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This study aims to describe the difficulties faced by Geography teachers at SMAN 1 Sunggal in identifying students' learning potential and interests during the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with primary data consisting of in-depth interviews and non-participant observation of two experienced Geography teachers. The research findings indicate that teachers face major constraints, including limited time for formal diagnostic assessments, a lack of practical training on diagnostic assessments, a large number of students making individual observation difficult, and the absence of adequate assessment instruments. The teacher's efforts to overcome these difficulties include a personal approach to students, behavioral observation, and varied teaching methods, although these are not yet optimal in supporting differentiated learning. This research provides important recommendations for the development of teacher training and school policies to more effectively support the assessment of student potential and interests within the context of the Merdeka Curriculum.

This research aims to develop an Integrative Conceptual Model of Public Services in Archipelago Characterized Regions through a study of multidimensional literature synthesis. The focus of the research is directed at four main dimensions, namely maritime infrastructure, adaptive legal frameworks, geography-based governance, and digital innovation, which interact with each other in forming an effective, adaptive, and sustainable public service system. The method used is qualitative research based on non-SLR literature review with a narrative-integrative approach according to the guidelines of (Winarno, 2020). A total of 15 national and international articles were analyzed using thematic coding and cross-dimensional synthesis techniques to identify patterns of interconnectedness between variables. The results show that maritime infrastructure is the foundation of service accessibility, adaptive legal frameworks ensure policy legitimacy and fairness, geography-based governance strengthens the effectiveness of decentralization, and digital innovation accelerates efficiency and public participation. The synthesis of these findings gave birth to a new conceptual framework called the Integrated Maritime Public Service Framework, which emphasizes the importance of synergy between physical, social, legal, and technological aspects of the archipelago. The conclusion of the study confirms that the paradigm of public service in the archipelago has shifted from a bureaucratic model to an integrative and collaborative approach based on Pancasila values. This research contributes to the development of public governance theory and provides a new direction for service policy in the Indonesian archipelago.

Advances in digital technology provide numerous opportunities to improve the quality of education, particularly in Social Studies (IPS) learning at the elementary school level. One important innovation is the use of digital interactive map media that enables students to learn geography in a visual, engaging, and relevant way. However, in practice, IPS learning in elementary schools is still dominated by conventional methods that rely on static printed maps, resulting in low student motivation and suboptimal understanding of geographic concepts, particularly those related to the ASEAN region. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using digital interactive map media on learning motivation and understanding of ASEAN geographic concepts among elementary school students. This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach following the PRISMA 2020 procedure. The research findings indicate that consistent use of digital interactive map media can improve students' motivation in learning and their understanding of geographic concepts. Interactive visualizations encourage active engagement and enthusiasm, and help students better understand spatial concepts. Therefore, digital interactive maps can be an innovative and effective social studies learning option that aligns with the principles of the Independent Curriculum and the Pancasila Student Profile.

The Effect of the Team Assisted Individualization Type Cooperative Learning Model to Improve Geography Student Learning Outcomes in Grade X Students of Bolan State Senior High School. The background of this study is based on in initial observations by researchers at Bolan State Senior High School on class X.A and  X.B students, X.A Was used as an experimental group by implementing the team assisted invidualization.(TAI) coperatif learning model. The duration of this study, in a week in the form of 2x meetings for one month. The results of the study showed that there was an influence of the implementation of the cooperative learning model of the team assisted individualization (TAI) type on the learning outcomes of geography subjects of class X students of Bolan State Senior High School. Comprehensively, the results were (1) The learning outcomes of experimental class students in the initial test (pretest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 56.90 and the learning outcomes of experimental class students in the final test (posttest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 81.61. (2) The learning outcomes of the control class in the initial test (pretest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 51.24 while the learning outcomes of the control class in the final test (posttest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 72.72. Judging from the two trials, it showed that there was an increase in learning outcomes and the average score of the basic knowledge of geography material in the experimental class and the control class.

The Effect of the Team Assisted Individualization Type Cooperative Learning Model to Improve Geography Student Learning Outcomes in Grade X Students of Bolan State Senior High School. The background of this study is based on in initial observations by researchers at Bolan State Senior High School on class X.A and  X.B students, X.A Was used as an experimental group by implementing the team assisted invidualization.(TAI) coperatif learning model. The duration of this study, in a week in the form of 2x meetings for one month. The results of the study showed that there was an influence of the implementation of the cooperative learning model of the team assisted individualization (TAI) type on the learning outcomes of geography subjects of class X students of Bolan State Senior High School. Comprehensively, the results were (1) The learning outcomes of experimental class students in the initial test (pretest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 56.90 and the learning outcomes of experimental class students in the final test (posttest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 81.61. (2) The learning outcomes of the control class in the initial test (pretest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 51.24 while the learning outcomes of the control class in the final test (posttest) showed that the average pre-test score on the Basic Knowledge of Geography material was 72.72. Judging from the two trials, it showed that there was an increase in learning outcomes and the average score of the basic knowledge of geography material in the experimental class and the control class.

This research discusses the education system in France with a focus on the development and challenges of Islamic religious education in the developed country. The study was conducted through a review of the history, geography, and applicable educational policies, so as to be able to describe how the education system in France integrates cultural aspects and historical values in learning practices. One of the main concerns of this study is efforts to improve teachers' competence in teaching Islamic religious subjects, even though religion is not explicitly taught in the national curriculum. The results of the study show that Muslims in France obtain religious education through private institutions and Islamic organizations that act as an alternative to formal education. The challenges faced include the limitations of teacher training and the negative perception of Islam by the public. These findings confirm that Islamic religious education in France flourished in a limited space, yet still contributed to the needs of Muslim communities. This research is expected to be a reference for other countries that face similar challenges in developing religious education, especially in the context of cultural integration, education policies, and strengthening the capacity of educators.

This systematic literature review examines the effectiveness of game-based learning (GBL) interactive e-modules in improving students' learning concentration. The study synthesizes the findings from eight research articles published between 2012 and 2025. The analysis reveals that GBL-based e-modules significantly enhance learning motivation, with validity rates ranging from 90% to 99%. Additionally, the use of interactive platforms such as Wordwall, Gimkit, and other digital tools effectively supports various learning styles, particularly visual and kinesthetic learners. The review highlights that student engagement levels improve significantly, ranging from 67.42% to 87.12%. Furthermore, these e-modules positively impact learning outcomes, providing a more engaging and interactive approach to education. By integrating gamification elements, the e-modules create a dynamic and motivating learning environment that fosters better concentration and focus among students. The review concludes that GBL-based e-modules are an effective educational strategy, particularly in geography education at the high school level. These tools not only engage students in a fun and interactive manner but also improve their ability to focus, leading to enhanced learning experiences. As a result, incorporating GBL-based e-modules in educational practices can contribute to better learning concentration and overall academic performance.

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of the Discovery Learning learning model on student learning outcomes in Geography class X at Sinar Pancasila Betun Private High School. The study used an experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The study population was all students of class X, with a purposive sampling technique consisting of an experimental class and a control class. The research instrument was a multiple-choice learning outcome test that had been tested for validity and reliability. The results showed a significant increase in learning outcomes in the experimental class after the application of the Discovery Learning learning model. The average posttest score of the experimental class was 74.0236, higher than the control class of 19.2045. Hypothesis testing using the t-test showed that the calculated t value > t table at a significance level of 5%, so the alternative hypothesis was accepted. This means that there is a positive effect of the use of the Discovery Learning learning model on student learning outcomes. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the Discovery Learning learning model is effective for improving student learning outcomes in Geography learning and can be used as an alternative innovative learning strategy in schools.

Business expansion is a strategic step undertaken by companies to increase profitability while broadening their market reach. Hoka Hoka Bento (HokBen) is one of the companies that consistently implements this strategy. This study aims to identify potential locations for new HokBen outlets in Depok City by utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. Several parameters were considered, including proximity to commercial and entertainment centers, competitors, educational facilities, public facilities, road networks, population density, banking services, hotels, offices, residential areas, hospitals, existing stores, and places of worship. The analysis was conducted using Euclidean Distance, Buffering, Reclassification, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the priority weights of each criterion. These weights were then integrated through the Weighted Overlay technique to produce a location suitability map. The findings reveal that the most influential factors are commercial and entertainment buildings (0.101), road networks (0.099), and educational facilities (0.092). The resulting suitability map highlights potential areas across Depok City, particularly in zones close to community activity centers. The results demonstrate that GIS-based multicriteria analysis is effective for mapping location suitability and identifying strategic zones for expansion. Therefore, this research contributes to supporting the company’s strategic decision-making through data-driven approaches while also enriching the academic field of business geography and urban planning. In addition, the outcomes can be applied as a reference model for other fast-food chains or retail industries planning spatially optimized expansion strategies in highly competitive urban environments.

Indonesia’s position along the Pacific Ring of Fire makes it highly vulnerable to natural disasters, highlighting the urgent need to integrate disaster mitigation into school learning. Geography, as a discipline that examines Earth’s physical and human phenomena, holds strategic potential for strengthening students’ disaster awareness and preparedness, especially in high-risk regions such as Ambon. The Merdeka Curriculum provides instructional flexibility that enables the incorporation of disaster-related themes into learning processes. This study aims to design and develop a disaster-mitigation-based geography teaching module for senior high schools in Ambon City. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving classroom observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis to explore existing teaching practices and needs. The study producede a comprehensive design for a disaster-mitigation-integrated geography module. The findings demonstrate that integrating disaster mitigation into geography learning through a structured module enhances the relevance, applicability, and effectiveness of instruction. This research contributes to strengthening disaster-responsive geography education within the Merdeka Curriculum and supports efforts to improve student preparedness in disaster-prone areas.

This study aimed to determine the effect of talking stick learning model on students' self-confidence in geography class X SMAN 1 Srengat Blitar. This study used a quantitative approach of quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent control group design. The sample in this study was selected using purposive sampling technique with 34 students in the control class and 34 students in the experimental class. The data in this study were obtained through the results of students' self-confidence questionnaire scores which were analyzed by the Independent Sample T-test and Effect size test. From the results of this study, it can be seen that the talking stick learning model has an effect on student confidence as evidenced by the acquisition of a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.000 <0.05. This study shows that the implementation of the talking stick model can increase students' active participation in learning which can then increase students' self-confidence.

Sebatik Island, which is located on the border of Indonesia and Malaysia, is a very strategic area but is vulnerable to illegal immigration problems. The unclear geography, as well as the social and economic dependence of the community on Malaysia, worsens the situation by creating illegal crossing routes that are difficult to monitor. This article explores various collaborative efforts made by Indonesia and Malaysia to strengthen supervision and law enforcement in the Sebatik Island area. These efforts include joint patrols, cross-border coordination, improving immigration facilities, and more integrated law enforcement. However, obstacles such as differences in policy, limited personnel and the strength of smuggling networks still hamper the effectiveness of border management. For this reason, more intensive cooperation is needed, to ensure the protection of state sovereignty and the welfare of border communities.

This research is specifically designed to explore how the use of digital cartography is applied in Social Sciences learning at the Elementary School level. Digital cartography is a technology that visualizes spatial data, making it easier for teachers and students to understand the concept of location, area, and relationships between spaces more realistically. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with subjects of one fifth grade teacher and 25 students in an elementary school. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings of the study indicate that the use of digital map media such as Google Earth, online thematic maps, and MAPENA (Children's Map Media) can improve students' understanding of spatial material, while motivating them to play an active role in learning. Teachers also consider digital cartography to be very helpful in delivering social studies material, especially related to geography. This study suggests the integration of digital map technology into lesson plans and project-based thematic learning.

The management of educational facilities and infrastructure is a process of organizing all facilities to ensure that the educational process in an educational institution can take place effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this study is to determine the management of facilities and infrastructure used to support the learning process in the Geography subject at SMAN 2 Tanjung Morawa. This research uses a qualitative approach. The population and sample in this study are the Head of Facilities and Infrastructure and the Geography teachers at SMAN 2 Tanjung Morawa. Data in this study were collected through interviews, documentation, and literature review. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the management of facilities and infrastructure at SMAN 2 Tanjung Morawa is still suboptimal in terms of planning, procurement, utilization, management, and evaluation systems, resulting in the geography learning process at this high school still relying on lecture methods and manually visualizing geography lessons using a blackboard.

This study investigates the geopolitical shifts that have occurred between Iran and the United States over Iran’s nuclear program and how they have impacted the stability of the Middle East region. The background of this study is the long-standing tensions caused by the United States’ suspicions about Iran’s nuclear ambitions. These suspicions triggered the JCPOA agreement in 2015 and worsened after the United States withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018. This study aims to gain an understanding of the ways in which strategic geography, threat perceptions, and foreign policy contribute to instability in the region. This study was conducted qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical approach and secondary data obtained from journals, policy reports, and international institutions. The results show that Iran uses its geographic position and support for non-state actors as strategic tools. While the United States pressures Iran through sanctions and military alliances, it also uses its geographic position. These tensions endanger security and destabilize the region. These results are important because they demonstrate the impact of regional nuclear conflicts around the world and suggest that inclusive multilateral diplomacy is needed to resolve conflicts.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parental and teacher support with geography learning achievement of grade X students at MA Ma'arif Udanawu Blitar. This research uses quantitative research and the type of correlation and relationship research. Data collection methods for parental and teacher support in this study using a questionnaire, while to obtain learning outcomes data using odd semester report card scores. This study used a sample of 96 students from a total population of 642 grade X students at MA Ma'arif Udanawu Blitar. Analysis data on hypothesis testing using product moment correlation test and multiple linear regression test. The results of this study indicate that parental support and teachers have a positive and significant relationship with geography learning achievement of grade X students at MA Ma'arif Udanawu Blitar, as evidenced by the significance value of the F test of 0.000 <0.05 then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted.

The purpose of this research is to determine the factors causing learning difficulties experienced by eighth-grade students. This research is motivated by the symptoms that occur in students during history learning. Symptoms often experienced by students include getting bored quickly, difficulty concentrating, laziness, drowsiness, and saturation during history learning. In contrast, only a few students experience learning difficulties in other social studies subjects like economics and geography. This research uses a qualitative approach and descriptive research type. There are three data collection techniques used in this research: observation, interviews, and documentation. Observations are conducted directly by the researcher to obtain valid data. The data analysis technique used includes data condensation, data display, and drawing conclusions.

State sovereignty is a prerogative right that must be maintained as a priority, especially in Indonesia is archipelagic geography. This presents a significant challenge in maintaining sovereignty over the Natuna Islands and Lingga Islands in Riau Islands Province, Indonesia. This area has been the subject of international conflict, particularly concerning China's claim under the Nine-Dash Line, which the Chinese government justifies with historical arguments and past governmental decisions. However, this claim lacks a valid legal basis under international law, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, which defines international maritime boundaries. The conflict began to escalate in 2016 following the arrest of three Chinese fishermen involved in large-scale illegal fishing, an act supported by the Chinese government. In response, the Indonesian government took measures to assert its sovereignty by strengthening military security, engaging in diplomatic efforts with ASEAN member states, and conducting best practice studies to potentially bring the Natuna Sea sovereignty dispute before the International Court of Justice. Indonesia's sovereignty over the Natuna Sea is firmly supported by the Djuanda Declaration and the 1982 UNCLOS Agreement. This study aims to analyze the Natuna conflict using a Normative Law and Military approach as the primary strategies to resolve disputes over the Natuna Sea.