electronic medical records at the Jakarta Islamic Hospital Sukapura. This research is descriptive research with a Mix Methode approach. Data collection techniques using observation and interview methods. Samples were taken using saturated sampling techniques totaling 81 electronic medical records of emergency care patients. The accuracy of the injury code is 22% correct, and the accuracy of the external cause of injury code incorporated in traffic accident cases and other accident cases is 0% correct. The low accuracy of injury codes was due to not adding character 5, block code errors, and errors in determining code categories. The results of the accuracy of the external cause of injury code obtained were 0% correct because 80 electronic medical records of emergency care patients did not contain the code for the external cause of injury. Factors that hinder the accuracy of injury codes and external causes of injury are influenced by man factors, namely high workload, dependence on ICD-10 codes on doctors, and lack of feedback audits. Then the influence of material factors, namely the incompleteness of supporting documents, lack of detail in diagnosis, and lack of chronological letters of events. Then the influence of method factors, namely unsupportive policies and procedures, lack of training and understanding, and weak application of external cause of injury codes.
 

The research is entitled The Influence of Facilities, Services and Needs on the Reading Interest of Medan State Polytechnic Students, with the research objective being to determine the Influence of Facilities, Services and Needs on the Reading Interest of Medan State Polytechnic Students with this research method, namely Quantitative with data collection methods Observation, Study Libraries, and Questionnaires. Meanwhile, this research was tested using SPSS version 25 statistics which found the results of a positive influence between the independent variable on the dependent variable. Based on the research results it was found that Facilities had an influence tcount of 2.636 > 1.988, while on the results of the Service variable the tcount was 2.243 > 1.988, However, the Requirements variable found a t-count result of 3.567 > 1.988. This result can also be seen as an overall influence in the Coefficient of Determination test which shows a result of 0.355 or 35.5%, where the remaining 64.5% of the figure is influenced by other variables. Based on the research results, it was agreed that the facilities, services and needs to increase students' reading interest as visitors must be improved further.

This study aims to examine the application of mala in se and mala per se concepts in the counter-terrorism policy in Indonesia, based on Law Number 15 of 2003 in conjunction with Law Number 5 of 2018. Terrorism is categorized as an extraordinary crime that causes serious harm both nationally and internationally. This research employs a literature review and normative legal approach to analyze the application of criminal law norms within the context of human rights protection. The findings show that terrorism, as a mala in se offense, requires a comprehensive legal approach that prioritizes not only national security but also the protection of civil rights. The enforcement of anti-terrorism laws, if applied too broadly and harshly, may violate the principles of due process and substantive justice. Therefore, counter-terrorism efforts must be based on the pro justitia principle, supported by independent oversight and active civil society participation to prevent abuse of power and maintain the integrity of the legal system.

Self-confidence is a crucial aspect of student development and academic success. However, many students still struggle with low self-confidence. This article reviews the effectiveness of group counseling through a literature review of 22 journals (2013–2025). Findings show that group counseling effectively enhances self-confidence across various educational levels. Techniques used include REBT, bibliocounseling, self-instruction, and role play. Success also depends on the stages of implementation. Group counseling provides a reflective and supportive space, making it a suitable intervention strategy in guidance and counseling programs.

In recent years, retail investor participation in Southeast Asian capital markets has surged, contributing to increased market volatility and making sentiment analysis a critical factor in understanding price dynamics. This study investigates the relationship between social media sentiment and stock market fluctuations by focusing on Twitter data during periods of market volatility in Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. The objective is to examine how collective investor emotions, as expressed through social media, correlate with daily stock index movements. Employing an exploratory quantitative approach, the study integrates Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods, both lexicon-based tools such as VADER and advanced transformer-based models like BERT and GPT, to classify over 150,000 tweets into positive, negative, and neutral sentiments. Sentiment scores were then aggregated and statistically tested using Pearson correlation with daily stock index returns, specifically the IDX Composite, SET Index, and FTSE Bursa Malaysia. The findings reveal a significant negative correlation between negative sentiment and market returns, particularly in the IDX Composite (r = -0.61, p < 0.05), indicating that pessimistic sentiment is associated with market downturns. Thailand’s SET Index and Malaysia’s FTSE Index showed moderate to weak negative correlations, with r = -0.43 and r = -0.27, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of emerging markets to emotionally driven retail behavior. The study concludes that AI-based sentiment analysis offers a valuable early warning tool for market volatility and can complement traditional financial indicators. It recommends developing AI-based sentiment dashboards and enhancing digital financial literacy to mitigate emotional reactivity among retail investors.