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Laboratories play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety, with approximately 80–90% of clinical diagnoses relying on laboratory test results. Despite their importance, laboratory errors are reported to occur in about 0.012% to 0.6% of all tests conducted. Patient safety is fundamentally a managerial responsibility that can be improved through the implementation of robust systems aimed at detecting and addressing quality deficiencies. A reactive approach to this involves incident reporting followed by root cause analysis, which helps uncover and rectify weaknesses in existing policies and procedures. Alternatively, a proactive strategy such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) focuses on evaluating the entire testing process, anticipating potential adverse events, and taking preventive measures before such issues arise. This method is particularly effective for prospective risk assessment in high-risk procedures, thereby minimizing the likelihood of errors within laboratories and other areas of patient care.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the legal protection of the constitutional rights of communities affected by the C excavation mine in Sukolilo, especially the importance of protecting community rights and effective law enforcement so that people can avoid the negative impact of mining. So it is necessary to emphasize the importance of this research in providing recommendations for improving regulations or policies that protect communities in mining-affected areas. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach with a type of descriptive research aimed at solving problems in the present. This research will examine the constitutional rights of communities in the area of C excavation mining activities, in the Sukolilo area of Pati Regency. The data collection in this research is collected through literature study. This method aims to obtain a strong theoretical foundation and understand the development of relevant recent research, so that the analysis carried out can be more comprehensive and supported by credible scientific references. The formulation of the problems raised are: (1) How are the constitutional rights of people affected by C excavation mining activities in the Sukolilo area of Pati Regency, (2) How are the responsibilities of local governments and mining actors in providing legal protection and guaranteeing the constitutional rights of the Sukolilo community affected by C excavation mining. The results of this study indicate.

Drafting contracts is important in the business world because it helps regulate the rights and obligations of each party, providing legal certainty. In this post, we will discuss how drafting a good contract can build trust between cooperating parties. By studying the basic principles and important contents of contracts, as well as effective negotiation communication strategies, I demonstrate that contracts are not only legal documents, but also tools that can prevent problems and strengthen cooperation in the long term. As this discussion illustrates, proper contract drafting can reduce the risk of disputes and foster stronger business relationships. This paper also provides practical advice to help businesses create contracts that are legally valid and support harmonious, sustainable cooperation.

This research is conducted to comprehensively analyze the legal provisions related to the annulment of arbitral awards in Indonesia based on Law Number 30 Year 1999, identify obstacles in practice, and provide recommendations for strengthening the arbitration system as a reliable alternative dispute resolution. This research is a normative legal study that uses an approach through literature review and statutory analysis. The data used includes primary data in the form of legal literature related to the law, as well as secondary data which includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection is done through document study method and literature review. The data analysis was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach to interpret the legal materials collected. The results of this study indicate that the district court has an important role in enforcing the financial principle of arbitral awards, there are limited opportunities for annulment and efforts to balance the protection of justice and legal certainty in resolving arbitration disputes. Meanwhile, the implications are very significant for the parties as well as the effectiveness and reputation of the arbitration system itself.

Service satisfaction is defined as an effort to fulfill something or make something adequate which is generally described as a feeling of pleasure or disappointment that arises towards performance (results) after being compared with expected performance. Measuring the level of student satisfaction towards services in schools is an important element in the school's efforts to provide the best, efficient and effective services for students. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Guidance and Counseling (BK) program in schools. This survey involved a number of BK teachers and students from several schools in certain areas. The research method used was qualitative with an open questionnaire instrument, namely a structured interview to measure various aspects of the BK program, including service quality, student involvement, and the impact on students' academic and emotional development. The survey results showed that most students and BK teachers felt that the BK program in schools had been running quite well, but there were still some areas that needed improvement, such as the availability of resources and further training for counselors. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the frequency of student involvement in BK sessions with an increase in their academic achievement and emotional well-being. This study provides recommendations for improving the BK program in schools, including increasing training for counselors and strengthening support from the school.

This research is specifically designed to explore how the use of digital cartography is applied in Social Sciences learning at the Elementary School level. Digital cartography is a technology that visualizes spatial data, making it easier for teachers and students to understand the concept of location, area, and relationships between spaces more realistically. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with subjects of one fifth grade teacher and 25 students in an elementary school. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings of the study indicate that the use of digital map media such as Google Earth, online thematic maps, and MAPENA (Children's Map Media) can improve students' understanding of spatial material, while motivating them to play an active role in learning. Teachers also consider digital cartography to be very helpful in delivering social studies material, especially related to geography. This study suggests the integration of digital map technology into lesson plans and project-based thematic learning.

The teaching of Indonesian language in elementary schools plays a crucial role in developing students' literacy skills, particularly in narrative writing. However, in practice, many students struggle with generating ideas, constructing storylines, and utilizing proper language structures. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach in enhancing narrative writing skills among fifth-grade elementary students. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed. The study involved two groups: the experimental group received instruction based on CTL, while the control group was taught using conventional methods. Data analysis indicated a significant improvement in the narrative writing skills of students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The CTL approach was shown to be effective in improving students' learning outcomes by relating lesson content to real-life experiences, while also fostering active participation and creativity. These findings suggest that CTL can be an effective instructional strategy for teaching writing in elementary schools.

This research analyzes the Constitutional Court Decision Number 62/PPU-XXII/2024 regarding the constitutionality of the presidential threshold and its implications for the development of inclusive democracy in Indonesia. Using a juridical-normative and conceptual approach, this study examines the presidential threshold provisions as regulated in Article 222 of Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections from the perspective of inclusive democracy theory and electoral systems. The results show that the Constitutional Court affirmed the constitutionality of the presidential threshold as an open legal policy of the legislators, while also noting that lawmakers should reconsider the threshold percentage in future revisions of the Election Law. This research identifies a tension between two equally important democratic values: government effectiveness and political representation. On one hand, the presidential threshold can strengthen the presidential system by encouraging political party consolidation and creating more stable governance. On the other hand, this provision potentially limits political inclusivity by reducing the diversity of choices for voters and restricting opportunities for small or new political parties to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates independently. This study concludes that to realize a more inclusive democracy following the Constitutional Court Decision, further efforts are needed to reform the electoral system, strengthen political parties, enhance political education, and develop innovations in political participation.

Emotion regulation is an important skill that every learner must have. The inability to manage good emotions will potentially interfere with the learning process and learners' well-being. The purpose of this literature review is to identify the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in improving learners' emotion regulation. The method used in this research is literature review with research data sourced from Google Scholar and Springer publication databases. The results of the review show that REBT therapy can significantly improve learners' ability to manage their emotions. This research confirms that REBT can be an effective therapy in helping learners cope with negative emotions in an educational context.

This study examines the issue of cross-border insolvency in the context of Indonesian bankruptcy law, particularly the limitations of national law in handling cases involving foreign elements such as assets or creditors outside Indonesia. Although Law Number 37 of 2004 contains universal principles, its implementation is hindered by Indonesia's adherence to the principle of territoriality and the absence of international agreements on mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign bankruptcy decisions. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to analyze the legal framework and principles relevant to cross-border insolvency. The findings show that Indonesian bankruptcy rulings currently have limited extraterritorial effect and cannot be directly enforced abroad without proper international legal instruments. To overcome these limitations, the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency is deemed necessary, along with efforts to establish bilateral or multilateral agreements. Such steps are expected to enhance legal certainty, protect creditors’ rights, and improve Indonesia’s insolvency regime in the context of global commerce.

The purpose of this study was to measure the effectiveness of group counseling services using the Individual-Oriented approach in supporting students to adapt at the Walyatalaththof Darussalam Kebumen Islamic Boarding School. The type of research applied in this study was a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design research method through pretest and posttest in one group. This study was a pre-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design in one group to determine the results of the treatment more precisely because it can be compared with the conditions before the treatment was given. The subjects of the study were class VII students of PP Walyatalaththof Darussalam Kebumen, namely 6 students who had low self-adjustment criteria. The study was conducted in 8 sessions, each for 40 minutes. The researcher collected data by utilizing a self-adjustment scale. Based on the results of the research analysis, it was obtained that, (1) Before participating in group counseling with a person-centered approach, the Subjects got an average score of 60.66, which was included in the "low" category. After undergoing a group counseling session with a person-centered approach, the subjects experienced an increase in value from the low category to the high category, with an average value reaching 96. The results of the analysis showed a significance value of 0.000. By considering this value which is below 0.05, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (Ho) must be rejected. This shows that group counseling services with a person-centered approach are effective in improving the adjustment abilities of students at the Walyatalaththof Darussalam Kebumen Islamic Boarding School.

Mail management is a crucial element of organizational administration that plays a direct role in ensuring information security. This article discusses how poorly organized mail systems can create vulnerabilities for various threats to sensitive information, such as leakage, forgery, and document loss. Using a literature review method, the study identifies key risks and analyzes optimization strategies that can be implemented. The findings indicate that adopting digital systems, enhancing human resource (HR) capacity, and implementing access controls and audit trails are strategic steps to safeguard confidentiality, integrity, and availability of documents. The implications highlight the importance of integrating mail management with information security principles to establish an administrative governance system that is secure, efficient, and trustworthy.

This study explores the stereotypes and prejudices held by Javanese students toward the Madurese ethnic group at the University of Trunojoyo Madura. Communication, as a fundamental social need, plays a crucial role in building relationships and understanding emotions. In the context of intercultural communication, differences in social and cultural backgrounds can trigger stereotypes that negatively affect interactions. To understand the perspectives of Javanese students in forming stereotypes about the Madurese, this research applies Standpoint Theory, which emphasizes that a person’s viewpoint is shaped by their social position and life experiences. This study employs a qualitative approach with a phenomenological paradigm, collecting data through in-depth interviews and observation. The findings reveal that Javanese students tend to perceive Madurese people as speaking harshly, although some acknowledge that such perceptions do not represent the entire ethnic group. Efforts to overcome stereotypes are made through increased interaction. This study highlights the importance of intercultural understanding in reducing misunderstandings and fostering

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model in enhancing students' creativity in Social Studies (IPS) learning for Grade VIII at SMP Negeri 3 Kedungwaru. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the implementation of PjBL can enhance students' creativity through project activities that encourage critical thinking, collaboration, and problem-solving. Students become more active, confident in expressing ideas, and capable of producing innovative work. Despite several challenges such as limited time and varied student participation, PjBL has proven to be effective in creating contextual and meaningful learning.

Interest and motivation in learning mathematics among Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) students remain relatively low, particularly in understanding basic arithmetic concepts such as addition and subtraction. This condition has led to poor learning outcomes and a lack of active student engagement in the learning process.This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Scratch-based learning media in improving MI students’ arithmetic skills. To achieve this objective, a qualitative research method with a case study approach was employed. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using the interactive analysis model of Miles and Huberman.The findings indicate that the use of Scratch media can enhance learning motivation, student engagement, and understanding of arithmetic concepts in a more enjoyable and interactive way. Thus, Scratch-based learning media is proven effective in improving the arithmetic skills of MI students. It is recommended that teachers utilize interactive digital media such as Scratch as an innovative alternative in teaching mathematics at the elementary madrasah level.

The complexity of social reality often cannot be fully captured through quantitative approaches. This article aims to elaborate on the fundamental concepts, types of strategies, and field practices involved in qualitative research, particularly within the realm of social sciences. Through a literature review employing a descriptive-critical approach, this paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the characteristics, objectives, and key stages of qualitative research, ranging from observation and interviews to documentation. Qualitative research emphasizes deep understanding of social and cultural contexts, as well as flexibility in responding to the dynamics of the field. Accordingly, this approach is highly relevant for researchers seeking to explore social phenomena in a more holistic and reflective manner. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a preliminary reference for both academics and practitioners in designing and conducting qualitative research effectively and responsibly.

Inclusive education is an approach that emphasizes equality and diversity in the learning process, including providing equal learning opportunities for students with special needs. This study aims to see the role of teachers and peers in supporting the smooth learning of students. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the role of teachers is very important in creating effective learning according to the needs of all students, students use instant transcription applications to follow the learning. On the other hand, the role of friends also plays a very important role in building an inclusive environment through communication with sign language and positive social interactions, with the determination of those who are trying to learn sign language. Collaboration between teachers and peers can provide emotional and academic support that encourages all students to excel. This study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between all parties in order to realize effective and equitable inclusive education.

Aptitude test is an assessment tool used to identify an individual's innate abilities in various aspects. In the education sector, aptitude tests have a significant function in maximizing students' abilities and learning progress. This article aims to examine the function of potential tests in education in Indonesia, with an emphasis on their impact on students' academic progress. Through a literature study method, this article evaluates various studies and literature related to aptitude tests and their impact on student achievement. The results of this study indicate that potential tests can support mapping of students' abilities, adjusting teaching methods, and increasing enthusiasm for learning, which ultimately contribute to students' academic progress.

Talent is a fundamental ability that exists within an individual from the beginning, but it still needs to be developed through practice and learning. Talent is special because not everyone possesses it in the same form, and each individual has a unique talent. Since talent significantly influences learning success, it is important for educators, especially guidance counselors, to understand and assist students in recognizing and developing their inherent talents. This way, the learning process can become more effective and aligned with each student's potential. The objective of this study is to obtain a descriptive result of the role of aptitude tests in personal development and education. The method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study type. This literature review examines journals, books, and other documents that provide a comprehensive overview of theories and current information on a topic, encompassing perspectives from both the past and present. The research findings include: (1) definitions of aptitude tests, (2) types of aptitude tests, (3) challenges and limitations of aptitude tests, (4) factors influencing talent, (5) benefits of aptitude tests, (6) the role of aptitude tests in personal development, and (7) the role of aptitude tests in education.

Cleanliness is a fundamental aspect of life that plays an important role in maintaining the health of individuals and society. The concept of cleanliness covers various aspects, starting from personal cleanliness, the environment, to the cleanliness of the residence. Research shows that good hygiene can prevent the spread of disease, improve quality of life, and create a comfortable and productive environment. However, challenges in maintaining cleanliness include lack of public awareness, limited access to sanitation facilities, and poor waste management. Therefore, collaborative efforts are needed from individuals, communities and governments to increase awareness of the importance of cleanliness through education, health campaigns and the provision of adequate facilities. By maintaining cleanliness, it is hoped that a healthier, more prosperous and sustainable life will be created.