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History learning plays a strategic role in developing students’ critical, analytical, and reflective thinking skills. However, instructional practices that still emphasize memorization of facts often fail to foster higher-order thinking abilities. This article aims to examine the implementation of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)-based history learning as an effort to support the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, namely quality education. The HOTS approach in history learning emphasizes students’ abilities to analyze, evaluate, and create through activities such as interpreting historical sources, solving contextual problems, and engaging in critical discussions of past events. The method used in this study is a literature review by analyzing various sources related to HOTS-based learning strategies and their implementation in history education. The findings indicate that the application of HOTS enhances student engagement, deepens conceptual understanding, and fosters historical awareness relevant to contemporary life. In addition, HOTS-based learning encourages students to develop reflective thinking and make better-informed decisions. The implementation of HOTS in history learning aligns with the principles of SDG 4, which emphasize inclusive, equitable, and quality education. Therefore, integrating HOTS into history instruction not only improves the quality of the learning process but also contributes to the development of a generation that is critical, creative, and adaptive in facing global challenges.

The implications of progressivism in learning serve as an essential foundation for building an educational process that fosters active, creative, adaptive, and innovative students in accordance with 21st-century competency demands. The progressive approach positions students at the center of the learning process through direct experience, deep exploration, collaboration, dialogue, experimentation, and problem-solving relevant to real-life contexts, ensuring that learning is not only focused on content mastery but also on the development of potential, character, independence, and higher-order thinking skills. This study employs a literature review method by examining primary and secondary sources on the principles of progressivism, active learning strategies, and their relation to the Merdeka Curriculum as a foundation for national educational transformation. The findings indicate that progressivism plays a significant role in shaping critical thinking, creativity, communication, collaboration, digital literacy, and initiative through the implementation of learning by doing, project-based learning, simulations, scientific experiments, reflective discussions, and technology integration that strengthens learner autonomy. This experience-based approach effectively supports students in constructing knowledge independently while enhancing confidence, responsibility, social awareness, and cooperative skills. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as passive learning culture, limited teacher competence in active methods, insufficient facilities, overloaded curriculum, psychosocial barriers, academic anxiety, and students’ low confidence in expressing opinions. These findings affirm that progressivism is highly relevant to educational reform in Indonesia; therefore, improving teacher competence, strengthening facilities, reinforcing policies, providing continuous support, and creating safe, democratic, inclusive, and supportive learning environments are essential to help students develop optimally as independent, creative, and innovative learners.

Emotional well-being is a crucial element in establishing a creative and inclusive learning environment at SMAN 1 Palangka Raya. This study explores the relationship between students' emotional well-being and its impact on creativity and engagement in the learning process. The findings indicate that an environment that supports emotional well-being can reduce anxiety, enhance motivation, and strengthen social interactions between students and teachers. Through an inclusive educational approach, students from diverse backgrounds can actively participate, creating a harmonious and collaborative atmosphere. Emotional well-being not only affects academic performance but also contributes to students' social and emotional development. Therefore, it is essential for schools to integrate strategies that promote emotional well-being into the curriculum and educational policies, thereby creating a better learning environment that supports holistic growth for students at SMAN 1 Palangka Raya.  

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a sudden and massive shift from face-to-face (offline) learning to online learning across all levels of education, including elementary schools. This article aims to analyze the transformation process, identify the challenges faced, and examine adaptive strategies implemented by educators during and after the pandemic. Using a qualitative approach through literature review, the study reveals several key issues such as unequal access to technology, limited digital competence among teachers, and the crucial role of parental support at the elementary level. It also explores how blended learning and creative media usage emerged as practical solutions. The findings highlight the need for sustainable digital education models that are inclusive, adaptive, and supportive of students' developmental needs in the post-pandemic era.

Advances in technology, particularly Generative AI (GenAI), have opened up great opportunities in improving critical and creative thinking skills in education. It offers the potential for personalizing learning, strengthening collaboration, and creating innovative environments that support the development of essential 21st century skills. This article discusses the relevance and implementation of GenAI in learning, examining the benefits it brings, such as increased student analysis and innovation, as well as the challenges faced, including technology dependency, accessibility gaps, and teacher training needs. With thoughtful implementation strategies, GenAI can be a catalyst for empowering students in an inclusive manner, although it requires regulations and policies that support its sustainability and equitable distribution of benefits. The results of this discussion confirm that the integration of GenAI in education requires a holistic approach to ensure its significant impact on student learning and skill development.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) has an important role in forming students' character and faith by prioritizing the application of Christian teachings in everyday life. PAK teachers not only focus on teaching theological doctrine, but also provide guidance to students in applying the values ​​of faith in every decision and social relationship. By using a creative, relevant and technology-based approach, Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers are able to overcome various challenges faced, such as negative influences from the environment and limited student understanding. In this way, they are able to create a learning process that inspires and strengthens student character. The role of PAK teachers includes implementing learning strategies based on Bible stories, critical discussions, real action projects, and the use of technology. This aims to link the concept of faith with life values. Barriers such as limited resources and minimal student involvement can be overcome by using an inclusive and interactive approach. PAK teachers inspire students to understand and apply Christian values, forming individuals with strong characters who are responsive to social demands.

Education as an Equal Right without Discrimination Education is considered a right that must be obtained by every individual regardless of background, economic status or physical condition. Within the framework of the national education system regulated by Law Number 20 of 2003, education is fully guaranteed without any form of discrimination. This encourages the importance of implementing inclusive education evenly at all elementary school levels. This article aims to outline creative learning strategies in the context of inclusive education, especially at the elementary school level, using a literature review as a basis. This research explores various library sources through search engines. The article explains that learning for students with special needs in elementary schools does not only focus on developing motor skills, but also on the ability to interact in a social environment. Teachers who implement creative learning strategies can increase the effectiveness of learning objectives, materials, media, teaching methods, evaluation, and student learning environments. Several learning strategies that can be applied to students with special needs in elementary schools include remedial teaching, deductive, inductive, heuristic, expository, classical, cooperative and behavior change strategies. To support this need, it is recommended that teachers explore the use of learning media that are friendly for students with special needs, such as puzzles, to create an inclusive learning environment and support optimal development for all students.

Education is the right of all citizens, regardless of origin, economic situation or physical condition. In the national education system, according to Law Number 20 of 2003, comprehensive education is guaranteed without any discrimination in any form. This is the importance of applying inclusive education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah without exception. This article aims to describe creative learning strategies in inclusive education, especially at the basic level that not only emphasize motor skills but also the ability to interact with the social environment. This article uses a literature review method (Literature Review) by collecting data and sources related to a particular topic which is obtained from various sources such as journals, research reports, books (to e-books) and other library sources. The results showed that the creative learning strategies carried out by teachers can increase the use of goals, learning materials, media, methods, assessments, and learning environment by students. Learning strategies that can be applied to basic ABK students include remedial, deductive, inductive, heuristic, explanatory teaching strategies, classical, collaborative, and behavior changes

Education is the right of all citizens, regardless of origin, economic situation or physical condition. In the national education system, according to Law Number 20 of 2003, comprehensive education is guaranteed without any discrimination in any form. This is the importance of applying inclusive education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah without exception. This article aims to describe creative learning strategies in inclusive education, especially at the basic level that not only emphasize motor skills but also the ability to interact with the social environment. This article uses a literature review method (Literature Review) by collecting data and sources related to a particular topic which is obtained from various sources such as journals, research reports, books (to e-books) and other library sources. The results showed that the creative learning strategies carried out by teachers can increase the use of goals, learning materials, media, methods, assessments, and learning environment by students. Learning strategies that can be applied to basic ABK students include remedial, deductive, inductive, heuristic, explanatory teaching strategies, classical, collaborative, and behavior changes.