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This study examines the effectiveness of the GOOL (Dukcapil Go Online) service in accelerating the issuance of birth certificates at the Population and Civil Registration Office of Probolinggo City. GOOL is a digital-based civil administration service innovation that allows residents to process civil documents without visiting the office in person. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Effectiveness indicators were based on Campbell's (2014) theory, covering: program success, goal achievement, community satisfaction, and overall objective attainment. The findings indicate that the GOOL service is generally effective in expediting birth certificate issuance. Supporting factors include collaboration with healthcare facilities (Indonesian Midwives Association and hospitals), an integrated 3-in-1 service program, and adequate technological infrastructure. Inhibiting factors include technical difficulties during document uploads, unstable internet connections, and limited digital literacy among some residents.

Birth certificate ownership is a fundamental right of every citizen and an essential requirement for accessing various public services. However, the coverage of birth certificate ownership in North Central Timor Regency has not yet reached the national target. To address this issue, the Department of Population and Civil Registration of North Central Timor Regency implemented the Mobile Service Program (Jemput Bola) as an initiative to bring civil registration services closer to the community. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Mobile Service Program in increasing birth certificate ownership in North Central Timor Regency. The research employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The analysis of program effectiveness was based on Richard M. Steers’ goal approach and strategic constituencies approach. The findings indicate that the Mobile Service Program is effective in expanding service accessibility, increasing the number of birth certificates issued, and facilitating public access to civil registration documents. The program also received positive responses from the community because it reduced barriers related to cost, time, and distance in obtaining birth certificates. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including low public awareness, incomplete administrative requirements, limited internet connectivity, and geographical constraints. Therefore, strengthening public outreach, improving coordination with village governments, and establishing measurable program targets are necessary to enhance the program’s effectiveness in a sustainable manner.

Penelitian ini mengkaji pertanggungjawaban hukum Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dalam kasus pemalsuan dokumen jual beli tanah berdasarkan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Barat Nomor 248/Pid.B/2022/PN.Jkt.Brt. Penelitian dilatarbelakangi oleh meningkatnya penyalahgunaan kewenangan oleh PPAT yang berpotensi merugikan pemegang hak atas tanah serta mengganggu kepastian hukum dan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap sistem pertanahan. Permasalahan penelitian meliputi: (1) kronologi dan konstruksi hukum kasus pemalsuan dokumen jual beli tanah; (2) pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam memutus perkara; dan (3) bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana PPAT dalam kasus tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, serta doktrin hukum yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan PPAT yang membuat Akta Jual Beli berdasarkan surat kuasa palsu tanpa kehadiran dan persetujuan pemilik sah telah memenuhi unsur tindak pidana pemalsuan akta otentik sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 264 ayat (1) jo. Pasal 55 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP. Pertimbangan hakim didasarkan pada asas legalitas, pembuktian, persamaan di hadapan hukum, serta keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum, keadilan, dan kemanfaatan hukum. Putusan pidana penjara dan denda yang dijatuhkan mencerminkan akuntabilitas pejabat publik atas penyalahgunaan kewenangan jabatan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban PPAT mencakup aspek pidana, perdata, dan administratif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan sistem pengawasan, penegakan kode etik profesi, serta peningkatan integritas dan profesionalitas PPAT guna mewujudkan tertib hukum dalam administrasi pertanahan.

Penelitian ini membahas dua permasalahan utama, yaitu pengaturan keabsahan akta otentik apabila salah satu pihak menandatanganinya dalam keadaan tidak bebas dan akibat hukum terhadap akta otentik yang ditandatangani dalam keadaan tidak bebas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keabsahan akta otentik tidak hanya ditentukan oleh pemenuhan syarat formil sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1868 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris, tetapi juga harus memenuhi syarat subjektif sahnya perjanjian yaitu adanya kesepakatan yang lahir dari kehendak bebas sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Apabila akta ditandatangani dalam keadaan tidak bebas karena adanya kekhilafan, paksaan, penipuan, atau penyalahgunaan keadaan, maka akta tersebut mengandung cacat kehendak sehingga berstatus dapat dibatalkan (vernietigbaar). Akibat hukumnya, akta tetap memiliki kekuatan pembuktian selama belum ada putusan pengadilan yang membatalkannya, namun apabila dibatalkan maka akta kehilangan kekuatan otentiknya dan para pihak dikembalikan pada keadaan semula (restitutio in integrum). Penelitian ini juga menemukan kekosongan norma dalam UUJN yang tidak mengatur secara eksplisit larangan pembuatan akta dalam keadaan tidak bebas serta tidak adanya PERMA atau SEMA yang menjadi pedoman bagi hakim dalam memeriksa perkara cacat kehendak. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar notaris meningkatkan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam menggali kehendak bebas para penghadap, serta pemerintah segera merevisi UUJN dan Mahkamah Agung menerbitkan pedoman indikator cacat kehendak bagi hakim.

Penelitian ini mengkaji tanggung jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) terhadap Akta Jual Beli yang cacat hukum, dengan studi kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2721 K/Pdt/2017. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji pengaturan hukum prosedur pembuatan Akta Jual Beli dan kriteria cacat hukum, pertimbangan hukum Majelis Hakim dalam putusan tersebut, serta bentuk tanggung jawab PPAT atas akta yang cacat hukum. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, kasus, dan konseptual, melalui studi kepustakaan yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, prosedur pembuatan Akta Jual Beli diatur dalam Pasal 38 PP Nomor 24 Tahun 1997, yang mewajibkan kehadiran para pihak secara bersamaan, minimal dua saksi, pembacaan akta, dan penjelasan isinya oleh PPAT. Akta dikategorikan cacat hukum apabila mengandung cacat lahiriah, formal, atau materiil. Kedua, Mahkamah Agung menyatakan Akta Jual Beli Nomor 66/2014 batal demi hukum karena para pihak tidak hadir bersamaan, akta tidak dibacakan, penandatanganan dilakukan di luar kantor PPAT, dan syarat kesepakatan tidak terpenuhi karena penggugat hanya menandatangani blangko kosong. Ketiga, tanggung jawab PPAT bersifat kumulatif: perdata berupa ganti kerugian (Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata); administratif berupa sanksi hingga pemberhentian (Pasal 10 PP Nomor 37 Tahun 1998); dan pidana berdasarkan Pasal 263, 264, dan 266 KUHP.

Perseroan Terbatas (PT) merupakan pilar utama hukum ekonomi Indonesia yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UUPT). Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS) sebagai organ tertinggi perseroan memiliki kewenangan eksklusif yang pelaksanaannya dibebankan kepada Direksi. Permasalahan yang dikaji meliputi: (1) akibat hukum dari pelaksanaan RUPS yang tidak sah; (2) analisis atas pelaksanaan RUPS yang tidak sah berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 773 PK/Pdt/2019; dan (3) tanggung jawab Direksi atas pelaksanaan RUPS yang tidak sah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan sumber data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pelaksanaan RUPS yang tidak sah menimbulkan akibat hukum pada status keputusan, akta notaris, dan perbuatan hukum turunan, di mana cacat materiil mengakibatkan batal demi hukum, sedangkan cacat formil dapat dibatalkan melalui pengadilan; (2) analisis Putusan MA No. 773 PK/Pdt/2019 menunjukkan adanya ketidakpastian hukum akibat perbedaan penafsiran, menegaskan bahwa substansi lebih penting daripada formalitas, serta menjamin perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang saham yang dirugikan; dan (3) Direksi bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas RUPS yang tidak sah dan tidak dapat berlindung pada badan hukum perseroan, serta tidak dapat menggunakan prinsip business judgment rule apabila terbukti melakukan pelanggaran hukum.

Transformasi digital administrasi pertanahan di Indonesia melalui Peraturan Menteri Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 1 Tahun 2021 telah mengubah sistem pendaftaran tanah dari berbasis dokumen fisik menjadi sistem elektronik. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, transparansi, dan kepastian hukum dalam pelayanan pertanahan. Namun demikian, transformasi tersebut menimbulkan persoalan yuridis terkait kekuatan hukum dan nilai pembuktian sertipikat tanah elektronik, serta perubahan peran dan tanggung jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) pelaksanaan pendaftaran dan penerbitan sertipikat tanah secara elektronik di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Blora; (2) kendala yang dihadapi serta upaya penyelesaiannya; dan (3) kekuatan hukum sertipikat tanah elektronik ditinjau dari aspek kepastian dan perlindungan hukum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi deskriptif analitis, yang didukung oleh data empiris melalui wawancara dengan pihak Kantor Pertanahan, PPAT, dan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan sertipikat tanah elektronik dilakukan secara bertahap melalui integrasi layanan elektronik, mulai dari pengajuan permohonan, verifikasi berkas, validasi data fisik dan yuridis, hingga penerbitan sertipikat elektronik. Kendala yang dihadapi meliputi gangguan sistem, keterbatasan infrastruktur digital, serta rendahnya literasi digital masyarakat. Upaya yang dilakukan antara lain penguatan sistem keamanan, peningkatan kompetensi sumber daya manusia, serta sosialisasi kepada masyarakat. Sertipikat tanah elektronik memiliki kekuatan pembuktian yang sama dengan sertipikat fisik sepanjang diterbitkan sesuai prosedur dan menggunakan tanda tangan elektronik tersertifikasi.

Notaris sebagai pejabat umum pemegang kewenangan atributif negara dalam pembuatan akta otentik menghadapi kerentanan hukum serius akibat penggunaan dokumen palsu oleh penghadap beriktikad buruk. Asas kepercayaan (vertrouwen) menempatkan notaris pada posisi paradoks: wajib melayani masyarakat, namun berisiko dikriminalisasi atas kejahatan pihak yang dilayaninya. Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga permasalahan: pengaturan hukum tanggung jawab notaris atas akta berbasis dokumen palsu, ketidakmemadaian regulasi dalam melindungi notaris, serta model perlindungan hukum ideal bagi notaris menghadapi pemalsuan dokumen penghadap. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, berbasis data sekunder yang dianalisis melalui content analysis dan divalidasi melalui triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, UUJN dan KUHPerdata membatasi tanggung jawab notaris pada kebenaran formal dan prosedural pembuatan akta, sedangkan kebenaran materiil dokumen merupakan tanggung jawab mutlak penghadap. Kedua, regulasi berlaku belum memadai karena UUJN tidak memuat klausul good faith immunity, mekanisme shifting of liability belum diatur secara rigid, kewenangan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris terbatas pada fungsi administratif tanpa daya ikat terhadap proses penyidikan, serta ketiadaan sistem verifikasi identitas digital terintegrasi. Ketiga, model perlindungan ideal adalah model tiga lapis: lapis preventif melalui verifikasi identitas digital real-time terintegrasi dengan Dukcapil dan BPN; lapis normatif melalui amandemen UUJN yang memuat klausul imunitas iktikad baik dan pengalihan tanggung jawab material kepada penghadap manipulatif; serta lapis represif melalui penetapan izin MKN sebagai syarat mutlak penetapan tersangka dan jaminan rehabilitasi bagi notaris yang dikriminalisasi secara tidak sah.

Kepastian hukum dalam pembuatan akta autentik merupakan aspek penting dalam sistem hukum perdata di Indonesia, terutama dalam menjamin perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak. Namun, dalam praktiknya, notaris seringkali dihadapkan pada permasalahan hukum yang berkaitan dengan batas pertanggungjawaban administratif dan pidana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk pelanggaran notaris dalam pembuatan akta autentik serta implikasi yuridisnya berdasarkan putusan pengadilan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, melalui analisis bahan hukum sekunder dan putusan pengadilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelanggaran notaris pada dasarnya bersifat administratif, kecuali terdapat unsur kesengajaan atau keterlibatan aktif dalam tindak pidana. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan penafsiran dalam putusan pengadilan yang menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya kejelasan batas pertanggungjawaban notaris guna menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan profesi notaris

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami keabsahan akta yang ditandatangani tidak bersamaan oleh para penghadap dan akibat hukumnya terhadap akta autentik yang dibuat oleh Notaris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dimana bersumber dari peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, keputusan-keputusan pengadilan, teori-teori maupun konsep hukum dan pandangan para sarjana hukum. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Ketika pihak tertentu mendatangi notaris agar dituangkan kehendak mereka dalam sebuah akta dokumen resmi, lalu Notaris menyusun akta berdasarkan permintaan para pihak tersebut maka telah terbentuk sebuah akta yang berlaku sebagai hukum bagi para pihak yang terlibat. (2) Notaris wajib memastikan waktu dalam pembuatan dan penandatanganan akta tersebut dan bertanggung jawab jika di kemudian hari muncul masalah terkait keabsahan akta tersebut yang mana waktu penandatangannya tidak sesuai. (3) Notaris wajib memberikan kepastian waktu kedatangan dan penandatanganan akta yang disebutkan di bagian awal akta untuk membuktikan bahwa para pihak benar-benar hadir dan menandatangani dokumen pada waktu yang telah disebutkan dengan prosedur pembuatan akta berdasarkan UUJN, sehingga kekuatan pembuktiannya bersifat sempurna. Kelalaian dan kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh Notaris akan mengakibatkan akta terdegradasi menjadi dibawah tangan dan kemudian Notaris tersebut akan dikenai sanksi dan dikenakan tanggung jawab secara perdata di mana pihak yang menderita kerugian dapat menuntut penggantian biaya, kompensasi, dan bunga dari Notaris yang bersangkutan.

The Comprehensive Systematic Land Registration Program (Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (PTSL) is a government initiative aimed at providing legal certainty regarding land rights by accelerating land registration in Indonesia. However, in its implementation, various administrative problems have been identified that result in the issuance of Certificates of Ownership (SHM) with administrative defects, particularly regarding land that previously held a Right to Build (Hak Guna Bangunan (HGB) or a title deed in the form of a Deed of Sale and Purchase (Akta Jual Beli (AJB). This study aims to analyze the mechanism for canceling SHMs due to administrative errors in the implementation of the PTSL and the forms of legal protection available to parties harmed by the issuance of such administratively defective SHMs. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a case-based approach. The results of the study indicate that the cancellation of SHM due to administrative defects can be carried out through administrative mechanisms at the National Land Agency or through a lawsuit in the Administrative Court. Examples of administrative errors by the PTSL committee include errors in the verification of legal data, failure to conduct a land history investigation, errors in the measurement of land parcels, and disregard for the rights of other parties who previously held HGBs or AJBs. Legal protection for aggrieved parties is provided through administrative remedies, civil lawsuits, administrative court actions, and the blocking of problematic certificates. Holders of a previously issued Deed of Sale (AJB) have the legal standing to seek the cancellation of a Certificate of Ownership (SHM) issued in another party’s name, as the AJB serves as authentic evidence demonstrating a legal relationship to the land in question.

Pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana membawa perubahan penting dalam sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia, khususnya pada mekanisme pembuktian dan kewenangan penyidikan. Perubahan tersebut juga berdampak terhadap profesi yang berkaitan erat dengan dokumen hukum, termasuk notaris sebagai pejabat umum yang berwenang membuat akta otentik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis implikasi pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 terhadap tanggung jawab pidana notaris dalam pembuatan akta otentik. Permasalahan yang dikaji meliputi bagaimana KUHAP Baru memengaruhi kedudukan notaris dalam proses pidana serta bagaimana pertanggungjawaban pidana notaris diterapkan terhadap akta otentik yang bermasalah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan. Bahan hukum terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui penafsiran hukum dan penalaran sistematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tidak membentuk delik baru bagi notaris, melainkan memperluas instrumen acara pidana melalui pengakuan informasi elektronik, dokumen elektronik, perluasan definisi saksi, dan mekanisme penyitaan modern. Akibatnya, notaris berpotensi lebih sering terlibat dalam proses penyidikan dan pembuktian pidana. Namun demikian, tanggung jawab pidana notaris tetap didasarkan pada terpenuhinya unsur tindak pidana dan kesalahan pribadi, bukan semata-mata karena akta otentik yang dibuat menjadi sengketa. Penelitian ini menawarkan model pengaturan yang seimbang antara akuntabilitas pidana, kepastian hukum, kerahasiaan jabatan, dan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap lembaga kenotariatan.

This study aims to analyze the implications of the involvement of Land Deed Officials (PPAT) in assisting the calculation of seller and buyer taxes in land sale and purchase transactions. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that PPAT is not authorized to determine the amount of tax but functions as a public official responsible for ensuring the fulfillment of administrative requirements, including tax obligations prior to the signing of the deed. In practice, PPAT’s involvement in estimating Final Income Tax and Duty on the Acquisition of Land and Building Rights helps parties plan transaction costs and improve efficiency. However, validation mechanisms by tax authorities may result in differences between estimated and actual tax amounts, potentially causing legal uncertainty and misunderstandings. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the limits of PPAT’s role and apply prudential principles by providing disclaimers that calculations are only preliminary estimates. This is essential to maintain professional integrity and protect the interests of parties involved.

Disputes over unpaid insurance claims are a problem that frequently arises in insurance practice and can harm consumers both financially and psychologically, while also reducing public trust in the insurance industry. Such disputes are generally triggered by differing interpretations of policy provisions, alleged breaches of the good-faith principle, and administrative obstacles, which ultimately lead to civil conflicts between the insured and the insurer. To provide access to dispute resolution that is faster, fairer, and more affordable than litigation, the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK) established the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution for the Financial Services Sector (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan/LAPS SJK) through OJK Regulation No. 61/POJK.07/2020. This study aims to analyze the mechanism for resolving disputes over unpaid insurance claims through LAPS SJK and to assess its effectiveness in providing legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, through an examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials related to contracts, insurance, consumer protection, and alternative dispute resolution. The findings show that LAPS SJK has the authority to handle civil disputes in the financial services sector, including insurance disputes, provided that the parties have a written agreement and have first pursued internal dispute resolution (Internal Dispute Resolution/IDR). Dispute resolution at LAPS SJK is conducted through mediation and arbitration. Mediation is facilitated by a mediator to encourage the parties to reach a settlement agreement, which may be reinforced into a Deed of Settlement (Akta Perdamaian) that is final, binding, and enforceable. If mediation fails, arbitration offers a more determinative resolution through a final and binding award that can be enforced after being registered with the District Court. Overall, LAPS SJK is considered effective because its procedures are structured, time-bound, and provide a fee waiver for mediation in retail and small-claim cases up to IDR 750,000,000. However, its effectiveness remains conditional, as it depends on the existence of a written agreement between the parties, the obligation to undergo IDR, and good faith in the mediation process.

In social practice, land sale and purchase transactions are still frequently conducted through private agreements, mainly driven by mutual trust between the parties, cost considerations, and the perception that such procedures are simpler and faster. From the perspective of civil law, such sale and purchase agreements remain valid and legally binding as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of a valid contract as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. However, within the national land law system, land sale and purchase agreements executed under private deeds cannot serve as a legal basis for the transfer of land rights because they are not made before a Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) as required by statutory regulations. This divergence in legal regulation gives rise to legal uncertainty, particularly for buyers acting in good faith. On the one hand, the agreement creates rights and obligations under civil law; on the other hand, it fails to provide legal certainty over land rights due to its inability to be registered. This condition reflects a tension between the civil law regime and the land law regime, while also indicating the weak legal protection afforded to good-faith buyers. These issues constitute the basis and urgency of this research.

Article 210 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) limits gifts to a maximum of one-third of the donor’s assets as a form of protection for the rights of heirs and to uphold social justice. However, in practice, land gift deeds drawn up by PPATs/PPATSs are still found to exceed this limit, thereby giving rise to controversy and legal disputes in the form of lawsuits seeking the annulment of such deeds in court. This phenomenon indicates a disconnect between legal principles and practical implementation, leading to legal uncertainty. This study aims to analyze the legal status of land gift deeds that exceed the maximum limit, legal protection for bona fide donees, and the responsibility of PPATs in their drafting. The research method employed is a normative legal approach using legislative, conceptual, and case-based analyses, along with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources analyzed qualitatively. The results indicate that a land grant deed exceeding the maximum limit retains limited legal validity, specifically only for the portions compliant with the provisions of the KHI. Legal protection for the grantee can be guaranteed if there is consent from all heirs. Furthermore, the PPAT bears civil, criminal, administrative, and ethical responsibilities regarding the deed drafted. Therefore, strengthening regulations, enhancing public legal literacy, and ensuring the PPAT’s due diligence are necessary to guarantee legal certainty and reduce disputes.

This study aims to analyze the influence of digital marketing through Instagram on purchasing decisions at UMKM Jamu Bu Bekti in Karawang Regency. The research uses a quantitative approach, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to consumers who have seen or purchased the products. The data analysis technique applied is regression analysis to examine the relationship between marketing content and promotional variables on consumer purchasing decisions.The results show that marketing content shared on Instagram does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions. However, the content is considered quite attractive, informative, and helpful in providing product information to consumers. On the other hand, promotion has a positive and significant impact on increasing consumer interest and encouraging purchasing decisions. This indicates that consumers are more responsive to promotional strategies such as discounts, bonuses, or special offers rather than relying solely on content quality.These findings suggest that promotional strategies play a crucial role in digital marketing, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, business owners are advised to focus more on creating attractive, creative, and targeted promotional activities on social media to boost sales. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more effective, efficient, and sustainable digital marketing strategies for SMEs in the future.

The annulment of a marriage certificate as a product of state administrative law creates complex juridical issues concerning the legality of marriage administration, protection of civil rights, and legal certainty within society. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of the annulment of Marriage Certificate Number 0026/26/I/2020 in the Decision of the Bandar Lampung State Administrative Court Number 15/G/2023/PTUN.BL and to examine the judges’ considerations from the perspective of siyasah qadha’iyyah. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches within Islamic political jurisprudence. Data sources were obtained from court decisions, legislation, classical Islamic legal texts, and relevant scientific journals. The findings indicate that the annulment of a marriage certificate revokes the administrative legal force of the marriage registration but does not automatically invalidate the marriage contract under Islamic law as long as the pillars and conditions of marriage are fulfilled. The decision demonstrates that the State Administrative Court has authority to examine the administrative aspects of marriage certificate issuance but lacks authority to determine the substantive validity of the marriage itself. From the perspective of siyasah qadha’iyyah, the judges’ decision reflects the implementation of justice, public benefit, legal certainty, and supervision over state administrative officials. This study emphasizes the necessity of strengthening marriage administration systems based on good governance principles and maqashid al-shari’ah to prevent administrative legal disputes in marital affairs.

The growth of digital transactions in Indonesia has raised important legal questions about the status of electronic agreements. Data from APJII (2024) shows that internet users in Indonesia reached 221 million people, while BPS (2023) recorded national e-commerce transactions at Rp 476.3 trillion in 2022. These figures indicate that electronic agreements have become a primary instrument in everyday legal interactions. This study aims to analyze: (1) whether an electronic agreement can be categorized as a private deed (akta di bawah tangan) as stipulated under Article 1874 of the Indonesian Civil Code in conjunction with Articles 5 and 11 of Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE); and (2) the evidentiary strength of electronic agreements as private deeds in court proceedings. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this study finds that electronic agreements fulfill the requirements of a private deed when they contain an electronic document recognizable under Article 5 UU ITE and a certified electronic signature meeting the requirements of Article 11 UU ITE. As to evidentiary strength, the electronic agreement has perfect evidentiary force when acknowledged by the opposing party under Article 1875 of the Civil Code, but is subject to further verification when disputed. The study recommends harmonization between the Civil Code and UU ITE, and institutional strengthening of electronic certification bodies.

The transfer of land rights through sale and purchase must be evidenced by a deed drawn up by a Land Deed Official (PPAT) as the basis for registration. However, in practice, land disputes may still arise even when the transfer has been formalized in a PPAT deed. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of land rights transfer registration that leads to disputes, as well as the legal liability of PPAT for errors or negligence. This research employs a normative juridical method using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The approaches applied include statutory and conceptual approaches, with legal analysis conducted through grammatical, and systematic. The results indicate that errors or negligence in the preparation of deeds or registration process may result in the annulment of the sale and purchase deed, cancellation of the transfer registration, or the deed being declared legally invalid by the court. In such cases, PPAT may bear administrative, civil, and ethical liability in accordance with applicable laws and professional codes of conduct.