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This study aims to analyze in depth the effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and ethnomathematics in improving students’ mathematical abilities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study is motivated by the low level of students’ conceptual understanding, mathematical literacy, and mathematical communication skills, which are still dominated by conventional teaching approaches. Data were collected from ten research articles relevant to the topics of RME and ethnomathematics. The analyzed articles employed various research methods, including experimental research, classroom action research, and research and development (R&D). The results of the review indicate that the implementation of RME is consistently effective in enhancing students’ mathematical abilities, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, mathematical communication, and mathematical literacy. The RME approach, which is based on real-life contexts, helps students understand mathematical concepts more deeply and meaningfully. In addition, the integration of culture through ethnomathematics strengthens the effectiveness of learning by providing contexts that are closely related to students’ daily lives, thereby increasing motivation, engagement, and active participation in the learning process.Furthermore, the findings reveal that the success of culture-based RME is influenced by instructional design, the selection of appropriate contexts, and the teacher’s role in managing the learning process. Therefore, culture-based RME can be considered an effective and relevant approach to improving the quality of mathematics education.

This paper seeks to analyze the impact of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach learning approach on the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in third-grade pupils at SDN 104202 Bandar Setia. This research employed a quantitative method with a nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group design, involving two groups: the control group (III A) without treatment and the experimental group (III B) that received the RME learning approach, with a total sample of 50 students. Both groups were administered pre-test and post-test instruments to measure problem-solving and critical thinking skills. The findings revealed that the application of the RME learning approach significantly improved both skills with p < 0.05. These results confirm that RME is effective in enhancing mathematics learning quality through real-life contexts and students’ direct experiences. The implication highlights the importance of integrating RME in elementary mathematics learning as an alternative strategy to foster critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, as well as providing a reference for future instructional innovations.

This research aims to: (1) produce mathematics learning media in the form of interactive e-modules with a learning approach.realistic mathematics education (RME) which is oriented towards numerical ability and mathematical growth mindset students and describe their characteristics; (2) describe the quality of the learning e-module which meets the criteria of being valid, practical and effective so that it is suitable for use by junior high school students using the approach realistic mathematics education (RME). The development model used in this development research is the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The research subjects consisted of one teacher and 32 seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Pajangan in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, who participated in this research.The results of the study show that the developed e-module has the following main characteristics: (1) using the RME approach in learning strategies; (2) facilitating the improvement of numeracy through learning videos, LKPD, and quizzes; (3) fostering growth mindset through motivational videos, inspirational sentences, discussion spaces, as well as feedback and self-evaluation features; and (4) using test- and questionnaire-based evaluation instruments. Validity tests showed very good results with an average score of 96% from media experts and 98% from material experts. The practicality of the e-module was assessed as very good by teachers (96.19%) and good by students (80.47%), and the implementation of learning reached 96.8%. Effectiveness was proven through MANOVA and t-tests which showed a significant increase in numeracy and mathematical growth mindset after using the e-module. Thus, the RME-based interactive e-module is suitable for use as an innovative mathematics learning medium at the junior high school level.

This study aims to examine the potential of the Baduy traditional house as a realistic context in mathematics learning, particularly in the material of spatial geometry. The traditional houses of the Baduy people not only function as residences, but also hold cultural values, philosophies, and architectural structures rich in geometric elements. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, this study explores various scientific sources, including journal articles, proceedings, and reference books, that discuss the relationship between spatial elements and the structure of traditional Baduy buildings. This approach was chosen so that the study obtained is comprehensive, directed, and able to illustrate the real contribution of ethnomathematics in learning. The results of the review indicate that the Baduy traditional house contains various forms of spatial geometry that can be clearly recognized, including cuboids, triangular prisms, pyramids, cubes, and cylinders. These elements are reflected in building components such as roofs, walls, floors, support pillars, and traditional household furniture. The visual and functional representation of these spatial geometry has the potential to be a contextual resource that can be utilized by teachers in the mathematics learning process, particularly through the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach. By linking abstract mathematical concepts to local cultural phenomena, students not only gain a better conceptual understanding but also increase their active engagement, motivation to learn, and awareness of their own cultural identity. These findings emphasize the importance of utilizing local wisdom as an ethnomathematics approach that can provide meaningful, contextual learning rooted in the realities of students' daily lives. Through the integration of culture and education, mathematics learning can be more relevant, engaging, and support the preservation of national culture.

This study aims to describe students' difficulties in translating word problems into mathematical models in algebra material. Using a qualitative approach, the subjects were seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya in the 2024/2025 academic year. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The results show that students struggled to understand the meaning of word problems and convert them into correct equations. Common errors included misconceptions about algebraic symbols, such as treating variables as fixed numbers and misusing the equal sign. In addition, students had difficulty identifying essential information needed to construct a mathematical model. Learning activities that focused only on procedural calculations further contributed to these challenges. This study recommends the use of more contextual and meaningful learning approaches, such as Problem-Based Learning and Realistic Mathematics Education, to help students better understand the relationships within problems and accurately express them through appropriate mathematical representations..    Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan siswa dalam menerjemahkan soal cerita ke dalam model matematika pada materi aljabar. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif, subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya tahun ajaran 2024/2025. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami makna soal cerita dan menyusunnya menjadi persamaan yang tepat. Kesalahan yang muncul meliputi pemahaman yang keliru terhadap simbol aljabar, seperti menganggap variabel sebagai angka tetap dan tidak tepat menggunakan tanda sama dengan. Selain itu, siswa juga tampak kesulitan menentukan informasi penting yang diperlukan untuk membangun model matematika. Pembelajaran yang hanya berfokus pada prosedur perhitungan turut memperkuat kesulitan ini. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penggunaan pendekatan pembelajaran yang lebih kontekstual dan bermakna, seperti Problem-Based Learning dan Realistic Mathematics Education, agar siswa dapat lebih memahami hubungan antar informasi dalam soal dan menyusunnya dalam bentuk model yang benar.

This study aims to describe the process of learning mathematics on percentage material through the use of play money with the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) approach in class VII SMP. The PMRI approach is used to link mathematical concepts with real contexts, in this case buying and selling activities using play money. This research is a descriptive qualitative research conducted at MTs Al-Mu'aawanah Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir. The research subjects were seventh grade students. The instruments used include Learner Worksheets (LKPD), observation, and interviews. The results showed that the use of play money can help students understand the concept of percentage more concretely and contextually. Students become more active in the learning process and are able to connect the concept of percentage with everyday situations. The PMRI approach proved to be effective in increasing students' engagement and understanding of percentage material.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using instructional media in enhancing the understanding of multiplication concepts in elementary schools. The research employs a library research method. The findings indicate that the use of instructional media in teaching multiplication in elementary schools is significantly more effective compared to conventional methods without media. Media such as Powtoon, PAKALILO (Papan Perkalian Kelinci Lompat), Papan BAPER (Batang Perkalian), and multiplication pockets based on the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) approach significantly improve students' understanding of multiplication concepts.

This study explores strategies to address students' difficulties in understanding and solving mathematical word problems involving long division in elementary schools. These difficulties can stem from internal factors, such as a lack of conceptual understanding, low motivation, and inaccuracy in solving problems, as well as external factors, such as ineffective teaching methods and minimal use of instructional media. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this research examines previous studies that discuss the causes of learning difficulties and possible solutions. The findings indicate that a contextual approach based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and the use of concrete teaching aids can significantly enhance students' comprehension of long division. This approach helps students connect learning with real-life experiences and visualize mathematical concepts more clearly. Therefore, innovative instructional strategies are essential to improve elementary school students' understanding and numerical skills.

This study aims to (1) describe the characteristics of e-LKPD based on realistic mathematics education on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students, (2) describe the feasibility of e-LKPD based on realistic mathematics education on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students in terms of validity,  practicality and effectiveness. This type of research is research and development (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research subjects were 34 students of class X TKP SMKN 2 Tarakan. In this research, One Group Pretest - Posttest Design was used. The research instruments used were validation sheets, practicality assessment sheets by teachers and students, learning implementation observation sheets, critical thinking ability tests and self-efficacy questionnaires. The results of the research show: (1) the e-LKPD developed contains characteristics found in the RME approach to the material of on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy. The characteristics contained in RME-based e-LKPD include integrated learning, use of context, mathematization and construction processes and interactivity. (2) the RME-based e-LKPD developed meets the criteria for feasibility in terms of validity aspects with a percentage of feasibility according to material experts of 93.4% and media experts of 98.9% with the validation result criteria being very feasible; practicality with a very practical category based on the results of student and teacher responses; effectiveness based on critical thinking skills with classical completeness of students reaching 82.4%, the results of the T-test paired samples-test with a significance level of 5% obtained that there was an influence on students' critical thinking skills after treatment using RME-based e-LKPD, the N-Gain result was 0.73 with a high category, and the effectiveness of e-LKPD on self-efficacy with an increase in each self-efficacy indicator,  the N-Gain result was 0.3 in the moderate category, and the results of the Wilcoxon test on self-efficacy data with a significance level of 5%, it was obtained that there was an influence on students' self-efficacy after treatment using RME-based e-LKPD.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach on the mathematical problem-solving abilities of elementary school students. RME is a learning approach that connects mathematical concepts with real situations that students can find in everyday life. The research method used is qualitative research by reviewing the results of previous studies that are relevant in the context of mathematics learning in elementary schools. Based on the analysis of various studies, the results of the study indicate that the application of RME can improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. This is evident in various materials such as geometry (circumference and area of ​​trapezoids and kites), mixed arithmetic operations, and equivalent fractions. RME also plays a role in increasing students' self-esteem and self-efficacy in learning mathematics, which in turn strengthens their motivation and performance. In addition, the learning media used in RME, such as geoboards, can enrich students' learning experiences and facilitate understanding of mathematical concepts in a more concrete way. This study provides an overview that RME not only improves students' cognitive abilities, but also supports their emotional and social development in the context of mathematics learning.

The aim of this research is to explore the use of manipulative media through a realistic mathematics education (RME) approach in improving students' numeracy skills at MI Nurul Islam. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method and includes observation and interviews as data collection techniques. This research was conducted by students at the Mataram State Islamic University. The research was located at MI Nurul Islam, Sekarbela sub-district, Mataram city. To be precise, for class I teachers, researchers also analyzed the data using qualitative analysis. Research findings show that the use of manipulative media through the RME approach can improve students' comprehension and numeracy skills. students become more engaged in learning, and see improvements in their problem-solving numeracy skills. Manipulative media can also help reduce calculation errors and increase students' confidence in learning mathematics. Based on these results, it is concluded that the use of manipulative media through the RME approach is effective in improving the numeracy skills of MI Nurul Islam students and can be an alternative strategy in learning mathematics at the elementary level.

This research is based on the importance of learning realistic mathematics in mathematics. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of learning by using realistic mathematics learning models in improving the mathematical understanding of students of class VI MIN 2 Mataram City. PMR is a learning approach to mathematics that involves the reality and experience of students. In mathematics learning students are required to be more active in finding and finding solutions to a problem, so that learning that occurs will be centered on students. The research method used is a qualiative method for collecting data through observation, interviews and documents. The results showed that the application of realistic mathematics learning was effective in increasing students' mathematical understanding in the discovery of mathematical concepts through contextual learning and relevant to daily life. Thus, this research provides a significant involvement in understanding the role of PMR in increasing the mathematical understanding of students as well as part of an effective mathematical learning approach.

This research aims to examine students' abilities in describing mathematical concepts through Realistic Mathematics learning methods that adopt Ethnomathematics principles. This method encourages students to understand mathematical concepts through real-world situations that are relevant to their culture and context. The research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative approaches in a secondary school in Indonesia. Data was collected through classroom observations, interviews with teachers and students, as well as analysis of test results and student assignments. The research results show that the use of Realistic Mathematics Learning Methods that integrate Ethnomathematics principles can significantly improve students' abilities in describing and applying mathematical concepts in the context of everyday life related to their culture. The implication of this research is the importance of integrating cultural aspects in mathematics learning to increase student engagement and understanding of the subject.

This study seeks to identify learning models that affect students' mathematics learning outcomes. Students at MTs N 4 Bojonegoro have poor or low learning outcomes, especially in Line and Corner material, because the indicators of the learning process at the school have not been optimal. One of the learning models that can be used is the Think Pair Share (TPS) Cooperative Learning model with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach. This quantitative experimental research uses Postest only Control Design, with three samples selected using Cluster Random Sampling, two classes as the experimental class and one class as the control class, and using one class, namely class VII E as the test class. The samples have been distributed normally and homogeneously. Data analysis uses anava and post-anava tests. Think Pair Share (TPS) with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach produced an average of 76.67, while TPS alone produced an average of 70.81 and the conventional learning model produced an average of 62.42.  Students who are taught using the Think Pair Share (TPS) model with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach obtained a better average and outperformed students who were taught using the TPS model alone or conventional, as the calculation of this study obtained Fcal > Ftabel with a value of Fα = 10.09 and a value of Ftabel = 3.1.

The low understanding of mathematical concepts experienced by students also has an impact on students' ability to solve problems related to mathematics because the concepts taught by teachers are never found in everyday life. Therefore, a learning approach is needed that encourages students to construct their own mathematical concepts based on experiences that occur in everyday life. The research method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The data collection process includes collecting and analyzing every published article and book that discusses mathematical concepts and the application of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME). The journals used in this research are national and international journals indexed by SINTA and SCOPUS. Research findings show that the RME approach has an important role in improving students' ability to understand mathematical concepts in several materials at every level of education.

This study aims to explore the implementation of Lesson Study with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach in teaching mathematics to sixth-grade students at SD Negeri Karyasari 1. The method of classroom action research was employed to observe two cycles of teaching, involving planning, implementation, and evaluation of lessons. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and analysis of student learning outcomes. The results of the study indicate that the application of the RME approach within the Lesson Study framework can enhance students' understanding of mathematical concepts, improve learning motivation, and strengthen collaboration among teachers. This research provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of this instructional approach in the context of primary education.

This research aims to determine students' ability to understand mathematical concepts through the application of the Realistic Mathematics Education learning approach and to find out how the students' answers process in solving problems on tests of students' ability to understand mathematical concepts after applying the Realistic Mathematics Education learning approach in class VIII-1 of SMP Nurul Islam Indonesia Medan. This type of research is classroom action research through cyclical learning stages. The subjects of this research were 13 students in class VIII-1 of SMP Nurul Islam Indonesia Medan and the object of this research was the students' ability to understand mathematical concepts by applying the Realistic Mathematics Education learning approach to statistical material. Based on the research results, it was found that by applying the Realistic Mathematics Education learning approach, students' ability to understand mathematical concepts in statistical material in class VIII-1 at Nurul Islam Indonesia Middle School in Medan was improved, namely in cycle I the average student ability was only 30.76 with a completion percentage of only 8% of students completed. In cycle II the average student ability increased to 92.95 with a student completion percentage of 100%, so that students had met the classical completion percentage, namely ≥85%. The results of this research show that by applying the Realistic Mathematics Education learning approach to statistics material in class VIII-1 of Nurul Islam Indonesia Middle School in Medan, students can improve their ability to understand mathematical concepts.

Education in elementary schools has the aim of helping students understand problems in everyday life. The national education system states that education aims to develop the potential of students to become human beings who have faith, noble character, health, knowledge and responsibility. In the context of mathematics education, the PMRI (Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education) approach is used to help students understand mathematical concepts through real experiences and the context of everyday life. The data grouping learning trajectory using the PMRI approach aims to help grade 1 elementary school students understand the concept of data grouping. The use of sorting and choosing props can also improve the learning outcomes of low grade students in sorting and selecting certain objects or concepts. The aim of this research is that it is hoped that students can learn more effectively through direct experience, visualization and physical movements involved in the sorting and choosing process. Data was collected through interviews and tests. Based on the results and discussion of the research that has been conducted, it can be concluded that the design of a data grouping learning trajectory for elementary school students using an Indonesian realistic mathematics education approach is theoretically able to provide a deeper understanding of data grouping for grade I elementary school students. With the principles in PMRI, students are given the opportunity to develop a conceptual understanding of data grouping with the help of the images provided.

The problem that occurs in this study is the low learning outcomes caused by a lack of teachers in using models and media in learning. Alternatives to solving these problems are using the Problem Based Learning model, Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education, and Number Head Together. The research objective is to describe the activities of educators, students, and to analyze learning outcomes. The approach used in this discovery is a qualitative approach with the type of PTK, which is carried out in 2 cycles consisting of three meetings. The subjects of this study were 18 grade VI students at SDN Kelayan Selatan 10. Qualitative data obtained through observing the activities of educators and students. While quantitative data through measurement techniques with individual written tests. Data analysis in this finding uses descriptive analysis techniques and cross-tabulations translated into tables, graphs and interpretations with percentages. The results of these findings show that educator activities get a score of 24 in the "very good" category. experienced an increase from a score of 30 to 36 in the "Very Good" category. Classical student activities reached 100% in the "very active" category. As well as student learning outcomes have achieved 100% completeness classically and individually. Based on these findings it can be concluded that using the PBL, PMRI, and NHT models can increase learning activities and outcomes.

This research was conducted with the aim of producing digital learning media using the Smart Apps Creator through a Realistic Mathematics Education approach that is valid, effective, and able to improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities in the matter of a system of two-variable linear equations. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. From the research results, it was obtained that the media and material validity values were 93.6% and 93% with very valid categories. The practicality of the media through the results of the teacher's response questionnaire obtained a practicality value of 97.3% in the very practical category and the results of the student response questionnaire for the small group test and large group test obtained values of 90.9% and 91.4% in the very practical category. Then the value of effectiveness is seen through the mastery of classical learning and the results of the student response questionnaire obtained percentages of 87.5% and 94.05% with very effective categories. Improving problem solving abilities in students, the results obtained are that the level of students' problem solving abilities is at a percentage of 92% with a very high category, while based on the N-Gain test the average value obtained by students is 0.6473 which means there is an increase in problem solving abilities in students medium category. So based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the learning media developed in this study are valid, practical, effective, and able to improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities.