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Genocide is one of the most serious crimes in international law, regulated by various legal instruments such as the 1948 Genocide Convention and the 1998 Rome Statute. This crime involves the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This study aims to analyze the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in enforcing genocide law and identify the obstacles in applying individual criminal responsibility. Additionally, mechanisms for resolving genocide disputes through peaceful and legal means in international law are discussed. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, analyzing international legal documents and case studies. The results show that although the ICC has jurisdiction to try genocide cases, law enforcement processes often face political challenges, particularly the UN Security Council veto power and state sovereignty. In conclusion, international efforts to address genocide require stronger cross-country cooperation and enhanced legal mechanisms to overcome political and diplomatic challenges.

Generation Alpha, born between 2010 and 2025, is immersed in a digital era that shapes their social, cultural, and educational experiences. This study examines the sociological implications of technology on their identity formation and the adaptations required in their education and parenting. Through literature analysis, findings reveal that Generation Alpha is highly dependent on technology, which affects their communication and social interactions. While technology increases access to knowledge, it also poses risks such as social isolation and shifting cultural values. This study underlines the importance of collaboration between families, educational institutions, and communities to foster holistic development, addressing the challenges of globalization and technological advancement.

The socio-cultural approach is a crucial aspect of creating inclusive and relevant guidance and counseling services, particularly at SMAN 7 Tasikmalaya, which has a diverse student background. This study aims to understand how socio-cultural values are integrated into the counseling process to help students address various issues, such as adaptation difficulties, social gaps, and interpersonal conflicts. Using a qualitative research method with a case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations of counseling activities, and document analysis. The results indicate that implementing strategies such as classical guidance, home visits, and community-based approaches effectively strengthens the relationship between counselors and students and enhances students' skills in dealing with differences. Additionally, the integration of local culture into counseling programs positively impacts fostering mutual understanding among students. The implications of this study highlight the need for counselor training to better comprehend students' socio-cultural contexts, enabling counseling services to be designed according to their needs and conditions. This research contributes significantly to developing guidance models that respect socio-cultural diversity in educational settings.

This study examines the period of Islamic education reform in India during the 19th to early 20th centuries, focusing on educational transformation, religious thought renewal, and socio-political impacts. Employing qualitative research with a library research approach, the study analyzes primary and secondary sources to gain comprehensive insights. The findings reveal that educational transformation, through integrating modern curricula with Islamic values and revitalizing traditional madrasahs, played a pivotal role in addressing the challenges of modernity. Religious thought reform, via ijtihad and reinterpretation of religious texts, facilitated a dialogue between Islamic traditions and modernity. The socio-political impacts included the emergence of an educated Muslim middle class, women's empowerment, and increased political engagement of the Muslim community. This research concludes that this historical experience provides valuable lessons for contemporary Islamic reform efforts, particularly in harmonizing Islamic values with modern demands.

This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.

This article examines the accusations of PKI affiliation contained in the novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Ahmad Tohari's work, with a literary sociology approach. This novel describes the lives of village communities are hit by social and political tensions after the incident G30S/PKI. Through the main character Srintil, a ronggeng who is trapped in stigma politics, this article analyzes how accusations of PKI affiliation affect social dynamics and culture in the village. The focus of this study is to understand how social elements, especially gender and the role of women in Batak custom, interact with greater political power, and how this is reflected in the novel's narrative structure. By using literary sociology theory, this research also discusses identity social and political aspects are formed through literary texts, as well as the implications of these accusations on the formation of morality and views of society at that time. Through analysis It is hoped that this article will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between literature, politics and social identity in Indonesia, especially in context post-1965 history.

This study aims to integrate the learning of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) with the traditional hula hoop game in Pramuka Siaga extracurricular activities at MIS Dadirejo. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. The subjects of the study include fourth and fifth-grade students actively participating in Pramuka activities. Data collection techniques involve observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the innovative use of hula hoop games can enhance students' motor skills, such as body coordination and balance, as well as their understanding of concepts like force, energy, and gravity taught in IPAS subjects. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrating traditional games into active learning to simultaneously improve students' physical and academic skills.

Education is an important element in developing children's minds, especially in rural areas where education is often not a priority. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of education on the way children think in Kalirejo Village, Kraton District, Pasuruan Regency. The method used was a quantitative design with a survey approach, with 22 randomly selected respondents. Information is obtained through surveys that assess educational variables and children's thinking patterns. The results show that the applied regression model shows satisfactory performance, with an R Square value of 0.634, which means that education can explain around 63.4% of the variation in children's thinking patterns. The t test results show that education has a significant influence on children's thinking patterns, with a significance value of 0.000. The impact of this research is the importance of increasing access and quality of education in rural areas, as well as the need for policies that encourage public awareness of the role of education in children's future. It is hoped that this research can become a reference for the government and related parties in designing more effective education strategies.

This research examines the morphological aspects of Indonesian with a focus on the process of word formation and changes in morphological structure in contemporary Indonesian language use. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze various morphological processes that occur in Indonesian word formation, as well as to reveal productive patterns of word formation in the development of modern Indonesian. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a morphological approach. Data was collected using skill-free listening (SBLC), note-taking techniques and documentation techniques from various written sources. Data analysis was carried out using the agih method using the technique for direct elements (BUL), loss technique, replace technique, and expand technique. The results of the research show that: (1) the affixation process is the most productive morphological process in Indonesian word formation, (2) new patterns were found in the reduplication process which reflect the dynamics of language development, (3) the composition process shows a tendency to form compound words which increasingly complex along with modern communication needs. This research provides theoretical contributions in the development of Indonesian language morphology studies and practical implications for Indonesian language learning.

Organic waste management in rural communities, especially those dependent on the agricultural sector, is still a big challenge. Organic waste such as crop residues, leaves and household waste are often not utilized optimally, resulting in environmental pollution and wasted potential. Meanwhile, farmers' dependence on chemical fertilizers increases production costs and reduces soil quality in the long term. This service program aims to provide education and assistance to farmer groups in Nagari Harau regarding the use of simple composters as a solution for managing organic waste. A simple composter is a method that is easy to make, cost effective, and can produce compost that is rich in nutrients. A participatory approach is used in implementing this program to ensure active community involvement in the entire process, from waste collection, composting, to utilization of the results. Through this program, it is concluded that communities can be more independent in managing organic waste, reduce negative impacts on the environment, and increase productivity and overall welfare of farmers.

The development of competent human resources (HR) is a top priority for improving the quality of life in society. In education, teachers' ability to enhance their skills is key to successful learning. However, many teachers struggle to adapt teaching methods to the demands of the digital era, especially in utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. AI offers innovative solutions such as personalized learning and adaptive platforms that enhance the effectiveness of teaching and learning processes. This study examines the implementation of AI-based learning models and teacher training programs in Muhammadiyah schools in Semarang. Using the Training of Trainer (ToT) approach, the program equips teachers with skills such as using adaptive learning tools and AI-based evaluation systems. The study employs a mixed-methods approach involving practical training and result evaluation. The findings reveal improved digital literacy and confidence among teachers in using AI for interactive learning. In conclusion, AI has great potential to transform education, but its success depends on comprehensive, ethical, and sustainable strategies. The ToT program serves as a strategic step to empower teachers to face educational challenges in the digital era.

Producing environmentally friendly products, efficient and sustainable use of natural resources, and reducing negative impacts on the environment are the goals of the green production approach. So there is a need for education for young people to protect the environment with us. The purpose of this PkM activity is to introduce students to the Utilization of Environmental Resources as Part of the Implementation of Green Manufacturing Technology. The method of activity carried out by means of education and assistance in managing a green environment. The education participants were students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah and SMP Yayasan Ummul Quro Al-Hamidiyah totaling 50 students. The activity was carried out on Thursday, December 19, 2024. The results of the activity showed that students were very enthusiastic about participating, and students had understood what was explained by the speaker. The conclusion of the activity showed that there was an increase in student knowledge after being given education about Environmental Resources as Part of the Implementation of Green Manufacturing Technology.

The following article has the following objectives: (1) to understand the meaning of role playing (2) the purpose of implementing role playing (3) the function and provisions in implementing the role playing model for elementary school students (4) the advantages and disadvantages of using role playing. In implementing role playing, there are quite good benefits for training and increasing creativity and understanding students' learning and mathematical concepts, especially at the elementary level. At that age, a strong understanding is needed because they are not yet able to think abstractly. Therefore, a method is needed that emphasizes the concept so that it is easier for students to learn mathematics. It is also necessary to make more efforts to emphasize understanding the concept so that students have a good enough basis for thinking to achieve other cognitive abilities.

This study examines the influence of Islamic intellectual transformation on the development of Western civilization, especially in the transfer of knowledge, technology, and cultural values ​​from the Middle Ages to the modern era. The background of this study is based on the importance of understanding the contribution of Islamic civilization in building the intellectual foundation for the rise of Europe. This study aims to identify and analyze the contributions of Muslim scientists in various disciplines, such as philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, and how these thoughts were adopted and developed in the Western world. The method used is a qualitative approach through historical literature studies and comparative analysis of classical and modern documents. The findings show that Islamic intellectual thought played a significant role in accelerating Western intellectual development, through translations of scientific works and the influence of the thoughts of figures such as Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Rushd. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of recognizing the role of Islamic civilization in the history of global science, as well as the need to revitalize dialogue between civilizations to strengthen harmony and cross-cultural cooperation.

This study aims to describe the importance of ethical and cultural leadership in education, especially in creating a conducive learning environment, which not only focuses on academic achievement, but also on the formation of students' moral character. One of the main challenges in the world of education today is the decline in polite behavior and moral ethics in the school environment, which results in rampant violations of social and religious norms. Ethical and cultural leadership is expected to provide solutions to this problem by instilling strong moral values and maintaining the sustainability of cultural values. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method to analyze the concept of ethical and cultural leadership. The results of the study show that ethical educational leaders must uphold the principles of justice, responsibility, and transparency in every action, while cultural leaders must be able to maintain and adapt cultural values to remain relevant to the times. These two types of leadership are expected to create a healthy organizational culture and build integrity in educational institutions, as well as motivate their followers to play an active role in achieving holistic educational goals. Education leaders are expected to be agents of change who are able to balance the preservation of cultural values and the application of innovation in education.   Keywords: This study aims to describe the importance of ethical and cultural leadership in education, especially in creating a conducive learning environment, which not only focuses on academic achievement, but also on the formation of students' moral character. One of the main challenges in the world of education today is the decline in polite behavior and moral ethics in the school environment, which results in rampant violations of social and religious norms. Ethical and cultural leadership is expected to provide solutions to this problem by instilling strong moral values and maintaining the sustainability of cultural values. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method to analyze the concept of ethical and cultural leadership. The results of the study show that ethical educational leaders must uphold the principles of justice, responsibility, and transparency in every action, while cultural leaders must be able to maintain and adapt cultural values to remain relevant to the times. These two types of leadership are expected to create a healthy organizational culture and build integrity in educational institutions, as well as motivate their followers to play an active role in achieving holistic educational goals. Education leaders are expected to be agents of change who are able to balance the preservation of cultural values and the application of innovation in education.    

This study explores the concepts of Al-Istikhdam and Al-Istithrad as part of stylistic devices in the Arabic rhetoric discipline (balaghah). Al-Istikhdam refers to the use of a single word with two different meanings in a specific context, while Al-Istithrad involves the insertion of additional sentences or ideas without deviating from the main discussion. The study aims to identify the application of these two concepts in classical Arabic texts, particularly in literary and rhetorical works. The method employed is textual analysis of primary sources such as the Qur'an, hadith, and classical poetry. The findings reveal that Al-Istikhdam is used to enrich meanings and refine stylistic expression, whereas Al-Istithrad functions to provide additional explanations that strengthen the main argument without disrupting narrative flow. This research is expected to offer new insights into the beauty and complexity of the Arabic language and its contribution to the development of balaghah studies.

In this sophisticated era, the use of mobile phones among teenagers has increased rapidly both for learning and daily needs. Excessive use of mobile phones will have an impact on the lifestyle of teenagers because of playing online games. Therefore, this study aims to determine the impact of online games among teenagers in the perspective of Islam, especially referring to the views of the hadith. The population in this study were teenagers aged 15-17 years who played the online game mobile legend around 4-7 hours or more per day and teenagers who were addicted to the online game mobile legend numbered 5 respondents. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach by means of observation and interviews and documentation. The results of the analysis of interviews and observations show that the influence of the online game mobile legend greatly affects the development and growth of teenagers because online games affect the health, psychology, academics, social, and free time that teenagers have is wasted which is detrimental to themselves. Islam does not forbid its people to have fun, but it must remain within the limits and corridors that are determined. The games played should be in accordance with their portion, aka not excessive. Don't let entertainment take up all your time, disrupt your health, hinder other activities, take up study and work time and don't let it distract someone from their main duties, especially in worship, and don't let it make people forget about more important games, such as physical exercise to improve your health or do better activities than being addicted to playing online games. Games also shouldn't make people fall into addiction.  

This study aims to analyze how teacher pedagogical competence influences improving student learning outcomes. Efforts to improve teacher competence so that the implementation of teaching and learning activities is effective for students. This study applies literature studies, a method that utilizes sources such as journals, books, articles, and other publications to collect information. The results of the study revealed that teacher competence has a real contribution to improving student learning outcomes. The influence of teacher competence is an important factor in creating and maintaining an environment that supports student learning outcomes in order to achieve maximum learning goals.  

The author focuses on analyzing the Jigsaw learning method in class VII SKI subjects at MTsN 6 Nganjuk. This writing aims to analyze the implementation of learning using the Jigsaw method, how this method can have an effect on student interaction, student activity in learning, and the difference in receiving material in SKI subjects. This writing uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Information obtained from observations, then interviews, and analysis of learning outcomes. The results obtained from the Jigsaw method analysis had a very drastic effect on increasing student activity. They are more enthusiastic, active, and able to work together in groups. Then this method increases students' activeness and self-confidence when appearing in front of the class. Although there are advantages, this research identifies a problem, namely the limited time which can reduce the overall application of the method. Some students like learning in groups to interact and exchange knowledge with other friends. However, some students experience challenges in understanding the material and they do not feel comfortable when explaining the material in front of the class. The conclusion is that the Jigsaw learning method provides positive things to increase active student interaction, involvement and increase self-confidence in SKI learning. The implication of this research is the need for plans that are ready and supported by teachers that can help to successfully analyze the Jigsaw method in the context of SKI learning at MTs level.  

This article aims to examine the implementation of morals-based non-test assessment in PAI learning in grade 11 of SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta, focusing on its influence on students' character development. Islamic Religious Education (PAI) has an important role in instilling moral values. In this context, morals-based non-test assessment is an effective approach to assessing students' character development, as it focuses on observing their behavior and attitudes. At SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta, the implementation of this method is expected to help students not only understand religious teachings in theory, but also apply them in daily life. This research is a type of field research that is descriptive qualitative in nature. The main focus of this research is to understand the concept of evaluation in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning, which includes both test-based and non-test evaluation methods at SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta. In this study, a phenomenological approach is used to explore the experiences and understanding of individuals or groups regarding the phenomenon under investigation. Moral-based non-test assessment in PAI learning aims to evaluate students' moral values in everyday life. In contrast to test assessments that measure cognitive abilities. The implementation of morals-based non-test assessment faces obstacles such as difficulties in measuring morals objectively and limited time for observation.Morals-based non-test assessment in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning at SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Surakarta has an important role in shaping student character, in addition to mastery of academic material.