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This research delves into examining how the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model can be applied to enhance students' academic performance in Social Sciences (IPS) for fourth-grade students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI). This research centers on studying literature to examine how the CTL model connects academic content with students' everyday experiences. By enhancing students' critical and social thinking abilities, this study aims to offer insights to educators on how to incorporate successful teaching approaches in madrasas to enhance student academic performance.

Science plays a crucial role in human life as it helps us understand the universe through observation, experimentation, and analysis. In education, science not only teaches scientific concepts but also fosters scientific attitudes and critical thinking skills in students. To make science education more meaningful, interactive, and relevant, a deep understanding of the Nature of Science (NOS) is essential. This study aims to explore the understanding, benefits, and application of scientific concepts in the teaching and learning process to shape students' scientific attitudes. Using a literature review method, this research gathers information from various relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that science encompasses elements of philosophy, sociology, history, and psychology that support scientific understanding. By understanding NOS, students will view science as a process of knowledge discovery, rather than merely a collection of facts. The application of science in education also impacts students' ability to apply knowledge in practical contexts, enhance their analytical skills, and adapt to societal changes.

Math and science is a field that is closely related to everyday life and is challenging yet interesting because it provides a deep understanding of science and mathematics. In reality, there are still many students who have no interest in this field because they consider mathematics and science to be difficult and uninteresting. Increasing students' interest in math and science can be achieved by conducting interactive hands-on activities through training in the production of acid-base indicators from natural materials. This hands-on training provides a more concrete learning experience and is relevant to everyday life because students use natural materials, known as green chemical indicators, that are easily found around them as a substitute for synthetic chemical indicators. This allows students to understand the concepts of acids and bases through direct application. This lab is expected to increase their understanding and interest in math and science. The use of natural indicators also supports the principle of environmentally friendly learning, which is in line with the concept of green chemistry, which minimizes the use of hazardous chemicals. Through this lab, students are expected to not only gain an understanding of concepts, but also develop scientific process skills such as observation, analysis, and problem solving. This hands-on activity is expected to spark students' curiosity and enthusiasm for MIPA science.

Students often perceive math as a difficult subject, especially in primary school, even though it is a basic subject in everyday life and the advancement of science. Low learning outcomes result from this viewpoint as it undermines students' motivation and interest in learning math. This research looks at how the use of cutting-edge learning resources, such as Worldwall, can help students to understand and be more engaged in math, especially when it comes to division. The use of media can improve students' motivation, engagement and learning outcomes while helping them to overcome challenges related to understanding complex mathematical ideas. This research suggests that teachers use online learning tools such as Worldwall to make math lessons more interesting and dynamic.

Social Studies (IPS) is one of the subjects taught at the elementary / MI / SDLB level to SMP / MTs / SMP / SMPLB. IPS examines various claims, facts, assumptions, and generalizations related to social issues, by covering disciplines such as Geography, History, Sociology, and Economics in the SMP / MTs curriculum. Through social studies learning, students are encouraged to become active citizens, caring, politically aware, and have a global awareness and love of peace.This research uses a literature analysis method or literature review approach. Social studies covers a variety of subjects, including science, mathematics, and Indonesian language, thus placing it as a challenging field of study. Social studies learning seeks to answer various human rights issues and daily social problems faced by society. In the process, social studies learning is characterized by challenges and complexities that must be faced by educators and students. Keywords: Social Science, Education and Curriculum, Social and Civic Issues, Literature Review

This study aims to examine the contribution of historical science in the effort to revitalize museums as educational institutions and preserve cultural heritage. Museums, as public spaces that store and exhibit historical collections, have an important role in facilitating public understanding of the nation's history. However, in the context of the development of the times and changes in public preferences, museums often face challenges in attracting visitors. The contribution of historical science in museum revitalization includes a more interactive approach, technology integration, and storytelling based on in-depth historical research. Thus, historical science not only functions as a source of information, but also as a basis for creating educational experiences that can connect the current generation with relevant historical values. This study suggests various revitalization strategies that can be applied to increase the attractiveness and function of museums as centers for learning and preserving culture, as well as strengthening historical awareness.

This study examines the effectiveness of three integration-interconnection models in Islamic Religious Education (PAI): the Tree of Knowledge Model, the Spider Web Model, and the Twin Towers Model. These models are designed to bridge religious knowledge and general sciences, enriching a holistic approach in Islamic education. The Tree of Knowledge Model positions religious values as the ethical foundation for all disciplines, integrating faith as the basis for understanding general knowledge. The Spider Web Model envisions education as an interconnected, interdisciplinary network, enhancing students' ability to perceive connections across various fields. The Twin Towers Model balances the roles of religious and general sciences, promoting moderation and openness among students. The study findings suggest that these models help reduce the dichotomy between religious and secular sciences and assist students in developing a comprehensive and relevant understanding of both disciplines. The study recommends adopting these models into the PAI curriculum, providing comprehensive teacher training, and developing integrated learning modules to prepare Islamic education students to face contemporary social and scientific challenges with critical thinking and a strong ethical foundation.

Social Studies (IPS) is a program in a lesson that has a scientific field so it is also called a scientific discipline. Social studies also has its own perspective that is integrated from all other subjects and also has a very broad discussion of human behavior that can be studied in detail and studied in depth. Basically social studies has a combination of a number of other subjects, for that social studies is a new field of study, which is then introduced to students. Of all social studies also has basic concepts that must know. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to describe the learning planning, and implementation of learning through cooperative learning model type NHT (Numbered Head Together) that can improve the basic skills of social studies and learning outcomes of classroom students. The method used in this research is Action Research. The results of this study showed an increase in each cycle 1- 3 namely; The value of learning planning becomes very good. The value of teacher performance in learning becomes very good. The achievement of basic social studies skills in students, namely, skillful reached 87%, which means that of the 8 indicators has been achieved as a whole. Increased student learning outcomes, for cycle 1 students who completed reached 20 of the total students, for cycle 2 students who completed reached 26 of the total students and cycle 3 students who completed reached 34.

This writing aims to describe the development of the Social Studies curriculum in Indonesia. Social studies education in Indonesia did not just appear and develop, but through a long journey full of dynamics. This article reviews social studies education from a historical perspective and its development using historical research methods, which include the steps of heuristics, source criticism (external and internal), interpretation, and historiography. The development of the social studies curriculum in Indonesia has adopted the concepts of social studies education in several major countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, which became a reference because of the similarity of the conditions of multicultural society and the background of the country's unstable situation at that time. Nevertheless, the development of social studies education in Indonesia is adapted to the conditions of society and government in the country, which has an impact on the preparation of curriculum and implementation of learning in schools. Along with technological advances, social studies education also continues to grow by utilizing a variety of learning resources and media. In addition, the development of social studies learning materials also involves the active participation of the wider community.

This study examines the role of digital simulations in improving university students' understanding of complex physics concepts. Utilizing an experimental design, the research assessed students' conceptual grasp before and after the use of digital simulations in instructional sessions. Results indicated a significant improvement in students' understanding and retention of physics concepts, particularly in areas such as electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. The findings support digital simulation as an effective tool for enhancing conceptual learning in science education.

This research aims to measure the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Kertobanyon regarding plant body parts and their functions using a problem based learning model. This research involved 13 class IV students at SDN Kertobanyon using the Classroom Action Research (PTK) method. Data was collected through the pre-cycle, cycle I and cycle II stages. The research results show a significant increase in student learning outcomes. At the pre-cycle stage, the percentage of students whose learning outcomes reached the KKM was 38.5%. In the first cycle stage, the percentage of students whose learning outcomes reached the KKM was 46.1%. In cycle II stage, the percentage of students whose learning outcomes reached the KKM was 76.9%. The PBL model has proven to be effective not only in increasing understanding of science and science concepts, but also in developing students' social skills and learning motivation. Therefore, PBL is recommended as an effective learning model for science and science learning in elementary schools.

This study investigates the impact of virtual reality (VR) tools in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. By analyzing experimental data from VR-based STEM lessons across multiple schools, the research highlights how immersive experiences can help students understand complex concepts, increase motivation, and improve retention. The findings emphasize the potential of VR to transform traditional STEM education by providing interactive and engaging learning environments.

Assistance with tajweed learning activities aims to improve children's ability to read the Qur'an in Silandit village, especially around the Mardiyah mosque, this tajweed learning assistance activity teaches children to read the Qur'an with tartil using the laws and rules of tajweed science that are good and correct, using the direct practice method can make it easier for children to understand what the teacher means because with this method the teacher can see the extent of children's development in understanding the study of tajweed by directly practicing what the teacher means. This mentoring method is carried out using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. The preparations that we prepared in this mentoring included preparing tajweed learning materials, followed by carrying out learning mentoring by adjusting to children's studies and focusing on the study of tajweed, then practicing direct tartil reading according to the rules of tajweed followed by children. The result of this assistance is that the assistance carried out at the Mardiyah Silandit mosque can regenerate children's enthusiasm in studying, repeating and improving the reading of the Qur'an and adding insight so that children are able to read the Qur'an tartil in accordance with the study and rules of tajweed science.

This study aims to analyze the character of students in learning Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) at Elementary School 3 Kintamani. Character is an important aspect in the development of students, apart from academic knowledge. Character includes attitudes, behaviors, and values ​​that will shape individuals into good citizens. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to describe the condition of student character in IPAS learning. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that character development in IPAS learning at Elementary School 3 Kintamani went well, although there were several challenges such as the lack of active student involvement and the lack of variation in learning methods. Some of the dominant character values ​​identified were responsibility, cooperation, and concern for the environment. This study recommends that teachers develop more student-centered learning methods and increase practical activities that involve exploring the surrounding environment. science lessons. It can be concluded that the largest percentage value is in the analysis indicator which has a larger number than the number of other indicators, namely so that it can be interpreted that students are able and understand the material and form student characters who are more patient, aware, careful and critical and have a great curiosity.  

Research with the title Critical Thinking Ability of Class V Students in Social Science Learning at SD 2 BATUR. (Magdalena et al., 2021) This research aims to: Determine the critical thinking abilities of fifth grade students in learning science and science, identify factors that influence students' critical thinking abilities. and factors that influence the critical thinking abilities of class V students in science and science learning at SDN 2. This research will use a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects of this research are fifth grade students at SD 2 BATUR who are divided into three categories: High critical thinking ability, (Ilham & Hardiyanti, 2020) Medium critical thinking ability, Low critical thinking ability. Apart from these 3 categories, this research also uses Data collection techniques include observation, tests and interviews. The results of the research are 3 categories, including students with high critical thinking ability categories who can fulfill all critical thinking indicators. Students with moderate critical thinking ability categories are able to meet three indicators. Students with low critical thinking ability categories are only able to meet two indicators. This is also due to several factors that influence students' critical thinking ability, namely as follows: internal factors such as physical condition, anxiety, motivation, interaction and intellectual development and external factors related to outside individual in the form of a social environment.

This study aims to analyze the challenges and solutions in integrating Tri Hita Karana into science learning (IPAS) at Sekolah Dasar Negeri (Public Elementary School) 2 Batur. Tri Hita Karana is a principle of life that emphasizes the balance between devotion to God, service to fellow humans, and fostering love for the environment and living beings around us. The results of this study indicate that students at SD Negeri 2 Batur have diverse backgrounds and understandings of spiritual and social values. The solution to overcome these challenges is to provide adequate training for teachers on how to integrate Tri Hita Karana into science learning (IPAS).

This research aims to develop Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) learning articles with a Tri Hita Karana orientation to increase teachers' needs for interactive teaching materials at SD Negeri 2 Batur. In the independent curriculum, science and social studies learning is combined into Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects, with the hope that teachers can fulfill learning needs. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with the research subjects consisting of science and technology teachers. The techniques used in data collection were carried out through in-depth interviews and observation. The research results show that teachers need teaching materials that are more interactive, relevant to the local context, and able to integrate Tri Hita Karana values ​​in learning. The main challenges faced are limited technological facilities and a lack of teaching materials that link science concepts to students' daily lives. Based on research results, the development of local wisdom-based teaching materials such as Tri Hita Karana has the potential to increase students' active participation and support learning that is more meaningful, effective and relevant to the cultural context and local environment.

This research aims to develop Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) learning articles with a Tri Hita Karana orientation to increase teachers' needs for interactive teaching materials at SD Negeri 2 Batur. In the independent curriculum, science and social studies learning is combined into Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects, with the hope that teachers can fulfill learning needs. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with the research subjects consisting of science and technology teachers. The techniques used in data collection were carried out through in-depth interviews and observation. The research results show that teachers need teaching materials that are more interactive, relevant to the local context, and able to integrate Tri Hita Karana values ​​in learning. The main challenges faced are limited technological facilities and a lack of teaching materials that link science concepts to students' daily lives. Based on research results, the development of local wisdom-based teaching materials such as Tri Hita Karana has the potential to increase students' active participation and support learning that is more meaningful, effective and relevant to the cultural context and local environment.

This study aims to investigate the effect of using the Flipped Classroom model assisted by interactive videos on the understanding of social science concepts among fifth-grade students at SD Wujud Kasih Ungaran. The research method employed is quantitative, with the subjects being fifth-grade students. Through an experimental design, this research compares two groups: an experimental group utilizing the Flipped Classroom model and a control group employing conventional methods. The results indicate that the implementation of the Flipped Classroom model assisted by interactive videos has a positive impact on students' understanding of social science concepts. Data analysis using the Independent Sample T-Test reveals a significance value of 0.023, indicating a significant difference between the experimental and control groups at a significance level of 0.05. The average understanding score of the experimental group reached 61.61 percent, higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the results of the Simple Linear Regression Test show an R square value of 0.547, indicating that 54.7% of the variation in students' understanding can be explained by the use of this learning model.  In conclusion, the Flipped Classroom model assisted by interactive videos significantly influences students' understanding of social science concepts, as evidenced by increased enthusiasm and motivation during the learning process. This study recommends the adoption of this model as an alternative in social science education to enhance students' understanding quality.

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Munggut 01 in the science subject. This research is classroom action research. This research was carried out at SDN Munggut 01 with research subjects in class IV as many as 15 students. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation, tests and documentation. Based on classroom action research (PTK) using Google Sites learning media to improve student learning outcomes in science and science subjects, the material on changing the shape of objects in the classroom has been implemented with the results of improvements through the data that has been obtained. The increase can be seen in learning outcomes with the average score of students in class IV with a presentation of completeness of learning outcomes in cycle I of 26.67%, while in the learning process of cycle II the percentage of completeness of student learning outcomes was 86.67%. The data shows that there was a significant increase in student learning outcomes in the science content material on changes in the form of objects through the learning media Google Sites.