Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh media flash card dalam mengatasi kesulitan membaca siswa kelas I Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksperimen dengan tipe One Group Pretest-Posttest Design (tes awal-tes akhir kelompok tunggal). Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 81 orang dengan jumlah sampel keseluruhan 27 orang. Penentuan sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling. Didapat hasil penelitian, berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari hasil pretest pengaruh media flash card dalam mengatasi kesulitan membaca siswa Sekolah Dasar dan data distribusi frekuensi pada lampiran dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut: nilai rata-rata siswa sebesar 64,40; Variansi = 20,59; Standar Deviasi (SD) = 4,54; nilai maksimum = 73; nilai minimum = 55, dengan rentangan nilai (Range) = 18. Sedangkan data yang diperoleh hasil posttest pengaruh media flash card dalam mengatasi kesulitan membaca siswa Sekolah Dasar dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut: nilai rata-rata siswa sebesar 81,57; Variansi = 24,63; Standar Deviasi (SD) = 5,12; nilai maksimum = 80; nilai minimum = 62, dengan rentangan nilai (Range) = 18. Uji Independent Sample t-test dalam mengatasi kesulitan membaca siswa kelas I Sekolah Dasar diketahui nilai 2,973 dan 2,05 sehingga Thitung > Ttabel. Berdasarkan data tersebut dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima sehingga dapat disimpulkan terdapat pengaruh media flash card dalam mengatasi kesulitan mmbaca siswa kelas I Sekolah Dasar.

Supervisi pendidikan merupakan strategi penting untuk meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran dan profesionalisme tenaga pendidik. Terdapat tiga pendekatan utama dalam supervisi, yaitu direktif, non-direktif, dan kolaboratif. Pendekatan direktif menempatkan supervisor sebagai pemberi arahan utama, cocok bagi guru pemula atau yang membutuhkan bimbingan intensif. Pendekatan non-direktif lebih menekankan pada otonomi guru dalam mengidentifikasi dan menyelesaikan permasalahan pembelajaran, sehingga sesuai bagi guru berpengalaman yang mandiri. Sementara itu, pendekatan kolaboratif memadukan keduanya, dengan menekankan kemitraan antara supervisor dan guru dalam proses refleksi dan pengambilan keputusan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pendekatan yang paling unggul secara mutlak. Efektivitas supervisi sangat ditentukan oleh kesesuaian pendekatan dengan karakteristik guru, tujuan supervisi, serta konteks pendidikan. Dalam praktiknya, supervisor yang profesional perlu fleksibel dan mampu menyesuaikan pendekatan sesuai kebutuhan. Pendekatan yang tepat dapat meningkatkan motivasi, kompetensi, dan kinerja guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman mendalam terhadap ketiga pendekatan ini menjadi hal krusial dalam pelaksanaan supervisi pendidikan yang efektif dan berkelanjutan.

Freedom of opinion is the right of every individual from birth which has been guaranteed by the constitution, In interaction in society it is undeniable that there are always things that cause problems and one of them is insult or defamation. The regulation of defamation in the criminal law system in Indonesia has been regulated in Articles 310-320 of the Criminal Code. In Article 310 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) a person will be considered guilty of committing a criminal offense of insult or defamation according to the Criminal Code, Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning the Regulation of Criminal Acts, and Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, On September 4, 2023 the petitioner in this case Haris Azhar, Fatiah Maulidiyanti and the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) filed a lawsuit with the Constitutional Court to examine Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal Law Regulations, the Criminal Code, and Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945,  The impact of the Constitutional Court decision Number 78/PUU-XXI/2023 on the criminal act of insult or defamation in Indonesia finally 14 or article 15 of Law Number 1 of 1946 was declared unconstitutional and non-binding, then the regulation of defamation or insult all became absolute complaint offenses.

In the school environment, efforts to build students' discipline awareness are a challenge in themselves, especially amidst social dynamics and technological developments that influence adolescent behavior. The purpose of this study is to examine discipline issues and describe the approaches applied by BK teachers at SMP Pecawan Medan in building students' discipline awareness. With a qualitative descriptive research method, case study design. The results of the study indicate that student discipline problems at SMP Pecawan Medan are quite complex, covering various violations such as lateness, violations of rules, to deviant behavior. BK teachers apply a humanistic and educational approach through personal dialogue, individual counseling, a combined preventive and curative approach, and behavioral evaluation. The approach taken by BK teachers does not only emphasize punishment, but also on understanding the reasons for violations and character building. Parental involvement and collaboration between schools also strengthen the effectiveness of coaching.

The implementation of the death penalty remains controversial, especially when viewed through the lens of human rights such as the right to life and freedom from torture. In Indonesia, the death penalty is enforced for serious crimes, but not yet applied to corruption. This research explores the possibility of applying the death penalty to corruption cases and identifies the obstacles hindering its enforcement. Using a normative legal research approach, this study examines both primary and secondary legal materials. Corrupt acts in Indonesia are punishable by imprisonment, restitution, and in severe cases, the death penalty. The enforcement of penalties is part of Indonesia's criminal justice system, encompassing legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. From a criminal policy perspective, the death penalty may serve as a deterrent and contribute to social welfare. However, its implementation faces challenges, including weak legal foundations, concerns over human rights, and pressure from international human rights agreements.

This study aims to analyze how the implementation of collaborative governance in the Nutritious Food Yard Program (P2B) strengthens community-based food security in Sidoarjo Regency. A qualitative approach with a case study method was used to explore the social dynamics in depth. The research was conducted in Kampung Edukasi Sampah, Sekardangan Sub-district, one of the active areas in P2B implementation. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis involving key stakeholders such as the Sidoarjo City Food and Agriculture Office, Sidoarjo Police Sector, village officials, farmer groups, and environmental cadres. The analysis applied the collaborative governance model by Ansell and Gash (2008), which includes five indicators: face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The findings show that most indicators of collaboration have been realized, particularly in communication and trust-building aspects. However, some challenges remain, including the absence of formal agreement documents among actors, inconsistent communication, lack of program outreach, and overlapping roles between the police and related agencies. This research contributes to strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration models in community-based food security programs in urban areas.

This study discusses the form of code mixing content creators on the TikTok application. Data in the form of words, phrases, and clauses, the data source of this study is code mixing content creators in the video account @furkysyahroni found in the TikTok application. The data collection method uses the reading method. Basic tapping techniques and advanced reading techniques free from conversational involvement . The results of the study found code mixing forms in the form of words, phrases, and clauses. The conclusion of the author's research found 21 data from the video of 1 content creator uploaded by @furkysyahroni on the TikTok application . Of these, 13 data are included in the category of code mixing forms of word insertion, 7 data are code mixing forms of phrase insertion, and 1 data is code mixing forms of clause insertion.
 

Critical thinking skills refer to the ability to analyze assumptions, distinguish hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions. This study aims to develop students' critical thinking skills by implementing the Susan Loucks-Horsley (SLH) learning model. The type of research conducted is pre-experimental with a one-shot case study design. The research was carried out in the 2020 Science Education Study Program, Class A, at Hasyim Asy’ari University, with a total sample of 33 students. The subject matter in this study was light reflection. Data collection was conducted using essay tests based on critical thinking skill indicators. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that the students' average critical thinking ability was 85%, categorized as very high, with 22 students in the very high category and 11 students in the high category. The average mastery of critical thinking indicators also fell into the very high category, with the following details: elementary clarification (96%), the basis for decisions (82%), inference (75%), advanced clarification (89%), and supposition and integration (83%).

A reliable electrical grid the power plant scheduling system needs to optimize the plant's performance by considering the economic value and the value of emissions generated by the plant, in addition to the reliability and economic sectors. This system should also take into account the environmental impact, as well as the CO2 and CH4 emissions produced by the plant. This research will use the Dragonfly Algorithm with weighting parameters to schedule hydro and thermal facilities' emissions and economic activities. That the weighting value impacts production costs and emissions is demonstrated by the data acquired from the Dragonfly Algorithm simulation. If economic considerations take precedence in assigning weights, then low-cost generating will result in high-value emissions, and vice versa. The plant's Emission Intensity rating also meets the standards established by the government.

Pertanggungjawaban pidana dalam tindak pidana korupsi merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam upaya penegakan hukum yang adil dan efektif. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kasus dugaan korupsi dalam pengadaan buku adat oleh lembaga adat di Aceh, yang menimbulkan persoalan hukum mengenai status lembaga adat sebagai subjek hukum pidana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap lembaga adat yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana korupsi, serta menelaah bagaimana hukum diterapkan terhadap pelaku yang berasal dari struktur kelembagaan non-pemerintah. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis empiris dengan pendekatan kasus, yaitu dengan mengkaji secara langsung kasus yang sedang diselidiki oleh Kejaksaan Negeri Banda Aceh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun lembaga adat bukan subjek hukum pidana konvensional seperti individu atau korporasi, namun dapat dipersamakan dengan korporasi berdasarkan Pasal 20 UU Tipikor karena memiliki struktur organisasi, menerima dana publik, dan menjalankan fungsi publik. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah lembaga adat dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana melalui pengurusnya yang terbukti melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum yang merugikan keuangan negara, dengan tetap mempertimbangkan asas legalitas dan prinsip keadilan restoratif.