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This study aims to analyze the feasibility and sensitivity of shallot farming as seed production using a low cost greenhouse system in Hasara Dodo Farmer Group, Nias Regency. The research employed a quantitative approach with a case study method. The data used include production costs, yield, selling price, and greenhouse investment components, which were analyzed using cost, revenue, income, and R/C ratio calculations, as well as sensitivity analysis. The results show that the total production cost is Rp205,200,000 per hectare per planting season, with total revenue of Rp510,000,000 and income of Rp304,800,000. The R/C ratio value of 2.48 indicates that the farming is financially feasible. Sensitivity analysis results show that the farming remains feasible even under a 10% decrease in selling price, increase in production cost, and decrease in production, with the R/C ratio still greater than one. The use of a low cost greenhouse system is proven to improve production stability, especially in areas with high rainfall. In addition, shallot production as seed provides higher economic value compared to consumption purposes. Therefore, greenhouse-based shallot farming has strong potential to be developed as a strategy to increase farmers' income.

This study aims to analyze production cost efficiency through the use of self-formulated feed based on rice bran in laying hen farming in Kutamandiri Village. Feed costs represent the largest component of production expenses in laying hen enterprises, reaching up to 60–70% of total operational costs. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach using primary data collected through observation, interviews, and cost-revenue recording during one production period. Data were analyzed using cost structure analysis and Revenue-Cost (R/C) ratio to determine business feasibility. The results indicate that the use of rice bran-based self-formulated feed reduced feed costs and lowered total production expenses. The calculated R/C ratio was 1.43, indicating that the enterprise is financially feasible and profitable. Additionally, the findings suggest that utilizing locally available feed resources such as rice bran can improve cost efficiency, reduce reliance on external feed supplies, and enhance the sustainability of small-scale laying hen enterprises. This research provides valuable insights for farmers in Kutamandiri Village and other similar agricultural communities looking to optimize production costs and improve their profitability by adopting cost-effective, locally sourced feed options.

The Baduy tribe is an indigenous community in Banten Province divided into two main groups, namely Inner Baduy and Outer Baduy, with varying levels of adherence to customary law and exposure to modernization. This article examines various government policies that affect the survival and identity of the Baduy tribe. These policies include the recognition of customary rights through Lebak Regency Regulation No. 32 of 2001, the designation of Kanekes Village as customary land, and the designation of the Baduy area as a tourist destination. Although these policies aim to protect the rights and preserve the culture of the Baduy, their implementation has created a dilemma. On the one hand, tourism opens up new economic opportunities and raises cultural awareness. On the other hand, the influx of tourists triggers significant social, cultural, economic, and environmental changes, especially among the Outer Baduy, including the adoption of modern technology, shifts in consumption patterns, and increased environmental pollution. Thus, preservation policies have ironically become drivers of change that undermine the Baduy community's original identity.

This research aims to explore a culture shock phenomenon and its impact on the stress levels and adaptation processes of migrant students at PASIM national University, as individuals who move into a new environment, culture, different geographical features, migrant students often face problems in communication or psychological pressure. Data collected process done by interviewing respondents, thru qualitative method with phenomenological approach to deeply describe life experiences. Basically culture shock has four phases, start with initial disorientation and cognitive load due to the uncertainty of social life, followed by emotional pressure leading to social isolation and homesickness. After those two the adaptive coping process activated starting with building relationships with peers, after all of these phases formed the increase of post-crisis increase in intercultural and social competence. This finding indicate that early phase of culture shock does indeed have a negative impct, however, as the adaptation process an individual can develop an independence dan stronger self-identity. Conclusion, this research emphasizes the importance of internal resilience and the support external support in transforming challenges into opportunities for self-development that can lead to personal growth and benefits.

This study aims to examine the effect of the Jigsaw learning model on X grade students of the Electrical Installation Engineering program at SMKS Raden Paku, enhanced with the use of the Kahoot! platform. The research employs a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design and a nonequivalent control group design. The subjects of the study were divided into two groups: the control group, which applied the Jigsaw learning model using PowerPoint media, and the experimental group, which applied the Jigsaw model using the interactive Kahoot! media. Data were collected through pretest and posttest, as well as observation sheets to assess students' learning outcomes in the affective and psychomotor aspects. Data analysis techniques included normality test, homogeneity test, paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and normalized gain (N-Gain) analysis. The findings showed that the average learning outcomes difference between the control group (71.5%) and the experimental group (72.3%) was in the moderately effective category. However, the use of the Jigsaw learning model with Kahoot! had an effect on student learning outcomes, but the influence was not very large. This study provides insights into the effectiveness of using Kahoot! in the Jigsaw learning model.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping public governance, including legislative processes. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), AI is being actively utilized to enhance law-making through faster drafting, improved consistency, and greater transparency. This study examines the role of AI in the UAE’s legislative functions, focusing on how AI tools assist in analyzing legal data, formulating policy recommendations, and drafting legislation. It explores how AI impacts the speed, accuracy, and legitimacy of law-making, while also addressing the ethical and legal challenges of delegating legislative tasks to intelligent systems. Using a qualitative case study method, the paper evaluates government initiatives, expert insights, and regulatory structures that frame AI's integration into the UAE’s law-making system. While AI offers opportunities for data-driven governance and increased legislative productivity, it also presents risks such as algorithmic bias, reduced human oversight, and accountability gaps. The study emphasizes that AI must be governed by strong regulatory frameworks to safeguard democratic values, fairness, and legal integrity. By analyzing a pioneering national model, this research contributes to global discussions on AI in governance and offers key insights for policymakers, technologists, and legal scholars seeking to balance innovation with ethical and legal standards.

This study examines the social realities of Iranian society, often misrepresented in international media that focus on politics, conflict, or conservatism. Using a sociological and humanistic perspective, it highlights everyday practices of courtesy, social norms, and traditions. The taarof ritual a unique form of politeness is discussed as a vivid example of how Iranians foster social harmony, respect guests, and demonstrate solidarity. The article also considers the impact of formal and customary law on social behavior, alongside the interplay between tradition and modernity in urban and rural contexts. Field observations and literature review suggest that Iranian society maintains high levels of courtesy and social cohesion, challenging common stereotypes. This research aims to enrich cross-cultural understanding and provide a more nuanced view of social life in Iran.

Gender-based and age-based violence targeting women and children continues to pose a serious challenge to human rights protection in Indonesia. As the principal duty bearer, the state bears the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill victims' rights through effective protection mechanisms, one of which is the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA). This research analyzes the contribution of UPTD PPA Bandung City in fulfilling the human rights of victims of violence against women and children and maps the obstacles encountered in operational service delivery. The study utilizes a juridical-empirical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews with UPTD PPA Bandung City representatives in November 2025, whereas secondary data were derived from the examination of legal regulations and relevant scholarly literature. Research findings reveal that UPTD PPA Bandung City managed 382 cases in 2025 by providing complaint mechanisms, assessment procedures, legal and psychological support, counseling services, and shelter facilities. These services demonstrate normative compliance with national legislation and human rights principles, particularly concerning protection, rehabilitation, and access to justice. Nevertheless, service delivery encounters several challenges, including insufficient human resources and facilities, underreporting by victims, and suboptimal cross-institutional coordination. Consequently, strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring adequate infrastructure, developing integrated standard operating procedures, and establishing regional regulatory frameworks are essential to guarantee effective and sustained fulfillment of victims' rights.

The land conflict between the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta indigenous community and PT Toba Pulp Lestari is a form of agrarian conflict involving claims to control customary territory and corporate interests. This study aims to analyze the role of the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (AMAN) in this conflict. The approach used was qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that AMAN plays a significant role in various aspects, such as legal assistance, mass mobilization, community organizing, legal education, and village deliberations. In addition, AMAN also builds networks with various parties to strengthen the bargaining position of indigenous communities. Through these roles, AMAN has succeeded in increasing the bargaining power of the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta indigenous community in facing the conflict with PT Toba Pulp Lestari. This study confirms that advocacy organizations such as AMAN have a crucial role in fighting for the rights of indigenous communities in land disputes, as well as being agents of change in resolving agrarian conflicts.

The rapid growth of Indonesia’s banking industry has encouraged various corporate actions, such as mergers, to enhance efficiency and competitiveness. However, post-merger system integration often creates issues for customers, particularly the increase in credit collectability caused by data migration errors. This study aims to analyze the legal protection and liability of banks toward customers adversely affected by the merger process. The research employs a normative juridical approach through legislation review and case study analysis. The findings indicate that customer legal protection operates both preventively and repressively. Preventive protection is regulated under the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No. 6/POJK.07/2022, emphasizing transparency, education, and data security principles. Meanwhile, repressive protection is carried out through internal bank complaint mechanisms, the Financial Services Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution (LAPS SJK), and civil lawsuits under Articles 1365 and 1243 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The study concludes that banks are legally responsible for restoring customers’ rights by correcting SLIK data, issuing clarification letters, and providing material and immaterial compensation. Upholding prudential principles and consumer protection is essential to maintaining public trust in the post-merger banking system.

Civil servants (ASN) entering retirement represent a strategic human resource asset for national development; however, their potential is often underutilized due to an institutional vacuum. This study identifies this fundamental problem as manifesting in two dimensions: the absence of a cohesive structure among the retired community and the lack of a structure that systematically connects them to the economic empowerment ecosystem. Consequently, the transition from active service to a productive retirement period presents a significant challenge. The purpose of this research is to design an effective institutional forum model to serve as a facilitative bridge. The analysis employs a framework integrating three pillars: Mochtar Kusumaatmadja's Development Law Theory as the philosophical foundation, Ansell and Gash's Collaborative Governance concept as the governance paradigm, and the Pentahelix model as the operational framework. This study proposes a multi-stakeholder collaborative forum designed to synergize the roles of government, industry, academia, communities, and the media. The primary recommendation is the establishment of a formal entity functioning as an incubator and accelerator. This entity is intended not only to address the economic needs of retirees but also to align with the country's constitutional mandate to achieve sustainable social welfare.

Working memory (WM) has been extensively studied as a cognitive factor influencing second language acquisition (SLA), but many studies treat it as a static, trait-like capacity. This approach provides limited insight into how WM works across different stages of development, proficiency levels, and learning contexts. This article combines theoretical and empirical research on working memory in SLA from a dynamic and developmental perspective, analyzing how the influence of WM varies over time and interacts with other cognitive and contextual factors. Referencing Baddeley's multicomponent model, complex dynamic systems theory, and longitudinal research, this article examines evidence regarding the role of WM in various language domains, including vocabulary learning, grammar processing, and language production. It also investigates how WM works differently at various proficiency levels and developmental periods, from childhood to adulthood. Evidence suggests that WM plays a very strong role in the early stages of learning when processing is effortful and controlled, but becomes less central as linguistic knowledge becomes automated. The relationship between WM and SLA appears to be bidirectional, with sustained language learning contributing to the development of specific WM components, particularly executive control. The influence of WM varies significantly based on task characteristics, teaching context, and learner profiles. Understanding WM as a dynamic resource rather than a fixed constraint has important pedagogical implications. Instructions that manage cognitive load, provide support, and encourage metacognitive awareness can help learners with diverse cognitive profiles. A developmental approach in WM research requires longitudinal designs and task-aligned methodologies to capture changes over time, thereby advancing theory and practice in SLA.

Universities in border areas face challenges in recruiting prospective new students due to limited access to higher education information and low levels of advanced literacy studies among high school students. Bulungan Regency, as a border area in North Kalimantan, demonstrates this condition, which has an impact on the low number of high school graduates who continue their studies at Mulawarman University, especially the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP). This community service activity aims to build a partnership strategy between FKIP Mulawarman University and Tanjung Palas State Senior High School and Tanjung Selor State Senior High School as an effort to improve students' understanding of higher education and increase enthusiasm for new student admissions. The implementation method uses a participatory university-school partnership approach through campus socialization activities, educational career workshops, student inspiration classes, virtual campus tours, guidance counselor training, and new student registration assistance. The evaluation program was conducted using pre-test and post-test questionnaires, interviews, and documentation of student registration data. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in students' understanding of FKIP Mulawarman University, from 42% to 85% at Tanjung Palas State Senior High School and from 45% to 88% at Tanjung Selor State Senior High School. The satisfaction rate of partner schools with the program is above 90%, and there has been an increase in student interest in continuing their studies at university. The program also strengthens the role of guidance counselors as information agents for higher education and fosters a sustainable collaborative network between universities and schools. It can be concluded that the School Partnership Program is effective as a strategy to increase new student enrollment at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at Mulawarman University and serves as a model for university service in expanding access to higher education in border areas. This program is recommended for continuation and implementation at other schools in North Kalimantan.

This community service program aims to increase student interest and recruitment in the Physical Education and Sports Science Study Program at Mulawarman University in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan. The main problem faced is the low interest of high school students in continuing their studies in physical education and sports science due to limited information regarding study programs, university admission pathways, and career prospects for graduates. The implementation methods included direct academic outreach in schools, career education workshops, sports teaching clinics, and a digital campaign through social media. Evaluation was conducted using pre- and post-test interest questionnaires, teacher interviews, and recording the number of new student applicants. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in student understanding and interest in continuing their studies, as well as an increase in the number of new student applicants from the target schools. These findings indicate that the combination of direct academic promotion and digital campaigns is effective in increasing new student recruitment. The program also succeeded in establishing partnerships between universities and schools as a sustainable measure. This community service activity is recommended for replication in other regions to support equitable access to higher education in physical education and sports science.

Water is an essential need for all living things on Earth to support various vital biological processes. Without water, life cannot exist because of its role as a solvent, nutrient transport medium, and temperature regulator. Water in nature does come from various sources such as rivers, lakes, rain, and groundwater, which are not all clear because they are contaminated with particles or other substances, in contrast to mountain springs which are often purer. In this study, a water filtration system was created aimed at making turbid water purify to be suitable for use by assessing the NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) of turbid water due to suspended particles such as mud or sediment, thus producing clear water suitable for use for household or irrigation purposes. The use of two Siemens S7-1200 PLCs as controllers in the water filtration system is a reliable redundant approach to automate mechanisms such as pump, valve, and NTU sensor settings. PLC 1 is used for the filtration system and PLC 2 is used for the water distribution system. The water distribution process uses a DC pump that runs when it receives input from the water level sensor in the raw water tank and clean water tank. The water filtration process has three main stages: reading the water turbidity level using a turbidity sensor, regulating the water flow rate using a solenoid valve, and filtering the water using filter media. The system's operation can be monitored and controlled through a SCADA system. Both PLCs are connected using an OPC server for communication between the PLC and SCADA. The OPC server sends data from the PLC to the Wonderware InTouch application as the SCADA system. To monitor and control the SCADA system, users must log in to access the system.

The construction sector is an industry with a high level of work accident risk due to its dynamic and complex work characteristics. This study aims to examine the application of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) System and evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating risks at the Health Facility Building Construction Project (Project X) in Fakfak Regency. The research method used is a descriptive-analytical quantitative approach with purposive sampling of 25 respondents, including executors, supervisors, and field workers. Risk analysis was conducted using the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method by measuring Severity, Occurrence, and Detection parameters to produce a Risk Priority Number (RPN). The results show that RPN values range from 52.35 to 452.30. The highest risk was found in the variable of limited safety signage in hazardous locations (RPN 452.30), which falls into the very high category. Additionally, 10 high-risk variables and 9 medium-risk variables were identified, dominated by technical, operational, and management factors, such as the use of heavy equipment by uncertified operators and weak implementation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and OHS audits. This study concludes that the application of OHS in Project X is still reactive and requires strengthening risk-based safety management systems as well as improving workforce competence to achieve zero accident conditions.

This study investigates (1) the impact of the Flipped Classroom model on students’ learning independence in Social Studies, (2) its effect on Social Studies achievement, and (3) its simultaneous influence on both variables among Grade VIII students at SMPN 10 Satap Liukang Tangaya. A quantitative approach was applied using a quasi-experimental method with a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The sample comprised 33 students, with 17 assigned to the experimental class and 16 to the control class. Data collection instruments included a learning independence questionnaire, Social Studies achievement tests, observation sheets, and documentation. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, normality and homogeneity tests, paired samples t-tests, independent samples t-tests, and MANOVA using SPSS. The findings reveal that the Flipped Classroom model significantly enhances students’ learning independence, as evidenced by independent samples t-test results (Sig. < 0.05). It also significantly improves Social Studies learning outcomes, indicated by higher posttest scores in the experimental class compared to the control class (Sig. < 0.05). Furthermore, MANOVA results confirm a significant simultaneous effect on both learning independence and achievement (Sig. < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the Flipped Classroom model effectively improves the overall quality of Social Studies instruction for Grade VIII students.

This study aims to identify students' learning obstacles in the process of understanding one-variable linear equations in grade VII, develop an appropriate learning trajectory using a Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach, and produce an effective learning design to reduce these obstacles through generative models. The research adopts a design research methodology consisting of three main stages. The first stage, preparation for the experiment, includes a literature review and analysis of teachers’ instructional practices to develop a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) for one-variable linear equations. The second stage, design experiment, involves testing the designed learning activities through a pilot experiment and teaching experiment. The third stage, retrospective analysis, compares actual classroom observations with the initial HLT to refine and validate the learning trajectory. The research subjects include seven grade VII students in the pilot experiment and 44 students from SMP Negeri 2 Mataram in the teaching experiment. Data collection methods include tests, observations, interviews, and documentation, with retrospective analysis used to generate a validated Local Learning Trajectory (LLT). The findings reveal several epistemological obstacles experienced by students, such as difficulties in applying fundamental arithmetic concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) within the context of linear equations. Students also struggled with concept recognition, representation, and interpretation of linear equations in various forms. The developed LLT proved effective, as students demonstrated improved understanding and were able to follow the learning sequence meaningfully. Retrospective analysis confirmed that the LLT successfully addressed and reduced students’ learning obstacles in mastering one-variable linear equations.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of cooperative learning methods on learning outcomes and students' understanding of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) subjects for Class VIII at MT Hubbul Wathon Sangatta Selatan. This study uses a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental research type using a non-equivalent control group design. The study population was 48 students of class VIII A and VIII B, with a sample size of 44 students, each class consisting of 22 students from the experimental class and the control class. Data collection techniques were carried out through tests (pre- and post-tests), observation, and recording. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, normality tests, homogeneity tests, N-Gain tests, and hypothesis tests (t-tests). The results showed that the average learning outcomes of students in the experimental class increased from 61.14% in the previous class to 84.09% in the next class, while in the control class increased from 63.41% to 77.73%. The results of the normality test showed that the data were normally distributed and the homogeneity test showed that the variances of the two groups were identical. The t-test results showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the experimental class and the control class. Thus, the cooperative learning method has a positive and effective effect in improving student learning outcomes and understanding in the Islamic Religious Education subject for Class VIII MT Hubbul Wathon Sangatta Selatan.

This study aims to describe the implementation of innovative learning strategies through the Game-Based Learning (GBL) model to enhance the active participation of tenth-grade students in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at MA Hasyimiyah. The research is motivated by the prevalence of conventional teacher-centered learning, which results in low student engagement and enthusiasm. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design, the research subjects included tenth-grade students at MA Hasyimiyah and Field Experience Practice (PPL) students as key informants who conducted the lessons directly. Data collection techniques included classroom observations, semi-structured interviews with PPL students, and documentation gathered during a one-month PPL period. The results indicate that the application of the GBL model utilizing digital media such as Quizizz, Wordwall, Zep Quiz, and Spinner, as well as manual media like question-and-answer cards, significantly increased learning motivation, classroom interaction, and active participation. This improvement was evidenced by students' increased confidence in expressing opinions and intensive involvement in group discussions. Although challenges such as limited infrastructure, unstable internet connections, and restricted student device access were identified, these obstacles were effectively overcome through adaptive strategies by PPL students, who modified digital games into manual formats. This study confirms that innovative and adaptive learning strategies play a crucial role in enhancing student participation levels, particularly within the context of schools with limited facilities.