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Stability testing is an important step in the development of pharmaceutical products. This testing must be conducted before the product is manufactured, whether on an industrial or non-industrial scale. Currently, liquid formulations are experiencing rapid development, one of which is suspension. Suspension itself is a liquid formulation that contains undissolved solid particles dispersed in the liquid phase. To assess the stability of suspension, various evaluations are performed such as organoleptic tests, sedimentation volume, redispersion, density, viscosity, particle size distribution, and pH measurement. Based on several studies, temperature is known to affect the stability of drugs, especially in suspension formulations. A study related to diclofenac suspension showed that at a temperature of 4°C, its stability reaches 96.3%, while at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C, there is a significant reduction in content, amounting to 89.58% and 85.17% respectively. Meanwhile, research on folic acid suspension revealed that the drug remains stable at temperatures of 4°C and 25°C, although on day 90 there was an increase in pH. Another study on cefuroxime axetil suspension showed that at a temperature of 20°C, its concentration was 87.68%, while at 5°C, it was higher at 92.35%. This research underscores the importance of considering temperature in the storage and formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions to maintain their effectiveness and stability.

Opportunistic fungal infections caused by Candida albicans pose increasing global health challenges, especially in immunocompromised patients. Resistance to conventional antifungal agents such as azoles and echinocandins has driven the search for alternative natural sources of antifungal compounds. This study reviews the isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizomes and their potential to produce antifungal metabolites against C. albicans. Literature from the past ten years was analyzed, focusing on bacterial endophytes isolated from temulawak, their identification methods, and antifungal activities. Dominant endophytes such as Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and Pseudomonas fluorescens demonstrated significant inhibition of C. albicans growth, with inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 25 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 62.5 and 250 µg/mL. Antifungal activity is attributed to bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly lipopeptides produced by Bacillus species. Molecular identification via 16S rRNA sequencing confirms bacterial taxonomy, supporting further biotechnological exploration. This review highlights the promising potential of temulawak endophytic bacteria as a natural source for new antifungal agents to address drug resistance issues.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) at various concentrations on the growth of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.). The research was conducted at PTPN I Regional 5, Kendenglembu Plantation, Banyuwangi, for four months using a Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments: P0 (control), P1 (10 mL/L), P2 (20 mL/L), P3 (30 mL/L), and P4 (40 mL/L). Growth parameters observed included plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves up to 12 Weeks After Planting (WAP). ANOVA analysis showed no statistically significant effect of the treatments on any parameter. However, descriptive data indicated that concentrations of 20–30 mL/L tended to produce better growth: P2 (31.25 cm) had the highest plant height, P3 (6.93 mm) the highest stem diameter, and P1 (12 leaves) the most leaves. Chitosan potentially acts as a plant growth stimulator by increasing nitrogen availability and enhancing physiological processes such as photosynthesis. In contrast, a high concentration (40 mL/L) exhibited inhibitory effects. Although the differences were not statistically significant, concentrations of 20–30 mL/L could be recommended for practical application. The lack of significant results may be attributed to suboptimal concentrations, application frequency, or environmental conditions. Further studies are recommended to modify treatments and assess additional parameters such as biomass, root development, and leaf area to better understand the efficacy of chitosan fertilizer in cocoa seedling growth.

This study aims to isolate and identify microorganisms in the form of bacteria and fungi in tilapia fish waste and to demonstrate the effectiveness of turmeric extract (Curcuma longa Linn.) as an antimicrobial agent. Tilapia fish waste samples were fermented for seven days and then microorganisms were isolated using Nutrient Agar (NA) media for bacteria and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungi. Turmeric extract treatment was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The results showed the presence of several species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal colonies with dominant characteristics of Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. Turmeric extract with a concentration of 20% showed a significant inhibition zone against the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The content of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, and phenolics in turmeric extract is thought to be the main factor in antimicrobial activity.

Palm wine (tuak) is a traditional fermented beverage that is prone to microbial contamination, thus requiring natural alternatives with antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Curcuma xanthorrhiza (temulawak) extract in inhibiting microbial growth in tuak samples. The method used was the disc diffusion test with three extract concentrations, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The tuak samples were first femented, serially diluted, and inoculated on Nutrient Agar (NA). Sterile paper discs soaked in each extract were placed on the medium surface and incubated at room temperature for 24 hours. The results showed no visible inhibition zones around the discs at any concentration tested. The conclusion of this study is that temulawak extract at concentrations of 25–100% did not demonstrate antibacterial activity against microorganisms in tuak samples. This study serves as a foundational evaluation of natural antibacterial agents and highlights the need for further optimization of extraction techniques or targeted testing on specific bacterial isolates.

This research discusses the impact of smartphone use on the academic performance of 11th-grade students at SMAN 1 Suak Tapeh. The development of technology, especially the use of smartphones, has a significant impact on people's lives, including in the field of education. The use of smartphones can have both positive and negative effects on students' academic performance. The research adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Primary data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, while secondary data were obtained from relevant documents or archives. The findings reveal that smartphones have positive effects, such as facilitating access to learning materials, enhancing creativity, and broadening knowledge. However, uncontrolled smartphone use can lead to negative effects, such as addiction, sleep disturbances, decreased concentration, and diminished quality of social interactions. This study is expected to provide insights into the benefits and risks of smartphone use in supporting students' learning processes and offer recommendations for schools in designing policies related to smartphone use among students.

This research aims to develop liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from goat livestock waste and paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) conducted in Makale, Tana Toraja Regency, from March to June 2025. This study aims to determine the response of cucumber plants to the application of LOF derived from the combination of goat livestock waste and paitan plants. Goat livestock waste contains macro nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), while paitan plants are green organic materials rich in nutrients and easily decomposed. The combination of both is expected to naturally improve soil fertility and optimally support the growth and yield of cucumber plants. The research method uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four different LOF concentration treatments and five replications. Parameters observed include plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, and fruit weight per plant. The LOF production process is carried out through fermentation for 21 days with a ratio of goat livestock waste and paitan of 3:1, and the addition of EM4 as a microorganism activator. This research also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of LOF application on growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves) and yield (number and weight of fruits) of cucumber plants, and compare it with treatments without LOF or with inorganic fertilizers. The results of this research are expected to serve as a reference for local farmers in developing organic fertilizers based on local resources that are environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable to increase agricultural productivity in the Tana Toraja region.

The selection of appropriate solvents in sterile injection formulations plays a pivotal role in determining the stability, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical products. Among the commonly utilized solvents, Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), and pyrogen-free water exhibit distinct physicochemical properties and functional roles. This study aims to analyze the characteristics, functions, and implications of these three solvents within the context of sterile injectable preparations. The research methodology involves a comprehensive review of six peer-reviewed scientific articles published within the last five years, focusing on solvent performance, compatibility, and safety profiles. Findings reveal that DMSO is highly effective in dissolving lipophilic compounds due to its strong solvating capacity. However, its use at elevated concentrations may lead to irritation and cytotoxicity, necessitating careful dosage regulation. PEG, particularly in its flexible molecular weight variants, serves as a co-solvent and viscosity modifier, enhancing solubility and stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Pyrogen-free water, characterized by its inertness and biocompatibility, remains the gold standard for injection solvents, offering minimal risk and broad applicability across drug classes. The study underscores the importance of aligning solvent selection with the physicochemical nature of the drug, intended route of administration, and patient safety considerations. Furthermore, the potential for combining solvents to achieve optimized formulations is highlighted as a promising avenue for future pharmaceutical development. Such combinations may offer enhanced solubility, reduced toxicity, and improved delivery mechanisms, particularly for complex or poorly soluble compounds. In conclusion, understanding the nuanced roles of DMSO, PEG, and pyrogen-free water is essential for formulating safe and effective sterile injections. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge supporting rational solvent selection and encourages further exploration into innovative solvent systems for advanced drug delivery.

Liquid Petroleum Gas, commonly known as LPG, is widely used in household activities, especially for cooking. However, its flammable nature makes this gas very hazardous if a leak occurs, which can result in an explosion that damages buildings, endangers the safety of those living there, and causes financial losses. Recently, the improper or unsafe use of LPG gas has led to numerous accidents and fires. This raises serious concerns for the people who use it. LPG gas leaks are often difficult to detect due to various factors, such as the absence of the gas's distinctive odor or the absence of people around the leak location. This study aims to detect gas leaks to minimize or prevent fires and LPG gas explosions. The methods in the research that will be carried out include identification, literature study, data collection, design, implementation, system testing, and conclusions. In this study, the design and implementation of an LPG gas leak detection system based on Arduino will be carried out to minimize this risk. The system will use MQ-2 to determine the concentration of LPG gas in the air. When a leak is detected, the Arduino microcontroller will process the input and automatically close the solenoid and activate the buzzer as an alarm. The implementation and testing results concluded that the system can detect LPG leaks above 600 ppm and respond effectively by cutting off the gas supply and providing an audible warning. This system is expected to improve household safety by providing early warning of gas leaks. Future developments may include integration with an Android app for smartphones, enabling more practical remote monitoring.

Indonesia is a country inhabited by the largest Muslim population in the world. The need for halal products is also very important for the running of a Muslim's life. Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a major role in biotechnology, both traditional and modern such as in genetic engineering techniques. The purpose of this practicum is to find out how to make sticky rice tape and to determine the effect of yeast concentration on the level of sweetness of the sticky rice tape produced. These microbes have long been used in making long-lasting food. Examples of halal products include bread, tape and bioethanol. Meanwhile, haram products include intoxicating drinks such as sake. Modern biotechnology supports environmentally friendly bioethanol production.

The brainrot phenomenon has emerged in response to the high consumption of low-quality short videos among students, resulting in a decrease in focus and thinking skills. This article analyzes the literature on the impact of short-form content such as TikTok, Instagram Reels and YouTube Shorts on student cognitive abilities. The results show that overexposure to short, focused videos triggers addiction, which results in disrupting learning processes that require concentration and reflection. In addition, consumption of fast-paced content leads to a decline in literacy and critical thinking. These findings focus on the importance of digital literacy and educational policies that can keep pace with the changing media consumption patterns of today's students.  

Agricultural waste such as pineapple crown leaves (Ananas comosus) has not been optimally utilized, despite its high cellulose fiber content, making it a potential alternative raw material for paper production. One of the main challenges in this process is controlling the paper's moisture content, as excessive water content can reduce product quality. This study aims to investigate the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration on the moisture content of paper made from pineapple crown leaf fibers. Three NaOH concentrations (2%, 8%, and 14%) were applied during the pulping process to remove lignin and hemicellulose, followed by gravimetric analysis of the resulting paper’s moisture content. The results showed that the 8% NaOH treatment produced the lowest moisture content of 8.35%, while the 2% NaOH treatment resulted in the highest moisture content of 10.34%. One-way ANOVA indicated that variations in NaOH concentration had a statistically significant effect on moisture content (p < 0.001). The findings revealed a non-linear relationship between NaOH concentration and moisture content, with 8% being the optimal point. A lower concentration resulted in dense fiber structures that retained water, while a higher concentration led to the formation of cellulose II, which is more hygroscopic. This study highlights the importance of optimizing NaOH concentration in paper production from agricultural waste to achieve the best quality.

This study aims to examine the role of the traditional rope jumping game in stimulating the development of gross motor skills and social skills of early childhood at Kiddi Care Kindergarten. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques through direct observation and interviews with accompanying teachers. The results of the observation indicate that the rope jumping game can enhance children's motor coordination, balance, agility, and muscle strength, which are crucial components of gross motor development. In addition, this game also strengthens children's abilities in concentration, discipline, and cooperation. Children appear enthusiastic, can follow the rules, and show positive social interactions during the activity. Interviews with teachers support these findings, where teachers state that the rope jumping game is an effective means of training physical skills while shaping children's character. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the traditional rope jumping game is a worthy addition to early childhood learning as a fun and holistic educational medium.

University students often face psychological challenges, one of which is anxiety, which can negatively affect learning and academic performance. This study aims to explore the anxiety experienced by students of the Islamic Communication and Broadcasting (KPI) Department at the Faculty of Da'wah and Communication, particularly during classroom presentations. A qualitative method was employed, using in-depth interviews with selected KPI students as participants. The findings reveal that anxiety is triggered by academic pressure, social expectations, and a lack of self-confidence. The impacts include reduced concentration, difficulty speaking in public, and challenges in expressing ideas. Despite these issues, students employ various coping strategies, such as thorough preparation, individual practice, and support from peers. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of a more supportive learning environment that considers students' mental well-being.

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has led to the adoption of hydroponics, a method of growing plants in nutrient-rich solutions without soil. This method is particularly effective in controlled environments where resource efficiency is paramount. However, the success of hydroponic systems depends heavily on precise nutrient management, especially for micro-nutrients, which are crucial for plant health and productivity. Traditional methods of nutrient monitoring are often labor-intensive and lack the real-time responsiveness needed for optimal nutrient control. This study addresses the challenge of real-time nutrient management in hydroponic systems by developing a miniature sensor system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed system is designed to detect micro-nutrient concentrations accurately and transmit data in real-time to a cloud platform for continuous monitoring and automated control. Advanced algorithms are employed for data processing and calibration, ensuring high accuracy in detecting micro-nutrient levels. The system was tested in a controlled hydroponic environment, where it demonstrated high accuracy with minimal error margins, validated by a consistently low Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The integration of IoT allowed for seamless data transmission and real-time analysis, enabling immediate adjustments to nutrient levels as needed. This research contributes to the advancement of precision agriculture by providing an effective solution for real-time nutrient management in hydroponic systems, potentially improving crop yields and resource efficiency.

This research was motivated by the importance of understanding Natural Science (IPA) at the elementary school level and the indication of learning difficulties in grade 6 students of SDN 170 Pekanbaru. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that cause science learning difficulties in grade 6 students at the school. The research method used was descriptive qualitative with data collection through observation, interviews with students and teachers, and documentation. The results of the study show that there are two main factors causing science learning difficulties, namely internal and external factors. Internal factors include students' difficulty in understanding abstract science material, low motivation to learn, and lack of concentration during learning. Meanwhile, external factors that contribute to science learning difficulties are the lack of attention and support from parents at home, the influence of a play environment that is less supportive of learning, and the variety of teacher teaching methods that need to be improved. Thus, this study identifies the need for comprehensive interventions to overcome students' science learning difficulties, involving both internal aspects of students and external factors that influence them.

This report contains the results of interviews conducted by students of Elementary School Teacher Education Program of Santo Thomas Catholic University with teachers and fifth grade students of SDN 068332 Medan Tuntungan. The main purpose of the interviews was to obtain information about learning difficulties, aggressive behavior, and student discipline. Through a qualitative approach and direct interviews, three main problems were found: students who experience learning difficulties, students with aggressive behavior, and students who often skip school or are undisciplined. The results of the interviews showed that learning difficulties were influenced by lack of concentration and learning support at home, aggressive behavior was caused by lack of emotional management and attention from the environment, and discipline problems were related to minimal motivation and family supervision. The guidance actions taken showed positive developments, such as increased courage of students to ask questions, reduced conflict between friends, and improved student attendance rates. The discussion emphasized the importance of collaboration between teachers, students, and parents to create a supportive learning environment. Guidance and counseling services with an empathetic approach and storytelling techniques have proven effective in fostering changes in students' attitudes and behaviors. In conclusion, open communication and consistent guidance are the keys to successful interventions for student problems in elementary schools.

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, is a growing epidemic with almost 90% of cases reported worldwide. Antioxidants are compounds that are in lower concentrations compared to the concentration of oxidizable compounds, can significantly prevent or inhibit the oxidation of the substrate. The formation of more stable oxidant compounds through intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the further oxidation process. Data collection was carried out using Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed databases. The literature sources used were in the form of research results that had been published in 2011-2021 in national and international journals. Providing antioxidants is an effort to inhibit the production of intracellular free radicals or increase the ability of defense enzymes against free radicals in order to prevent the emergence of oxidative stress and diabetes-related blood vessel complications. Various supplements containing antioxidants and/or factors that can increase the production of nitric oxide (NO) have the potential to improve endothelial dysfunction and mitochondrial function in cells, as well as reduce the activity of the NAD(P)H oxidase enzyme. 

Microscopic staining is an important technique in observing plant tissue to increase contrast and clarify cellular structures. One of the dyes commonly used in plant tissue studies is Safranin, a cationic base compound from the azo group that has a high affinity for cell components that produce negative impacts such as lignin and nucleic acids. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Safranin as an alternative dye in microscopic observation of spinach leaf tissue (Amaranthus spp.). The practicum was carried out using the wet preparation method, using cross-sections of spinach leaves stained with Safranin solution, then observed under a light microscope. The results showed that Safranin was able to provide good red color contrast to cell walls, cell nuclei, and blood vessel tissue, so that structures such as epidermis, palisade tissue, sponges, and xylem and phloem could be clearly identified. However, obstacles arise in the regulation of concentration and duration of staining, where excess of both can cause excess and excessive structural accuracy. Therefore, adjustment of technical parameters is needed to obtain optimal results. These findings indicate that Safranin is effective as a microscopic dye and has the potential to be used in educational practicum activities, because it is economical, safe, and easy to apply. This study also applies the interdisciplinary application of chemistry and biology in science learning.

Background: Chinese betel (Peperomia pellucida L.) is an herbal plant rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins that have the potential to be antioxidants, antimicrobials, and antidiabetics. However, the stability and absorption of its active compounds in the body is still a challenge. Microencapsulation technology and  a floating drug delivery sistem (FDDS) can improve the effectiveness and stability of herbal preparations. Objective: This study aims to formulate and evaluate floating microencapsulation preparations containing Chinese betel herb ethanol extract using modern drug delivery technology. Methods: Ethanol extracts were obtained by maceration method and formulated by ionic gelation technique using a combination of sodium alginate and chitosan at three concentration variations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%). The evaluation included morphological analysis with SEM, ex vivo buoyancy test on the stomach of Wistar rats, determination of moisture content, and physical stability test using the cycling test method. Results: Microencapsulation with a concentration of 0.75% showed the most compact and delicate morphology, the lowest moisture content (0.64%), and the best physical stability. All formulations are capable of floating, with the longest buoyancy time at a concentration of 0.25% for 8 hours. There were no significant physical changes after six cycles of extreme temperatures. Conclusion: Microencapsulation preparations of Chinese betel ethanol extract in a natural polymer-based floating system show good stability and potential as an innovative herbal formulation to extend retention time in the stomach.