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The authority to sign a letter is the right and responsibility of a person in an organizational structure to legalize official documents according to their function and position. This study aims to determine how the authority to sign a letter is implemented and its impact on administrative governance at SMK Harapan Bangsa. The approach used is qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that there is a discrepancy between formal provisions and field practices, such as the lack of clarity on the limits of authority, delegation of authority without official documents, and irregularities in the format and flow of signing letters. This has an impact on the lack of efficiency, accountability, and professionalism in school administrative management. This study recommends the importance of compiling guidelines for official scripts and administrative training to strengthen the orderly, legal, and effective letter signing system.

Abstract. This research investigates the use of lyric improvisation to enhance morphological awareness in elementary school students at SD Negeri 1 Karang Bundar, Langsa, Aceh. Morphological awareness, defined as the understanding of the internal structure of words and the contribution of morphemes to meaning, is a vital aspect of language development. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study design, this study involved upper-grade students in structured lyric improvisation activities. The findings indicate that this method significantly improves students' abilities to recognize, manipulate, and understand morphemes within a creative and engaging context. The implications suggest that integrating arts-based pedagogical strategies, such as lyric improvisation, offers a beneficial approach to cultivate morphological awareness in young learners.

This study aims to determine the influence of digital comic learning media KLIK (Financial Literacy Comics) on cognitive learning outcomes in social studies subjects of grade VII students of SMP Negeri 22 Malang. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach. The type of research used is an experimental type of research with a Posttest Only Control Group Design research design. The population in this study is all grade VII students of SMP Negeri 22 Malang with the sample used, namely grade VII B students as the experimental class and grade VII G as the control class. The instrument used to measure students' cognitive learning outcomes is test questions. The data analysis techniques used in this study were data instrument tests with validity tests and reliability tests, prerequisite tests with normality tests and homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests using t-tests. The results of the study showed that there was a partial influence of digital comic learning media KLIK (Financial Literacy Comics) on students' cognitive learning outcomes. This is evidenced by the results of data analysis with the help  of SPSS 22 for Windows which shows 0.000 < 0.05 which means that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.

Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint among workers due to non-ergonomic work postures and long working hours. PT. Pantjamitra Ichigodjaja has a work environment that poses a risk of neck muscle strain due to static work positions and working hours exceeding 8 hours per day. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of education through leaflet distribution in improving employees' knowledge about neck pain, including its causes, prevention, and management. This research used a descriptive quantitative design with an intervention method in the form of distributing educational leaflets to 50 employees selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through pre-test and post-test using a validated and reliable questionnaire. The results showed an increase in employee knowledge after receiving the leaflet, with the percentage of good knowledge increasing from 20% in the pre-test to 60% in the post-test. The average increase in knowledge score reached 40%, indicating that education through leaflets is effective in improving employees' understanding of neck pain. The conclusion of this study is that education using leaflets can increase employee awareness and knowledge about the importance of ergonomic work posture and muscle stretching to prevent neck pain. The study suggests that the company should continue the education program periodically and improve workplace ergonomics to reduce the risk of neck pain among employees.

Centella asiatica (L) urban is a plant that has the potential to be a source of immunomodulatory agents because it contains several groups of active compounds, asiaticoside, madecassoside, madecassic acid and asiatic acid, which can act as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulators. This study aims to review relevant literature to summarize the immunomodulatory effects produced by Centella asiatica (L.) urban. This study used a literature review design involving 4 experimental study articles published in the last 10 years in the electronic databases  PubMed and ScienceDirect. The results of this study showed that C. asiatica has been shown to provide immunomodulatory effects through various mechanisms, including as an anti-inflammatory by decreasing nitrite production, PGE2 and TNF-α, reducing NF-κβ activation, and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α, including IL-6 and COX-2. C. asiatica can also act as an antioxidant that inhibits ROS production, stimulates GSH, and binds free radicals. In addition, C. asiatica can also play a role in the adaptive immune response.

Weather and seasons play an important role in elementary school learning to increase students' awareness and concern for the environment from an early age. Students are taught to understand the relationship between weather phenomena and seasonal changes and how both affect the environment. The purpose of this article is to explain why the topic of weather and seasons is important for elementary school education, examine the learning approaches that can be used, and show how this learning can encourage students to care about the environment. It is hoped that this article will help PGSD students as prospective educators in creating learning that is not only cognitive but also affective and psychomotor. This is based on the theory of contextual learning and character education.

This article discusses how Civic Education can be a solution in facing the challenges of globalization, by instilling the values of Pancasila, love for the homeland, social responsibility, and strengthening national identity. The methods used are literature studies and qualitative analysis of various relevant sources. The results show that globalization brings a great challenge to Indonesia's national identity, especially among the younger generation. The flow of information and foreign culture that enters without borders can weaken the spirit of nationalism and local values such as mutual cooperation and tolerance. In this context, Civic Education (PKn) has a strategic role in building a strong national character and integrity. Emphasis on the importance of integrating national values in civil society is very important in forming a young generation that is resilient, critical, and ready to contribute to the global world without losing their identity as Indonesian citizens.

Instilling moral values in elementary school students presents its own challenges in the era of globalization, especially with the emergence of Generation Z, who have distinctive characteristics. This study aims to analyze the strategies employed by teachers in teaching moral education at the elementary level. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied by reviewing relevant literature sources. The findings reveal that teachers play a crucial role as role models and mentors in embedding Pancasila values through active learning, integrating moral values into the curriculum, and utilizing contextual learning media such as folklore rooted in local wisdom. Challenges encountered include environmental influences, limited resources, and students’ low awareness of the importance of morals. This study highlights the need for collaboration among schools, families, and communities, as well as continuous teacher competency development, to foster students with noble character, ethics, and readiness to contribute positively to the nation.

Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) abroad often face various social, legal, and cultural challenges that can increase their vulnerability in everyday life. One effort to minimize these vulnerabilities is through the establishment of regional community organizations as a platform for solidarity, advocacy, and cultural identity preservation. This community service activity aims to assist in the formation of the Ikatan Warga Ponorogo di Hong Kong (IWPH) — an association of PMI from Ponorogo working in Hong Kong. The methods employed include community needs assessment, facilitation of organizational meetings, formulation of organizational statutes and bylaws, and basic community-based advocacy training. The results of this activity showed high enthusiasm among PMI from Ponorogo to participate in this community as a forum for sharing information, social protection, and preserving regional cultural traditions abroad. Moreover, IWPH has begun to actively voice issues faced by PMI, such as overcharging, gender-based violence, and unclear employment contracts. The establishment of IWPH is expected to serve as a model for strengthening social networks and advocacy based on regional community groups, enhancing the bargaining power of Indonesian migrant workers abroad. This activity also reflects the contribution of higher education institutions in supporting the protection and empowerment of Indonesian migrant workers in various destination countries.

This Community Service Activity aims to integrate cultural values ​​such as gamelan and keroncong into film works. In addition, to introduce cultural heritage to the younger generation. Activities include training and film screenings. Activities are carried out together with students, divided into several divisions with implementation stages including pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation. Evaluation of the activity showed an increase in information or insight of 34 points related to script writing, as well as 15 and 13 points of understanding of material related to camera operation and editing. In this activity, the team also made a company profile video that already has Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) at the Directorate General of Intellectual Property. In the future, there needs to be other art and cultural productions through films. Then from the films that have been produced are promoted or introduced more widely using social media.

The principle of legality is a legal principle that states that every act may only be subject to sanctions if it has been stipulated in the legislation before the criminal act is committed. The research aims to analyze the necessity of a law before a criminal event occurs; analyze the assessment of an act that is not analogous; analyze the need for the principle of legality to protect individuals from arbitrary actions by judicial officers. The research method is the normative legal method, by adopting conventions, legislation, law books, journals, articles, the internet. Furthermore, comprehensively reviewing the literature so that maximum results are obtained. The results of the research, law enforcement that is fair, pure and consistent is still difficult to achieve considering that many officers still do not fully understand the meaning of the principle of legality so that they often make mistakes in considering imposing criminal sanctions, and often their decisions exceed their authority. Human rights are inherent rights in individuals, so individuals should get their rights. Protection of individual rights is mandated in the 1945 Constitution Article 28G paragraph (1) Article 28H paragraph (1). Legal certainty is a vital element in building an honest and fair legal strategy. It is expected that when laws are created, they should be in accordance with a systematic, democratic mechanism based on empirical observation results, so that errors in the application of the law can be minimized. Thus, all people get legal certainty where their rights are protected and maintained, on the other hand, each individual is aware not to do prohibited acts because every action has logical and firm consequences.  

Suffering is a condition where a person experiences pain or difficulty in living their life. Paul's words about "fulfilling what was lacking in Christ's suffering" raise the question that whether Christ's suffering on the cross was incomplete? And it is as if Christ's suffering was ineffective and limited so that redemption had to be completed or completed through Paul's suffering. However, Christ's suffering on the Cross was perfect, sufficient to atone for human sins and did not need to be fulfilled again. The thing that needs to be accomplished or fulfilled is suffering for the sake of preaching the Gospel, about Christ who was incarnated as a human, died as a ransom sacrifice and was resurrected from the dead. So everyone can know God through His power and resurrection. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. The purpose of this study is first to "deliver a theological answer regarding the meaning of "filling up in my flesh what is lacking in the sufferings of Christ" Second, to provide an important meaning that every believer must truly live in Christ, because the perfect redemption of Jesus Christ has been done to save mankind. The final result of the study on Colossians 1:24 provides the meaning that every believer is called to fill up what is lacking in the sufferings of Christ, namely, the suffering related to the challenges of preaching the gospel. Like Paul who was never free from suffering when preaching the gospel, but Paul remained joyful, and continued to preach the gospel. Likewise, we as believers should follow Paul's example so that the gospel can be spread throughout the face of the earth.

It is essential to have a correct understanding of the true meaning of worship, according to Psalm 95:6-7. The concept of worship in the book of Psalms is more related to the closeness of the people's hearts to God than just rituals or outward ways. In this text, all people are invited to come with sincere respect and worship to God, as a recognition of His power and sovereignty. Understanding that worship is not just a task or routine is part of kuni in applying the correct understanding of the meaning of worship. In the book of Psalms, God is described as a shepherd who cares for His people. This shows that people perform worship in response to God's love and providence. As a result, a transformational approach must involve a change of mind and heart. In the context of Psalm 95:6-7, the transformational strategy in question involves fostering the spiritual character of the people through in-depth teaching and the application of spiritual principles in daily life. This strategy includes understanding the importance of sincerity in worship, not just following established forms of worship. In this regard, spiritual leaders and church leaders have an important role in providing guidance, teaching the faithful to understand the meaning of true worship, and helping them avoid the bonds of worship formalities. In addition, transformational strategies in worship also include the participation of the faithful in social life that reflects values such as love, justice, and sacrifice, which are at the core of worship itself.

Cesarean section (Sectio Caesarea) is a surgical procedure performed by making an incision in the anterior wall of the uterus to assist the childbirth process. This study aims to examine the application of Benson relaxation technique in reducing the intensity of pain scale in post-cesarean section mothers at Bengkalis Regional General Hospital (RSUD Bengkalis). This research is a quantitative study using a quasi-experimental design. The study was conducted from November to December 2024, involving a sample of 15 respondents. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis, with the Chi-Square test applied. All respondents were post-cesarean section mothers. The findings showed that before the intervention, all 15 respondents (100%) experienced severe pain. After receiving the Benson relaxation intervention for 10–15 minutes, a decrease in pain scale was reported. The data indicated that the majority of respondents (86.7% or 13 respondents) experienced a reduction from severe to moderate pain. The statistical test results yielded a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant effect of Benson relaxation therapy on pain reduction in post-cesarean section patients in the Mawar Ward of RSUD Bengkalis. It is recommended that RSUD Bengkalis consider adopting this technique as an innovation in health services, particularly in nursing care, to help reduce pain in post-cesarean section mothers.

This research was studied in order to describe how the influence of learning types consisting of visual, audiotorial, and kinesthetic learning types on the learning achievement of young students in Bukittinggi. How to collect data in research through questionnaires and documentation. Shiva who is 15-18 years old is the population in this study. There were 100 participants in this study who were selected through the cluster random sampling technique. This hypothesis was tested through linear regression analysis with a gain of 0.07. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant influence between each learning style, namely visual, audiotorial, and kinesthetic learning styles on student learning outcomes in Bukittinggi. This is indicated by the results of the visual learning style determination test with a percentage of 21.37%, 54.70% auditory learning style, and 23.93% kinesthetic learning style.

This study aims to understand the factors that influence elderly satisfaction in a nursing home environment, focusing on social, physical and psychosocial aspects. Through a qualitative approach, data was collected from in-depth interviews with residents and direct observation at the nursing home, which was then thematically analyzed. The results showed that harmonious social relationships with fellow residents and staff play a crucial role in increasing the sense of security, respect and acceptance of the elderly. In addition, a clean and comfortable physical environment supports their well-being, while the various activities provided help maintain mental and physical health. These findings emphasize the importance of building a family atmosphere and paying attention to the holistic needs of the elderly to improve their quality of life in nursing homes.

Ratification is the formal process by which a country approves and legally ratifies an international agreement. Ratification was first introduced at the Vienna convention. The ratification of IE-CEPA was realized by the ratification of Law Number 1 of 2021 in accordance with the contents of Article 11 of the 1945 Constitution for the sake of the welfare of society. This research aims to determine the content of IE-CEPA and its impacts on Indonesia. This research uses normative research methods and is presented descriptively analytically. The results of the research conclude that this ratification has fulfilled the standards of international agreements and also the contents of the 1945 Constitution. Apart from that, this ratification has an impact on law, namely the obligation to harmonize national law and the economic impact which is marked by an increase in the trade graph of both parties.

This study aims to analyze the leadership of elementary school principals in Sijamapolang District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, using a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research focuses on how school principals carry out their leadership roles in managerial functions, academic supervision, and fostering social relationships within the school environment. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and document analysis involving three purposively selected elementary schools as case study subjects. The findings indicate that school principals play a strategic role in creating a conducive school climate, motivating teachers, and encouraging the participation of school stakeholders. However, challenges such as limited resources, low community involvement, and a lack of leadership training were found to affect leadership effectiveness. These findings provide valuable insights for developing school leadership capacity in remote areas and emphasize the importance of ongoing professional development to improve the quality of education.

This research is motivated by the decision of the Kalianda District Court Number 20/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Kla which imposed a sentence to return the child who committed the crime of theft with aggravation to the parents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the basis for the judge's considerations legally, philosophically, and sociologically in making this decision. The research method uses a normative legal approach with a study of court decision documents and analysis of related literature. The findings show that legally, the judge considered the provisions in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law which prioritizes the principles of restorative justice and child protection. Philosophically, considerations are based on the child's right to grow and develop in a family environment and the importance of recovery, not retaliation. Sociologically, the judge pays attention to the family's condition, the child's social environment, and the recommendations of the Community Guidance Officer who assesses that the child can still be fostered under the supervision of parents. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of a multidimensional approach in handling children's cases, so that court decisions not only fulfill legal aspects, but also support the growth and development and social reintegration of children in society.

International business contracts are the main tool in global trade activities. However, the complexity of laws between countries gives rise to various legal risks that can be detrimental to corporations. In practice, differences in national legal systems, inappropriate choice of law, jurisdictional uncertainty, and differences in interpretation of contract clauses are often the main causes of disputes. Legal risks can also arise due to non-compliance with local laws, changes in government policies, and force majeure conditions that are not adequately anticipated in contracts. This study aims to analyze the types of legal risks in international business contracts and mitigation strategies that can be applied by corporations. This study uses a normative legal approach method with data collection techniques through literature studies of international regulations, doctrines, and practices. The results of the study indicate that differences in legal systems, jurisdictional uncertainty, and force majeure and arbitration clauses are crucial issues that must be anticipated strategically. The application of the principle of prudence in drafting contracts and the selection of appropriate laws and dispute resolution forums are the keys to the success of legal risk mitigation.