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This study aims to improve the understanding of macapat songs by applying the Jigsaw cooperative learning approach. Although macapat songs have high moral and intellectual values, students often dislike them because they are considered complex and irrelevant. This study used the McTaggart model consisting of two cycles, combined with the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method. Data were collected through various techniques, including observation, tests, interviews, and note-taking, and then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that students' understanding of the meaning of macapat songs increased significantly when the Jigsaw model was applied. The learning completion rate increased from 56% to 100%, while the average student score also increased from 72.33 in the pre-cycle to 86.6 in the first cycle. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the Jigsaw approach in improving student understanding. In addition, this method also succeeded in encouraging active student participation, increasing their confidence in class discussions, and fostering respect for the rich local culture. Thus, teaching local Javanese language through the Jigsaw cooperative learning paradigm can be considered an interesting and effective alternative approach. This approach not only helps students understand the material better but also strengthens their social and cultural skills. This research provides an important contribution to the development of more innovative and relevant teaching methods in the context of regional language learning, and encourages teachers to implement strategies that can increase students' interest and understanding of the valuable and diverse local culture. Through the application of this method, it is hoped that students will gain a greater appreciation for their cultural heritage.

Inclusive education plays a crucial role in achieving equal access and improving the quality of education for all students, including students with special needs. In the context of Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning, the implementation of inclusive education still faces significant challenges, both in terms of teaching strategies, teacher skills, and available supporting facilities and infrastructure. This study aims to describe the perceptions of PJOK teachers and classroom teachers regarding the implementation of inclusive learning for students with special needs in PJOK activities at the elementary school level. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including semi-structured interviews and documentation. The research subjects consisted of PJOK teachers and classroom teachers who teach at SDN 2 Gobras. The results show that the teachers have a good understanding of the importance of creating a friendly, adaptive, and enjoyable learning environment for students with special needs. The teachers make adjustments in learning activities through modifying tools, implementing small group strategies, providing appropriate motivation, and close collaboration with homeroom teachers and parents. However, limitations in the training received and the support of existing facilities remain significant obstacles. The findings of this study provide important implications regarding the need for ongoing training and strengthened collaboration between teachers to support the creation of more effective and sustainable inclusive education. Therefore, this research is expected to make a positive contribution to the development of inclusive education in elementary schools and raise awareness of the importance of supporting students with special needs in the learning process.

This study aims to improve the critical thinking skills of fourth-grade elementary school students in understanding the concept of fractions through the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. The background of this study focuses on students' still low abilities in: (1) analyzing mathematical problems; (2) planning solution strategies; (3) drawing logical conclusions when working on fraction problems. This study uses the Classroom Action Research (CAR) design model Kemmis & McTaggart which was implemented at SD Negeri 2 Tahunan during the even semester of the 2024/2025 academic year. The research subjects consisted of 23 fourth-grade students who were selected purposively based on the results of the initial diagnosis. Data collection techniques were carried out by triangulation through: (1) formative evaluation tests; (2) participatory observation sheets; (3) learning video documentation; and (4) field notes. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively with a comparative descriptive approach. The results showed that the application of the PBL model was proven to be effective in improving: (1) students' critical thinking skills on average from 39.13 (low category) to 92.61 (very good category); (2) classical completeness from 8.7% to 91.3%; and (3) learning activities became more meaningful. Statistical analysis of paired sample t-test showed a significant difference (t=19.09; p<0.05) between before and after treatment. Other important findings include: (1) an increase in students' questioning skills by 78%; (2) an increase in the ability to provide arguments by 82%; (3) an increase in problem-solving skills by 85%. In addition, there was an increase in the following aspects: (1) group cooperation; (2) self-confidence; and (3) active involvement in class discussions.

This study aims to examine the influence of academic stress and self-regulation on academic procrastination among students at SMK Negeri 48 Jakarta. Academic procrastination is a behavior commonly observed among vocational students who are required to balance both theoretical learning and practical skills development. The research employed a quantitative approach using a correlational survey method. A total of 289 students from tenth and eleventh grades, representing six vocational programs, were selected through proportional random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires utilizing a Likert scale and analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 22. The findings of this study revealed that academic stress has a positive and significant effect on academic procrastination, with a regression coefficient of 0.224 and a t-value of 8.668 (p < 0.05). This indicates that higher levels of academic stress are associated with greater tendencies to procrastinate. In contrast, self-regulation was found to have a negative and significant effect on academic procrastination, with a regression coefficient of -0.351 and a t-value of 7.943 (p < 0.05), suggesting that students with stronger self-regulation skills are less likely to engage in procrastination. Furthermore, the simultaneous influence of academic stress and self-regulation on academic procrastination was significant, as evidenced by an F-value of 64.765 (p < 0.05). The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.644, indicating that 64.4% of the variance in academic procrastination can be explained by the two independent variables. These results underscore the critical role of stress management and the development of self-regulation abilities in mitigating academic procrastination among vocational school students. Educational interventions focused on reducing stress levels and enhancing self-regulatory behaviors may serve as effective strategies to promote better academic outcomes and reduce counterproductive procrastination habits.

Children's education and development are crucial aspects and a primary concern for parents, especially in the field of sports. In this context, the Science Swimming Team (SST) Sidoarjo swimming club plays a strategic role in providing quality swimming training for children. This study aims to evaluate the level of parental satisfaction with the quality of services provided by the club's coaches. Using a quantitative approach and descriptive design, this study collected data through a closed-ended questionnaire distributed to 15 respondents who were parents of students at SST. The research instrument was structured based on five dimensions of service quality: tangibles, empathy, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively quantitatively by calculating frequency distributions and percentages to obtain a clear picture of the level of parental satisfaction. The results showed that the majority of respondents, namely 53.33%, felt quite satisfied with the services provided by the coaches, while 26.67% felt satisfied, 13.33% were less satisfied, and 6.67% were dissatisfied. The reliability and responsiveness dimensions scored highest, indicating that coaches were able to provide reliable and responsive services to parents' needs. However, the tangible and empathy dimensions still need to be improved to achieve optimal satisfaction. The implications of these findings suggest that coaches and club management need to strengthen the quality of existing facilities and infrastructure and develop a more empathetic communication approach with parents. This is crucial for creating a better relationship between coaches and parents, thereby increasing their trust and satisfaction with the services provided. Future research is recommended to expand the number of respondents and identify specific factors influencing satisfaction, so that the results obtained are more comprehensive and applicable in the context of service development in swimming clubs.

Currently, the number of Children with Special Needs (ABK) continues to increase every year, making the role of teachers increasingly vital in providing inclusive education services in schools. This increase in the number of ABK requires teachers to have adequate competencies to provide education tailored to the needs of each child. In this context, inclusive education is crucial, as it provides opportunities for all children, including those with special needs, to learn together in the same environment. This study aims to analyze the role of teachers in the context of inclusive education in Early Childhood Education (PAUD). The method used in this study is qualitative with a narrative approach, conducted in several PAUD institutions in Malang. The results show that teachers have a very important role in inclusive education in PAUD. The role of teachers in question covers several aspects, including the ability to recognize Children with Special Needs (ABK), conduct initial assessments of student needs, and understand how to implement appropriate learning for ABK. In addition, teachers are also expected to be able to use assistive devices to provide simple stimulation to ABK and know how to involve parents in handling ABK. The importance of the teacher's role in inclusive education lies not only in academic abilities, but also in social and emotional skills in creating a supportive learning environment. This research provides valuable insights for the development of training programs for teachers to improve their skills in inclusive education, which is expected to have a positive impact on the quality of education in early childhood education (PAUD). With appropriate training, teachers can be better prepared to face the challenges of teaching children with special needs and ensure that every child receives a quality education tailored to their needs. This research is expected to encourage educational institutions to pay more attention to training and professional development for teachers, so they can contribute optimally to creating inclusive and quality education.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the Deep Learning and Differentiated Instruction models in improving junior high school students’ mathematical problem-solving and reasoning abilities. The background of this research stems from the low level of mathematical literacy among Indonesian students, which demands innovative and reflective learning approaches. A quasi-experimental method was used with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sample consisted of two eighth-grade classes at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 01 Ciseeng, each receiving different instructional treatments: one class was taught using the Deep Learning approach, and the other using the Differentiated Instruction approach. The instruments employed included mathematical problem-solving tests, observation sheets, and student perception questionnaires. The data analysis results indicated that the class taught with the Deep Learning model experienced a more significant improvement in mathematical reasoning ability compared to the class using Differentiated Instruction. These findings suggest that Deep Learning-based instruction is more effective in promoting students’ higher-order thinking skills. It encourages deeper engagement with mathematical concepts, fosters critical and analytical thinking, and allows students to construct knowledge through meaningful learning experiences. However, Differentiated Instruction remains relevant in providing learning comfort and addressing diverse student needs, making it beneficial in inclusive classroom settings. The theoretical and practical implications of this research highlight the importance of integrating both depth of thinking (Deep Learning) and flexibility in learning (Differentiation) within mathematics instruction. Such integration could offer a balanced learning environment that supports both cognitive development and emotional engagement, leading to more effective and equitable mathematics education. In conclusion, this study recommends educators and curriculum developers to consider incorporating Deep Learning strategies to enhance students’ mathematical reasoning while maintaining the adaptive and student-centered principles of Differentiated Instruction. Future research could explore hybrid learning models that combine the strengths of both approaches to maximize student outcomes in mathematics learning.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis optimasi parameter Photovoltaic (PV) serta daya keluaran dari pembangkit listrik tenaga surya berbasis Genetic Algorithm. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur, simulasi perangkat lunak, serta pengujian model matematis. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis kuantitatif dan komputasional yang berfokus pada pencarian nilai optimal dari parameter-parameter utama sistem PV, seperti tegangan, arus, dan resistansi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses optimasi sistem PV, tahapan yang dilakukan meliputi pemodelan karakteristik PV, penyusunan fungsi objektif untuk memaksimalkan daya, penerapan algoritma genetika dalam mencari nilai parameter optimal, serta analisis hasil optimasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa algoritma genetika mampu meningkatkan efisiensi daya keluaran PV dibandingkan metode konvensional, serta menghasilkan parameter yang lebih sesuai terhadap kondisi iradiasi tertentu. Namun, dalam implementasi metode ini juga ditemukan beberapa kendala, seperti kompleksitas perhitungan dan kebutuhan waktu komputasi yang relatif tinggi. Selain itu, diperlukan penyesuaian lebih lanjut untuk penerapan algoritma ini dalam skala sistem pembangkit yang lebih besar.

Digital transformation in government bureaucracy has become a strategic step to improve efficiency, accountability, and transparency, including in the management of regional legal products. In the Regional Secretariat of Tegal Regency, the process of submitting legal products is still done manually, which causes inefficiencies, delays, and a lack of document traceability. To address these issues, a web-based legal product submission application has been developed with document tracking features. This research uses the Waterfall system development method, and implements a FIFO (First In First Out) queuing system in the submission process, along with Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for managing user access rights. The goal of this system is to create a faster, more transparent, and digitally documented application process. The implementation results show that the application is able to systematically and integratively manage the flow of submissions, corrections, verification, and the ratification of legal products. Features such as a Login page with CAPTCHA, analysis dashboards, tracking, and monthly reports enhance the monitoring and security functions of the system. This application can be an effective solution in supporting the digitization of regional legal bureaucracy, as well as providing ease and efficiency for regional officials in preparing and submitting drafts of legal products digitally.

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di Kabupaten Tegal, terutama menyerang anak-anak dan lansia, dengan 25.273 kasus tercatat pada Januari–Juni 2025. Faktor seperti kepadatan penduduk, polusi udara, dan sanitasi buruk mempersulit analisis konvensional dalam mengidentifikasi wilayah berisiko tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) berbasis web untuk memetakan dan memantau kasus ISPA secara akurat menggunakan pendekatan spasial. Metode Waterfall digunakan dalam pengembangan sistem, meliputi analisis kebutuhan, perancangan, implementasi, pengujian, dan pemeliharaan. Data spasial (koordinat lokasi) dan non-spasial (usia, jenis kelamin, jumlah kasus) dikumpulkan dari Dinas Kesehatan dan dianalisis menggunakan teknik kepadatan titik dan klaster untuk mengidentifikasi pola sebaran. Sistem ini dibangun dengan framework Laravel sebagai backend dan Leaflet.js untuk visualisasi peta interaktif. Hasilnya, SIG ini mampu memvisualisasikan sebaran kasus ISPA per kecamatan, mendukung Dinas Kesehatan dalam mengalokasikan sumber daya medis secara efisien dan mengidentifikasi wilayah prioritas seperti Dukuhwaru dan Tarub. Bagi masyarakat, sistem ini meningkatkan akses informasi digital, mendorong kesadaran pencegahan, dan mendukung edukasi kesehatan. Sistem ini terbukti efektif sebagai alat strategis untuk pengambilan keputusan berbasis data, mempercepat respons terhadap ISPA, dan menjadi fondasi untuk pengembangan SIG dalam memantau penyakit lain di masa depan.

Indonesian people's shopping trends tend to shift from traditional markets to modern retail for reasons of convenience, location affordability, and speed of service. This study aims to determine whether Store Atmosphere and Experiential Marketing have a significant effect on consumer purchasing decisions at Alfamart Sadia I branch either partially or simultaneously. The data collection method uses a questionnaire with a Likert scale. The population in the study were all consumers of Alfamart Sadia I branch with a sample size of 96 people. Data analysis techniques used multiple linear regression, t-test and f-test. The results of the study showed that Experiential Marketing had no significant effect on purchasing decisions, Store Atmosphere had a significant effect on purchasing decisions and Experiential marketing and store atmosphere had a significant effect on purchasing decisions.

The research examined interactive text as a possible interactive form of pictorial communication for generation z meaningfully engaging on online platforms. By adopting a three-phase methodology towards design, realización and evaluation, the research examines how much movement, responsiveness and user interactivity influences the interpretation of the the communicative message and the emotional. The research uses an interweaving of methodologies. Methodology usability testing, engagement analytics and qualitative indicators, which indicate kinetic text, format variations, and animation responsive were more interesting, easier to understand, and shareable than static texts. Findings suggest participants read as a participant and active, as opposed to passive, which wasn't related to their use of interactions. At last the results deliver positioning for interactive text read as a new thinking strategies for the needs of generation z for authenticity and enable discourse regarding potential opportunities for augmented reality and artificial intelligence-enabled personalization

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan oleh Sub Kelompok 2 Mahasiswa KKN UNTAG Surabaya R16 Tahun 2025 di Desa Padusan, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Mojokerto. Program ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi produksi dan menjaga konsistensi adonan pada usaha kue rumahan milik Ibu Sri melalui inovasi Teknologi Tepat Guna (TTG). Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi mitra adalah proses pengadukan adonan yang masih dilakukan secara manual dengan mixer genggam, sehingga memakan waktu dan tenaga serta menghasilkan adonan yang tidak merata. Solusi yang ditawarkan adalah pembuatan mesin pengaduk adonan otomatis yang dirancang sederhana namun fungsional, dilengkapi pengatur kecepatan, pengatur ketinggian, dan pisau pengaduk yang dapat disesuaikan. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan mesin ini mampu mempercepat proses produksi, mengurangi beban kerja, serta menghasilkan adonan dengan tekstur yang lebih konsisten, terutama pada produk andalan kue klemben. Program ini diharapkan dapat memperkuat daya saing UMKM dan mendorong semangat kewirausahaan masyarakat desa melalui penerapan teknologi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan lokal.

This research aims to develop a digital weighing scale based on Arduino Nano that can be used to accurately measure the weight of products in micro, small,and medium enterprises (MSMEs) producing ginger powder, specifically for the MSME "Bubuk Jahe Bu Mai." Additionally, this research also includes the design of attractive and practical packaging to enhance the product's appeal in the market. The implementation of this digital weighing scale is expected to improve efficiency in the production process and ensure product weight consistency, while the packaging design aims to attract consumers' attention and enhance the product's image. The method used is research and development (R&D) with a product design approach and tool testing. The results of this research show that the developed digital weighing scale can produce accurate measurements with a very small margin of error. The packaging design also successfully improved the product's presentation, which can attract consumers' attention. The implementation of these two components is expected to improve the quality of "Bubuk Jahe Bu Mai" products and provide a positive impact on the product's competitiveness in the market.

Nutritional status is a measure of success in fulfilling nutritional needs in children which is shown through the achievement of body weight for age. The nutritional status of toddlers is very significant as a starting point for physical capacity in adulthood. This descriptive study uses primary data, namely data obtained from direct field observations using a questionnaire that has been designed previously to determine maternal knowledge about nutritional status in toddlers in Telaga Sari Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, as many as 30 people in this study. Based on research from 30 people who became respondents, the Description of Mother's Knowledge about nutritional status in toddlers in Telaga Sari Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, the majority of 14 people (47%) have sufficient knowledge and a minority of 6 mothers who have less knowledge (20%). Based on age, the majority were 20-35 years old (23%), and the minority were 1 person (3%) aged <20 years old. Based on education, the majority were high school (27%), and the minority were elementary school (3%). Based on occupation, the majority were employed (27%), and the minority were unemployed (7%). This study is expected to encourage village midwives to provide more information through counseling and increase mothers' knowledge about the nutritional status of toddlers to prevent malnutrition.  

Hypothermia after general anesthesia is a common complication that can seriously impact patient recovery. Identifying risk factors contributing to this occurrence is crucial for effective prevention and management. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of hypothermia after general anesthesia in patients in the Surgical Unit of Regina Maris Regional Hospital, Medan. Methods: This study used a quantitative analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. A sample of 78 patients undergoing general anesthesia was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through observation and documentation, and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: Factors shown to be significantly associated with the occurrence of hypothermia after general anesthesia included preoperative body temperature (p=0.010), gender (p=0.014), and duration of surgery (p=0.001). Meanwhile, age and body mass index did not show a significant association. Conclusion: Body temperature, gender, and duration of surgery are the main determinants of the occurrence of hypothermia after general anesthesia. Preventive strategies that focus on body temperature management before and during surgery are needed, especially in high-risk patients.

This study aims to develop tempeh (Rhizopus oryzae) into tempeh flour to be utilized as the main ingredient in the production of a traditional Indonesian cookie known as kastengel. Tempeh is a rich source of plant-based protein and dietary fiber, yet its application in the processed food industry, particularly in dry baked goods such as cookies, remains underexplored. This innovation is expected to serve as a healthy food alternative while supporting the diversification of local food products. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach, encompassing several key stages: processing tempeh into flour through slicing, drying, grinding, and sieving; formulating kastengel dough using tempeh flour as the base ingredient; and evaluating the final product through both organoleptic (sensory) testing and nutritional analysis. Organoleptic testing involved 10 panelists, including lecturers and students, who assessed the product based on color, taste, aroma, and texture. Nutritional content was analyzed at the Manado Industrial Research and Standardization Agency. The results showed that kastengel made from tempeh flour had a light brown color, a savory-sweet flavor, a distinctive yet pleasant aroma, and a crunchy texture. Laboratory tests revealed the nutritional composition of the product to include 46.12% carbohydrates, 29.82% fat, and 3.92% protein, indicating its potential as a nutritious food option. Most panelists reported a favorable response toward the product. In conclusion, tempeh flour can serve as an effective substitute for wheat flour in the production of kastengel cookies. The final product, branded as “Kastengel Eka,” demonstrates that tempeh-based food innovations can be well-accepted in terms of sensory qualities and possess promising potential as a functional, nutritious, and marketable food product.

This research focuses on exploring the mathematical reasoning abilities of Madrasah Aliyah students in solving problems that integrate mathematical concepts with the Islamic science of faraidh (inheritance law), specifically within the topic of fractions. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design and was conducted among 11th-grade students enrolled in the Religious Program at MA Raudlatul Ulum Putri. Data collection techniques included written tests, semi-structured interviews, and classroom observations, focusing on three selected students who represented high, moderate, and low levels of mathematical ability. The analysis centers on several key indicators of mathematical reasoning: identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, presenting logical arguments, and drawing conclusions. The results show that most students fall into the moderate reasoning category, while a smaller number are categorized as high or low. Students in the high category demonstrate a strong capacity to approach problems systematically and accurately, combining mathematical logic with a proper understanding of Sharia-based inheritance rules. In contrast, students in the low category struggle with interpreting problem contexts and executing fraction calculations correctly, which indicates gaps in both conceptual understanding and application skills. These findings underscore the importance of contextual and integrative learning, particularly the combination of mathematics with Islamic values, to enhance deeper comprehension. By embedding religious relevance into mathematical instruction—especially through real-life contexts such as inheritance laws—educators can support the development of more meaningful reasoning abilities. The study suggests that integrating mathematics and Islamic teachings can significantly benefit student learning outcomes and foster stronger conceptual foundations.

Antenatal Care (ANC) is an essential component of maternal health services that plays a vital role in maintaining the health of the mother and fetus during pregnancy and delivery. In Indonesia, coverage of ANC services K1 has reached 100%, but coverage of K4 has only reached 78% and has not met the national target. A case study in Sidenreng Rappang Regency showed better results with K1 coverage of 98% and K4 reaching 97%, although there is still room for improvement. This quantitative study with a cross-sectional design aims to analyze the relationship between maternal knowledge, attitudes, and husband's support factors on the utilization of ANC services at the Compong Village Health Post. The study population included 190 mothers with toddlers registered at the Compong Village Health Post. Sampling was carried out using the Slovin formula with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, resulting in 127 respondents as the research sample. The data collection method was carried out through a structured questionnaire containing questions about respondent characteristics, level of knowledge, attitudes towards ANC, and level of husband's support. Data analysis used the Chi-Square statistical test with a significance level of p<0.05 to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results revealed several important findings. First, there was a significant relationship (p=0.002) between maternal knowledge and utilization of ANC services. Second, maternal attitudes also showed a significant relationship (p=0.001) with the frequency of ANC visits. Third, husband's support was shown to have a significant influence (p=0.003) on maternal participation in ANC programs. These findings confirm the multifactorial role in determining ANC service utilization. Practical implications of this study include recommendations for improving health education programs that not only target pregnant women but also actively involve husbands.

Diabetic foot ulcers represent one of the most serious long-term complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, often contributing to increased rates of morbidity and mortality, while significantly impairing patients' quality of life. Among the various underlying causes, peripheral neuropathy and vascular disorders (vasculopathy) are frequently linked to dyslipidemia. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, along with the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A descriptive retrospective approach was used by analyzing medical record data collected from Dr. H. Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital in Ternate. The findings indicated that the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes were aged 45 years or older (80%) and were predominantly female (60%). In terms of lipid profiles, most patients exhibited normal total cholesterol levels (82.2%) and normal triglyceride levels (51.1%). Despite these normal lipid values, a significant portion of the patients (53.3%) were identified as being at risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers. These results suggest that while dyslipidemia is commonly implicated in the development of diabetic foot complications, normal lipid levels do not necessarily eliminate the risk. The study concludes that the typical profile of type 2 DM patients includes those aged ≥ 45 years, females, and individuals with normal cholesterol and triglyceride levels who are still susceptible to diabetic foot ulcers. This highlights the multifactorial nature of diabetic foot ulcer development and underscores the importance of comprehensive risk assessments beyond lipid profile evaluation alone in diabetic patient care.