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The Korean drama True Beauty portrays a vivid reflection of the social reality where beauty standards significantly influence how women are treated in society. This study investigates how these standards lead to discrimination against individuals who do not align with socially constructed ideals of appearance. Specifically, it focuses on the representation of such discrimination in the character of Im Ju Kyung, a high school student who is constantly judged for her natural look. Utilizing a qualitative approach with Roland Barthes' semiotic theory, this research deciphers three levels of meaning—denotative, connotative, and mythological—embedded within selected scenes from episodes 1 and 3. The findings indicate that Ju Kyung encounters six distinct forms of appearance-based discrimination: verbal bullying, physical bullying, non-verbal bullying (such as gestures or facial expressions), social exclusion, beauty privilege (where attractive individuals receive favorable treatment), and internalized social pressure to conform. Each discriminatory act is not only rooted in visual representations but also carries deeper ideological implications—suggesting that physical beauty is a prerequisite for social acceptance and personal value. Although True Beauty critiques the culture of appearance-based discrimination, it simultaneously perpetuates the myth that transformation through makeup or cosmetic procedures is a viable solution to gain acceptance. This duality reflects the complex role of media as both a mirror of societal norms and a tool that reinforces dominant ideologies. In doing so, the drama raises critical questions about the ethical responsibilities of popular culture in shaping perceptions of gender, identity, and worth based on physical appearance. Through this analysis, the study contributes to discussions on media literacy and body politics in contemporary Korean pop culture.

This study explores the meaning of love and courage in the lyrics of Nadin Amizah's song "Taruh". Music serves as a cultural medium that reflects the construction of social reality, and song lyrics often become a space for expressing personal and collective experiences. The song "Taruh" illustrates the emotional complexity present in human relationships, particularly in interpreting the feelings of love intertwined with acts of bravery. This research employs Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory by examining the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations within the song's lyrics. The descriptive qualitative method is applied, with data obtained through non-participant observation and literature study. The findings indicate that the lyrics of "Taruh" do not portray an idealized version of love; instead, they express a more realistic view of love as something that includes pain, vulnerability, and imperfection. Interestingly, within those imperfections, there is a profound sense of courage—a willingness to endure, to remain, and to accept wounds as a part of emotional life. The syntagmatic analysis highlights how the arrangement of words in each stanza reflects stages of emotional struggle, longing, acceptance, and resilience. On the other hand, the paradigmatic analysis reveals that while alternative words could have been chosen, the selected diction intensifies the emotional nuance without shifting the central message of the narrative. Overall, the song constructs a layered narrative of love, where courage is found not in grand gestures but in silent endurance. This study shows how popular music, through its poetic structure, can communicate complex emotional truths and contribute to deeper cultural understandings of human emotion.

Micro,Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a vital pillar of the national economy, significantly contributing to employment, innovation, and regional economic development. However, in the ever-evolving digital era, many MSMEs have yet to optimally utilize digital promotional technologies and trends, leading to limited market reach and business growth. This community service activity aims to improve MSMEs' understanding and skills in building and developing their businesses through digital-based promotional strategies. The methods used in this activity include interactive outreach, hands-on training, and mentoring focused on the use of social media, online marketplaces, and other relevant digital platforms. The activity was conducted in collaboration with the MSME community using a participatory approach, enabling participants to actively engage in learning and directly apply the materials provided. The results of the activity indicate that participants showed a significant increase in knowledge and awareness regarding the importance of digital branding, designing attractive and effective promotional content, and utilizing various digital tools to expand market access. Additionally, many participants expressed greater confidence in managing digital platforms to promote their products and services independently. This increase in digital literacy is crucial in helping MSMEs remain competitive and adaptive to market changes brought about by technological advances. By equipping MSMEs with relevant digital promotion skills, this initiative contributes to the broader goal of supporting the growth of resilient, sustainable, and innovative small businesses. In the long term, such community-based empowerment efforts are expected to foster economic resilience and inclusiveness in the face of ongoing digital economic transformation.

This article explains the Bakaua ritual at sacred graves, a tradition of the Nagari Sungai Limau community that has deep theological value. This research aims to analyze the meaning of theological values in the Bakaua ritual and how its practice can strengthen people's spiritual relationships. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this research examines the spiritual, social, and cultural aspects inherent in the Bakaua tradition. The research results indicate that this ritual serves not only as a means of prayer and respect for ancestors but also as a medium for strengthening social relations and preserving local wisdom. Apart from that, the Bakaua ritual is seen as a form of asking for protection, expressing gratitude, and fulfilling vows, which reflects the close relationship between culture and theology in the life of Minangkabau society. The method used in this research is qualitative, encouraging a different approach from previous research, which only discussed Bakaua dramaturgy in the Minangkabau society. However, this paper places more emphasis on aspects of theological values in the Bakaua ritual tradition at sacred graves. This study highlights how theological meaning is embodied through symbolic practices, offerings, and communal prayers that represent submission to divine will. It also reveals how the ritual facilitates intergenerational transmission of spiritual values, maintaining continuity of belief systems in modern contexts. By analyzing community participation and oral narratives, the research uncovers deep spiritual motives rooted in Islamic beliefs intertwined with local cultural expressions. In addition, the findings underscore the community’s resilience in preserving traditional theology-based rituals despite the influence of modernization and shifts in religious interpretations. The Bakaua ritual thus becomes a cultural-theological bridge that binds generations and sustains spiritual identity within the dynamic life of the Minangkabau people.

This study aims to understand, review, explore, and describe the implementation of policies regarding the enforcement of teacher and student discipline in elementary schools and is expected to find policies that support the success of enforcing teacher and student discipline. This study was conducted using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in journals that are appropriate for Elementary Schools, subjects consisting of principals, teachers, educational staff, and students. Data in this study were obtained through Identification of Literature Sources, Determination of Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria, Tools (Mendeley). The findings of the study conducted by the author indicate that the enforcement of teacher and student discipline is carried out through a number of policies, namely: 1) Policies related to the enforcement of teacher and student discipline, 2) Establishing rules at school and in the classroom, 3) Monitoring the disciplinary behavior of teachers and students by making a monitoring book of their daily activities, 4) Imposing sanctions for violations, 5) Involving the principal, teachers, and educational staff. Furthermore, parental involvement and collaboration with external parties are also supporting factors in creating an orderly, safe, and conducive learning environment. Regular evaluation of implemented policies is also crucial to ensure their relevance and effectiveness. Fair and transparent reward and punishment practices contribute to increased student awareness and motivation to comply with school regulations. A culture of discipline consistently cultivated from an early age significantly contributes to positive character development and the overall improvement of the quality of basic education. Implementation requires ongoing training and mentoring for teachers and other educational staff to equip them with the capacity to implement a humanistic yet firm approach.

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes through the implementation of the cooperative learning model of the jigsaw type in science instruction for Grade V students at SDN 76/IX Muaro Jambi. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) using the Kemmis & McTaggart model, which consists of four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research was conducted in two cycles to measure progressive improvements in student learning outcomes. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects were all 20 students of Grade V at SDN 76/IX Muaro Jambi. In the pre-cycle stage, before the intervention, only 25% of the students achieved satisfactory learning outcomes, which was categorized as "not yet meeting expectations." After the implementation of the first cycle, student achievement improved to 50%, falling into the category of "approaching fairly successful." However, this result had not yet reached the expected level of success. In the second cycle, the application of the jigsaw-type cooperative learning model was further optimized. The results showed a significant increase, with 80% of students achieving successful outcomes, which was categorized as "approaching highly successful." This improvement demonstrates that the jigsaw model effectively enhances student engagement, individual and group accountability, and conceptual understanding in science learning. Therefore, this study concludes that the cooperative learning model of the jigsaw type has a positive impact on improving student learning outcomes in science. The researcher recommends that teachers, especially in science and religious education (PAI), adopt the jigsaw learning model as a strategic alternative to foster an active, enjoyable, and meaningful learning process. The collaborative nature of the model encourages students to take responsibility for their own learning and for helping their peers, creating a more supportive and productive classroom environment.

This study aims to determine how much influence leadership style and work environment have on employee performance at Company X. In this study, the method used is quantitative with data collection through questionnaires measured with a Likert scale. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling technique, where the entire employee population is sampled in this study. Data analysis was carried out using validity and reliability tests, as well as classical assumption tests such as linearity tests, hypothesis tests, and multiple linear regression, with the help of SPSS 26 software. The results of the analysis show that the leadership style variable has a significant effect on employee performance. This is evidenced by the calculated t value of 4.753 which is greater than the t table of 1.663, indicating a partial influence of leadership style on employee performance. Likewise, the work environment variable also has a significant effect on employee performance, with a calculated t value of 3.619 which is greater than the t table of 1.663. Analysis using the F-test shows that leadership style and work environment together have a significant influence on employee performance, with a calculated F-value of 12.823, which is greater than the F-table of 3.108, and a significance value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that leadership style and work environment have a significant influence on employee performance at Company X. Therefore, the company needs to pay attention to both factors to improve employee performance.

In the rapidly evolving digital era, data breaches have emerged as a serious threat, particularly in the e-commerce sector which handles vast amounts of customers’ personal data. The protection of personal data has therefore become a crucial issue, requiring effective regulation to ensure digital privacy. In response to this growing concern, Indonesia enacted the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) in 2022 as a significant step toward strengthening digital privacy and security. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the 2022 PDP Law in addressing customer data breach incidents on e-commerce platforms in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach and case study method, this research analyzes several high-profile data breach cases involving major e-commerce companies in the country. The findings indicate that, although the PDP Law has established a clear legal framework regarding the obligations of reporting and managing data breaches, its implementation still faces multiple challenges. Some companies have not fully complied with the legal timeframes for notifying users, and there is a general lack of transparency in how data breach incidents are managed. These shortcomings reveal a gap between the regulatory framework and practical enforcement in the field. Furthermore, the study highlights the limited public awareness and the insufficient preparedness of some companies in responding to data security incidents in accordance with the law. As a result, the rights of consumers to be informed and protected are not always upheld effectively. This research recommends stronger supervision by relevant authorities to ensure stricter enforcement of the PDP Law. It also underscores the need for ongoing education and intensive training for e-commerce companies to enhance their capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to data breaches in compliance with the legal standards. By reinforcing regulatory implementation and organizational readiness, Indonesia can better safeguard digital consumer rights in the growing e-commerce landscape.

This study aims to examine the relationship between a company's value (firm value) and three key variables: environmental performance, capital structure, and management ownership. The research focuses on companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period from 2022 to 2024. The objective is to understand how these internal and external factors contribute to shaping a company’s market valuation and overall financial health. Using a panel data regression analysis with a fixed effect model, the study provides empirical evidence based on secondary data drawn from company financial reports and sustainability disclosures. The results indicate that capital structure, measured by the proportion of debt to equity, has a significant negative impact on firm value. In contrast, both environmental performance and the proportion of shares owned by management have a positive and significant effect on firm value. These findings suggest that while excessive debt may erode investor confidence and reduce a firm's valuation, strong environmental commitments and management ownership foster positive perceptions in the eyes of stakeholders, including investors and customers. Theoretically, this research supports stakeholder and agency theories by highlighting how internal governance and ethical responsibility play a role in corporate success. Pragmatically, the results offer important insights for companies, especially in emerging markets like Indonesia, to align sustainability and ownership strategies with financial management to boost firm value. Companies are encouraged to optimize their capital structures, strengthen their environmental reporting practices, and promote management ownership as a way to align interests and enhance long-term performance. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on corporate governance and sustainability by providing current, context-specific evidence relevant to stakeholders in the Indonesian capital market.

Profitability is one of the key indicators in assessing a company's ability to generate profits and plays a crucial role in financial decision-making. According to the pecking order theory, companies with high profitability tend to prefer using internal funds and reduce reliance on debt. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability on debt policy, as well as to examine the role of dividend policy as a moderating variable in this relationship. The study employed Slovin’s formula for sample selection and analyzed 263 non-financial publicly listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2023. The data used in this research were secondary data obtained from annual financial reports published on the official website of the IDX or the respective company websites. Profitability was measured using return on assets (ROA), debt policy was measured by the debt-to-equity ratio (DER), and dividend policy was measured by the dividend payout ratio (DPR). The analytical method used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS software. The results indicate that profitability has a negative effect on debt policy, meaning that the more profitable a company is, the less likely it is to depend on debt financing. Additionally, the findings suggest that dividend policy does not significantly moderate the relationship between profitability and debt policy. This implies that whether a company distributes dividends or not does not meaningfully influence how profitability affects its debt decisions. These results are in line with the pecking order theory and provide insight for corporate financial managers in planning funding structures. It also emphasizes the importance of internally generated funds for companies with strong earnings performance.

This study explores the key determinants of field engineer efficiency in the field service industry by analyzing the impact of self-efficacy, resource management, and time management on operational performance. Employing a quantitative research approach, data were collected using saturated sampling from 102 field engineers and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. The measurement model showed robust psychometric properties, satisfying the thresholds for convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability. The structural model results indicate that all three independent variables significantly influence field engineer efficiency. Self-efficacy was found to have the strongest effect (β = 0.421, p < 0.001), followed by resource management (β = 0.347, p < 0.001) and time management (β = 0.289, p < 0.001). The model accounts for 68.7% of the variance in field engineer efficiency, reflecting strong explanatory power and predictive accuracy. Among these variables, self-efficacy emerged as the most dominant factor, suggesting that field engineers' belief in their ability to perform tasks is a critical driver of operational success. High self-efficacy enhances motivation, resilience, and effective problem-solving under pressure, making it essential in dynamic and unpredictable field environments. Resource and time management also play crucial roles in supporting engineers' ability to complete tasks efficiently by ensuring optimal allocation of tools, equipment, and time. The findings provide practical implications for field service organizations aiming to improve workforce performance. Investing in training programs that strengthen self-efficacy, combined with systematic improvements in resource and time management practices, can significantly enhance operational outcomes. By prioritizing these factors, organizations can boost engineer efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve service delivery, ultimately gaining a stronger competitive advantage in the industry.

This study examines the influence of store atmosphere, service quality, word of mouth (WOM), and price perception on consumer purchasing decisions at Cahya Busana's Canggu branch, a local Balinese MSME specializing in high-quality traditional Balinese clothing for men, women, and children. With an increasing demand for traditional attire, understanding the factors that influence consumer decisions is vital for business growth. The study targeted consumers who had purchased traditional clothing at the Canggu branch, using non-probability sampling to select 110 respondents. The data analysis was conducted through multiple linear regression, assisted by SPSS software, to evaluate the relationship between the independent variables (store atmosphere, service quality, WOM, and price perception) and the dependent variable (consumer purchase decisions). The findings indicate that all four factors—store atmosphere, service quality, WOM, and price perception—positively and significantly impact consumers’ purchasing decisions. Specifically, a pleasant store atmosphere, high-quality service, positive word-of-mouth recommendations, and favorable price perception were found to enhance consumers' likelihood of purchasing traditional Balinese clothing. The results suggest that MSMEs, particularly in the traditional clothing sector, can leverage these factors to boost consumer confidence and drive sales. This study contributes valuable insights for businesses aiming to improve their purchasing processes by focusing on these key variables to increase consumer satisfaction and decision-making. By understanding these influences, Cahya Busana and similar businesses can optimize their strategies to attract and retain customers, ultimately improving their market position.

This study aims to analyze the effect of price and product quality on consumer purchasing interest at PT. Frisian Flag Indonesia in Pekanbaru Branch. The sample used in this study consisted of 50 consumers. Data analysis was carried out using several techniques, including validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, hypothesis tests, and coefficient of determination tests. Based on the results of the study, the t test shows that price has a significant influence on consumer purchasing interest, with a t-count of 2.908 which is greater than t-table 2.010 and a significance value of 0.005 which is smaller than 0.05. Similarly, product quality also has a significant effect on purchasing interest, with a t-count of 6.736 which is greater than t-table 2.010 and a significance value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. Furthermore, the simultaneous test (F test) shows that price (X1) and product quality (X2) together have a significant effect on consumer purchasing interest. The F-test results yielded an F-count of 24.591, which is greater than the F-table of 3.191, with a significance value of 0.000, indicating that both variables have a significant influence. The coefficient of determination indicates that price and product quality contribute 51.1% to consumer purchase intention, while the remaining 48.9% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study.

The global demand for energy, particularly fuel oil, continues to increase along with the growth in the number of vehicles and industrial activity. However, limited fossil fuel reserves and the environmental impacts of their use have prompted various studies to find alternative fuels that are more environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable. In this context, ethanol and xylene have emerged as two potential fuel additive candidates. Ethanol is known as a biofuel derived from renewable sources and has a high octane rating and oxygen content that can support a more complete combustion process. On the other hand, xylene is an aromatic compound with a high octane rating that can improve combustion stability and reduce the risk of knocking or detonation in engines. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ethanol and xylene additions on the flame characteristics of Pertamax fuel, particularly in terms of flame duration and height. Through a laboratory experimental approach, observations were made on the combustion process of pure Pertamax and several fuel blends with varying ethanol and xylene contents. The results showed that pure Pertamax produced a flame with an average duration of 0.734 seconds and a flame height of 4.5 cm, while one of the best blends, namely the fourth blend containing ethanol and xylene, produced a flame duration of 1.084 seconds and a flame height of 5.7 cm. These findings indicate that the addition of ethanol and xylene can significantly improve combustion performance. These results not only enrich knowledge regarding the combustion characteristics of blended fuels, but also open up opportunities for the development of alternative fuel formulations that are more environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and support reducing dependence on fossil fuels in the future.

This study aims to improve the understanding of macapat songs by applying the Jigsaw cooperative learning approach. Although macapat songs have high moral and intellectual values, students often dislike them because they are considered complex and irrelevant. This study used the McTaggart model consisting of two cycles, combined with the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method. Data were collected through various techniques, including observation, tests, interviews, and note-taking, and then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that students' understanding of the meaning of macapat songs increased significantly when the Jigsaw model was applied. The learning completion rate increased from 56% to 100%, while the average student score also increased from 72.33 in the pre-cycle to 86.6 in the first cycle. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the Jigsaw approach in improving student understanding. In addition, this method also succeeded in encouraging active student participation, increasing their confidence in class discussions, and fostering respect for the rich local culture. Thus, teaching local Javanese language through the Jigsaw cooperative learning paradigm can be considered an interesting and effective alternative approach. This approach not only helps students understand the material better but also strengthens their social and cultural skills. This research provides an important contribution to the development of more innovative and relevant teaching methods in the context of regional language learning, and encourages teachers to implement strategies that can increase students' interest and understanding of the valuable and diverse local culture. Through the application of this method, it is hoped that students will gain a greater appreciation for their cultural heritage.

Inclusive education plays a crucial role in achieving equal access and improving the quality of education for all students, including students with special needs. In the context of Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning, the implementation of inclusive education still faces significant challenges, both in terms of teaching strategies, teacher skills, and available supporting facilities and infrastructure. This study aims to describe the perceptions of PJOK teachers and classroom teachers regarding the implementation of inclusive learning for students with special needs in PJOK activities at the elementary school level. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including semi-structured interviews and documentation. The research subjects consisted of PJOK teachers and classroom teachers who teach at SDN 2 Gobras. The results show that the teachers have a good understanding of the importance of creating a friendly, adaptive, and enjoyable learning environment for students with special needs. The teachers make adjustments in learning activities through modifying tools, implementing small group strategies, providing appropriate motivation, and close collaboration with homeroom teachers and parents. However, limitations in the training received and the support of existing facilities remain significant obstacles. The findings of this study provide important implications regarding the need for ongoing training and strengthened collaboration between teachers to support the creation of more effective and sustainable inclusive education. Therefore, this research is expected to make a positive contribution to the development of inclusive education in elementary schools and raise awareness of the importance of supporting students with special needs in the learning process.

This study aims to improve the critical thinking skills of fourth-grade elementary school students in understanding the concept of fractions through the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. The background of this study focuses on students' still low abilities in: (1) analyzing mathematical problems; (2) planning solution strategies; (3) drawing logical conclusions when working on fraction problems. This study uses the Classroom Action Research (CAR) design model Kemmis & McTaggart which was implemented at SD Negeri 2 Tahunan during the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. The research subjects consisted of 23 fourth-grade students who were selected purposively based on the results of the initial diagnosis. Data collection techniques were carried out by triangulation through: (1) formative evaluation tests; (2) participatory observation sheets; (3) learning video documentation; and (4) field notes. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively with a comparative descriptive approach. The results showed that the application of the PBL model was proven to be effective in improving: (1) students' critical thinking skills on average from 39.13 (low category) to 92.61 (very good category); (2) classical completeness from 8.7% to 91.3%; and (3) learning activities became more meaningful. Statistical analysis of paired sample t-test showed a significant difference (t=19.09; p<0.05) between before and after treatment. Other important findings include: (1) an increase in students' questioning skills by 78%; (2) an increase in the ability to provide arguments by 82%; (3) an increase in problem-solving skills by 85%. In addition, there was an increase in the following aspects: (1) group cooperation; (2) self-confidence; and (3) active involvement in class discussions.

This study aims to examine the influence of academic stress and self-regulation on academic procrastination among students at SMK Negeri 48 Jakarta. Academic procrastination is a behavior commonly observed among vocational students who are required to balance both theoretical learning and practical skills development. The research employed a quantitative approach using a correlational survey method. A total of 289 students from tenth and eleventh grades, representing six vocational programs, were selected through proportional random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires utilizing a Likert scale and analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 22. The findings of this study revealed that academic stress has a positive and significant effect on academic procrastination, with a regression coefficient of 0.224 and a t-value of 8.668 (p < 0.05). This indicates that higher levels of academic stress are associated with greater tendencies to procrastinate. In contrast, self-regulation was found to have a negative and significant effect on academic procrastination, with a regression coefficient of -0.351 and a t-value of 7.943 (p < 0.05), suggesting that students with stronger self-regulation skills are less likely to engage in procrastination. Furthermore, the simultaneous influence of academic stress and self-regulation on academic procrastination was significant, as evidenced by an F-value of 64.765 (p < 0.05). The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.644, indicating that 64.4% of the variance in academic procrastination can be explained by the two independent variables. These results underscore the critical role of stress management and the development of self-regulation abilities in mitigating academic procrastination among vocational school students. Educational interventions focused on reducing stress levels and enhancing self-regulatory behaviors may serve as effective strategies to promote better academic outcomes and reduce counterproductive procrastination habits.

Children's education and development are crucial aspects and a primary concern for parents, especially in the field of sports. In this context, the Science Swimming Team (SST) Sidoarjo swimming club plays a strategic role in providing quality swimming training for children. This study aims to evaluate the level of parental satisfaction with the quality of services provided by the club's coaches. Using a quantitative approach and descriptive design, this study collected data through a closed-ended questionnaire distributed to 15 respondents who were parents of students at SST. The research instrument was structured based on five dimensions of service quality: tangibles, empathy, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively quantitatively by calculating frequency distributions and percentages to obtain a clear picture of the level of parental satisfaction. The results showed that the majority of respondents, namely 53.33%, felt quite satisfied with the services provided by the coaches, while 26.67% felt satisfied, 13.33% were less satisfied, and 6.67% were dissatisfied. The reliability and responsiveness dimensions scored highest, indicating that coaches were able to provide reliable and responsive services to parents' needs. However, the tangible and empathy dimensions still need to be improved to achieve optimal satisfaction. The implications of these findings suggest that coaches and club management need to strengthen the quality of existing facilities and infrastructure and develop a more empathetic communication approach with parents. This is crucial for creating a better relationship between coaches and parents, thereby increasing their trust and satisfaction with the services provided. Future research is recommended to expand the number of respondents and identify specific factors influencing satisfaction, so that the results obtained are more comprehensive and applicable in the context of service development in swimming clubs.

Currently, the number of Children with Special Needs (ABK) continues to increase every year, making the role of teachers increasingly vital in providing inclusive education services in schools. This increase in the number of ABK requires teachers to have adequate competencies to provide education tailored to the needs of each child. In this context, inclusive education is crucial, as it provides opportunities for all children, including those with special needs, to learn together in the same environment. This study aims to analyze the role of teachers in the context of inclusive education in Early Childhood Education (PAUD). The method used in this study is qualitative with a narrative approach, conducted in several PAUD institutions in Malang. The results show that teachers have a very important role in inclusive education in PAUD. The role of teachers in question covers several aspects, including the ability to recognize Children with Special Needs (ABK), conduct initial assessments of student needs, and understand how to implement appropriate learning for ABK. In addition, teachers are also expected to be able to use assistive devices to provide simple stimulation to ABK and know how to involve parents in handling ABK. The importance of the teacher's role in inclusive education lies not only in academic abilities, but also in social and emotional skills in creating a supportive learning environment. This research provides valuable insights for the development of training programs for teachers to improve their skills in inclusive education, which is expected to have a positive impact on the quality of education in early childhood education (PAUD). With appropriate training, teachers can be better prepared to face the challenges of teaching children with special needs and ensure that every child receives a quality education tailored to their needs. This research is expected to encourage educational institutions to pay more attention to training and professional development for teachers, so they can contribute optimally to creating inclusive and quality education.