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This study aims to comprehensively examine the concept of intention and the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah in prayer from the perspective of the four imams of the schools of jurisprudence: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali. The background of this study is based on the existence of differing opinions among scholars, which often cause confusion among the public regarding the correct practice of prayer. The method used is qualitative research in the form of a literature review (library research), through data collection from classical fiqh texts, scientific journals, and other relevant literature. The data analysis technique employs a descriptive-comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences in the views of each school of thought. The results of the study indicate that all schools of thought agree that intention is an act of the heart that constitutes a valid condition for prayer, yet they differ regarding the timing of its performance and its verbalization. Regarding the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah, the Shafi’i school mandates it as a pillar in every rak’ah, whereas the Hanafi school does not consider it a pillar. The Maliki and Hanbali schools adopt a moderate stance by granting leniency under certain conditions. These differences reflect the richness of Islamic jurisprudence, which is dynamic and flexible. This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding and foster an attitude of tolerance in addressing differences in worship practices.

Diversity is an inherent aspect of social life, particularly in a multicultural society like Indonesia, which comprises various ethnicities, races, cultures, and religions. Differences in belief should not lead to conflict but instead foster mutual respect and peaceful coexistence. Islam, as a religion of rahmatan lil ‘alamin (a blessing for all creation), upholds tolerance as a fundamental social value. However, the Qur'an outlines certain limits to ensure tolerance does not compromise core principles of faith. This study aims to explore the concept and boundaries of religious tolerance from the perspectives of three prominent Nusantara exegetes: Shaikh Nawawi al-Bantani, Muhammad Hasbi al-Shiddieqy, and Buya Hamka, while identifying similarities and differences in their views. Using a library research method with a comparative descriptive analysis, the study examines their interpretations. The findings reveal that all three scholars share a consistent understanding of tolerance as an attitude of mutual respect, understanding, and acceptance of differences to achieve a peaceful and harmonious society. Nevertheless, they differ in defining its limits. Nawawi al-Bantani includes aspects of faith and politics, Hasbi emphasizes moral-based social interactions, and Hamka confines tolerance to social relations not related to faith.

This study analyzes the similarities and differences between Japanese and Indonesian compound words, with particular attention to their structural patterns and semantic characteristics. The data were collected from official news websites in Japan and Indonesia, including Asahi Shinbun and Kompas, through observation and note-taking techniques. The collected data were analyzed through the distributional method, and the contrastive analysis was conducted based on morphological theories proposed by Chaer (2015), Katamba (2018), and Kageyama (2016). The findings reveal that ten Japanese and Indonesian compound words share equivalent meanings. From a structural perspective, both languages exhibit various types of compound formations, including noun, adjective, and verb compounds. A notable structural difference is that Japanese compound words may undergo a phonological process known as rendaku. From a semantic perspective, compound words in both languages may be categorized as endocentric and exocentric. However, some compounds do not share the same idiomatic meanings, even though they are constructed from identical lexemes in each language.  

This study analyzes the similarities and differences between Japanese and Indonesian compound words, with particular attention to their structural patterns and semantic characteristics. The data were collected from official news websites in Japan and Indonesia, including Asahi Shinbun and Kompas, through observation and note-taking techniques. The collected data were analyzed through the distributional method, and the contrastive analysis was conducted based on morphological theories proposed by Chaer (2015), Katamba (2018), and Kageyama (2016). The findings reveal that ten Japanese and Indonesian compound words share equivalent meanings. From a structural perspective, both languages exhibit various types of compound formations, including noun, adjective, and verb compounds. A notable structural difference is that Japanese compound words may undergo a phonological process known as rendaku. From a semantic perspective, compound words in both languages may be categorized as endocentric and exocentric. However, some compounds do not share the same idiomatic meanings, even though they are constructed from identical lexemes in each language.  

The axiology of science is a branch of the philosophy of science that examines the values, goals, and orientations of scientific knowledge utilization. This article aims to philosophically analyze the concept of the axiology of science from Western and Islamic perspectives, highlighting their fundamental similarities and differences. This research employs a qualitative method, employing a literature review approach with descriptive-analytical and comparative methods. The results of the study indicate that in the Western philosophical tradition, the axiology of science has developed historically, from the search for the highest good in classical times to the tendency towards value relativism in the modern and postmodern eras, with human rationality as the center of value determination. Meanwhile, the axiology of science in Islam is rooted in monotheism as a metaphysical foundation, with revelation as the primary source of values ​​and reason serving as an interpretive instrument. Despite paradigmatic differences, both traditions affirm that science cannot be separated from moral dimensions and ethical responsibility. This article concludes that dialogue between Western and Islamic axiology is essential for building a scientific paradigm that is not only rational and progressive, but also moral, just, and oriented towards the welfare of humanity.

This research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method, focusing on the development of pragmatic thinking in Western and Islamic traditions and its contribution to contemporary education. Data were obtained through literature reviews from books, scientific journals, and previous research results. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques to identify similarities and differences in Western and Islamic pragmatic thinking. The results of the study indicate that Western pragmatism developed through Peirce, James, and Dewey, who emphasized truth based on practical consequences and usefulness in life. Islamic pragmatism, although not explicit, is reflected in the thoughts of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun, who combine revelation with empirical experience and public welfare. The contribution of pragmatism to contemporary education includes: (1) educational goals oriented towards social experiences and problem-solving; (2) the position of students as active subjects with growth capacity; (3) curriculum development that is flexible, experience-based, and adaptive to social changes. this research states that Western and Islamic pragmatism both provide important contributions to contemporary education, shifting the focus from knowledge transfer to the development of competencies and characters that are relevant.  

This study aims to analyse the development and compare the legal politics of the Religious Court in Indonesia and Turkey. This study is library research with an interdisciplinary approach to historical-legal and comparative law research. This study presents a historical-legal perspective and a comparative analysis of the law to obtain similarities and differences in the legal politics of the Religious Court in Indonesia and Turkey. The legal politics of the Religious Court in Indonesia are divided into pre-Colonial, independence, and reform periods. In Turkey, the Religious Court is divided into three periods: before the Tanzimat, after the Tanzimat, and during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms. A comparative analysis of the law found that the Religious Courts in Indonesia and Turkey initially applied Islamic law. Still, later restrictions were placed on it in an attempt to abolish it. The difference is that the Religious Court in Indonesia still enforces Islamic law as a positive law in certain fields and regions. The Religious Court in Turkey was abolished and replaced by a regular Court based on European law. The existence of the Religious Court in Indonesia demonstrates the success of legal pluralism, while legal secularism has shifted legal pluralism in Turkey.

Ontology is the philosophical foundation that determines the way reality is understood in the development of science. Differences in ontological assumptions will have implications for the way science is constructed, developed, and interpreted. This article aims to philosophically analyze the ontology of science in Western and Islamic perspectives by highlighting its fundamental similarities and differences. This study uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with descriptive-analytical and comparative methods. The results show that the ontology of Western science tends to emphasize empirical and rational reality as the main object of science, while the ontology of Islamic science is based on the principle of monotheism which looks at reality holistically, including physical and metaphysical dimensions. Although paradigmatically different, the two perspectives have a common point in the recognition of the order of nature and the role of reason in understanding reality. This article affirms the importance of ontological dialogue between the West and Islam in formulating a scientific paradigm that is not only technically advanced, but also philosophically and ethically meaningful.

This article aims to analyze and compare the education systems in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia through a literature study approach. This study highlights similarities and differences in educational objectives, curriculum structure, education management, and the types and levels of education applied in the two countries. In addition, this article reviews the history of the development of education in Saudi Arabia, especially the central role of Islamic education in shaping national education orientation and policy. The analysis shows that Saudi Arabia has an education system that is heavily influenced by religious values and Islamic law, while Indonesia develops an education system based on Pancasila with a more pluralistic approach. However, both countries face similar challenges, such as improving the quality of teachers, equitable access to education, modernizing the curriculum, and adapting to technological developments and globalization. The findings of this study confirm that despite fundamental differences in educational ideologies and approaches, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia share a common commitment to improving the quality of human resources through strengthening the national education system. This article is expected to serve as a reference for comparative research on education in Muslim-majority countries.

The term “comparison” in the context of Public Administration Science refers to an activity of aligning, analyzing, and identifying similarities and differences between various phenomena or objects under study. Meanwhile, administration is understood as a social phenomenon in which groups of people or citizens work together in an organized and purposeful manner to achieve certain collective goals.This research, entitled “A Comparative Study of Public Administration in Indonesia and South Korea in Achieving Effective and Accountable Governance,” aims to analyze both the similarities and differences between the two countries in terms of bureaucratic structure, public administration systems, and the effectiveness and accountability of governance. Indonesia and South Korea, as Asian nations with distinct historical backgrounds, governmental systems, and development trajectories, share a common vision of establishing a clean, transparent, and responsive system of governance.The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using the literature review method, by examining various relevant academic and official sources. The main focus of the comparison lies in the bureaucratic and administrative systems of Indonesia and South Korea. The analysis also takes into account cultural characteristics and governmental structures, including the presidential system, legal framework, financial administration, and local government mechanisms.The findings of this research are expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of how differences in administrative structures and bureaucratic performance in both countries influence the effectiveness and accountability of their governments. Furthermore, the study aims to offer valuable insights for Indonesia in strengthening good governance and improving the quality of public service delivery.

Culture shock is a phenomenon that is experienced by someone who moves to an environment with a culture that is different from their own just as happened to Todd Anderson in the Outsourced movie. This study used a qualitative method to analyze the main character, Todd Anderson, who was sent to India from America. Todd went through five stages of culture shock based on Adler’s theory. In the contact stage, he was still integrated with his American culture. In the second stage, Todd experienced stress and frustration as his ability to relate, connect, and engage with others fell apart. He also felt alienated from the Indian locals. Todd looked for a relationship with the Americans during the third stage. In the fourth stage, Todd freed himself from previous defensiveness towards Indian culture. In the fifth stage, Todd was able to build trust and sensitivity to the Indians, and Todd accepted all the similarities and differences between Indian culture and American culture. Todd also applied all strategies based on Plummer’s theory. Todd looked for a new support group and enriched his life in India. Todd then discovered Indian social taboos that should be avoided. Finally, Todd developed an understanding of Indian culture. Overall, this study concludes that although culture shock occurs in stages, it can be overcome through embracing the local way of life, as Todd did in the film, and ceasing to reject it.  

The terminological debate between “Islamic architecture” and “Islamicate architecture” has become a central concern in studies of architecture rooted in Islamic values. Although often used interchangeably, the two terms carry different theoretical and contextual nuances. This study aims to explore the conceptual similarities and differences between Islamic architecture and Islamicate architecture through an interpretative qualitative approach by examining both classical and contemporary literature, as well as architectural spaces that represent the two terms. The analysis reveals that Islamic architecture refers more to the historical products of classical Islamic civilization, while Islamicate architecture is a contemporary approach that seeks to embed Islamic values into the design process, regardless of traditional architectural forms. This study emphasizes the importance of terminological clarity in developing an architectural identity grounded in values and spirituality. The implication is that conceptual approaches to Islamic and Islamicate architecture can enrich contemporary architectural discourse in an inclusive and contextual manner.

This qualitative research article aims to analyze the basic concepts of Islamic education through the perspectives of two prominent thinkers: Dr. Selamat Pohan, S.Ag., MA. and Zailani, S.Ag., MA. This study specifically explores their views on the approaches, goals, and methodologies of Islamic education. Using content analysis and a comparative approach, this study identifies similarities and differences in the fundamental elements of Islamic education promoted by these two figures. The results indicate that both Selamat Pohan and Zailani view Islamic education as a holistic process encompassing moral strengthening, character formation, and the internalization of Islamic values in accordance with contemporary developments. Both emphasize the importance of an approach based on monotheism, goals aimed at the formation of a perfect human being, and an adaptive and contextual methodology for conveying Islamic values. This study contributes to the development of insights into contemporary Islamic education and enriches scientific discourse within the framework of spiritual and moral values-based education.

The development of society and the increasing complexity of legal relations necessitate the reform of the national criminal law system. This research is motivated by the need to examine the relevance and responsiveness of provisions governing the criminal act of embezzlement in the 1946 Indonesian Criminal Code (Old KUHP) and the 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code (New KUHP). The aim of this study is to analyze the substantive similarities and differences between the two codifications of criminal law, and to assess the extent to which the New KUHP addresses the challenges of modern legal systems. This study employs a normative juridical method using a comparative approach to relevant legislation. The findings reveal that, while both codes share fundamental elements of embezzlement and similar sentencing structures, the 2023 KUHP adopts a more progressive approach. Key reforms include the expansion of legal subjects to include corporations, the adjustment of value thresholds for minor embezzlement, the implementation of more flexible sanctions such as fines, and the strengthening of restorative justice principles. The implications of these findings indicate that the 2023 KUHP is more adaptive to socio-economic dynamics and the needs of a modern criminal justice system. Accordingly, the New KUHP offers a more relevant and contextual legal framework, particularly in addressing embezzlement offenses.

Contracts and agreements are two different things. This is because a contract is basically one type of agreement. However, not all agreements reach the level of a legally binding and enforceable contract. As the problems that will be discussed in this paper are the terms of the agreement in the Indonesian civil law legal system and the terms of the contract in the English common law legal system. In Indonesia, the validity of a contract consists of four conditions, namely the agreement of those who bind themselves, the ability to make an agreement, a certain matter, and a halal or permissible cause. Meanwhile, in English there are five conditions, namely agreement (offer and acceptance, intention to create legal relations, and genuineness of consent), capacity, consideration, legal purpose, and form of contract. Based on this, the author analyzes the comparison of the validity of an agreement or contract between Indonesia and the English and its implementation. Then for the research method used is the normative legal approach method which places the law as a norm system building. The results of the research obtained are that there are significant differences in the requirements regarding the validity of an agreement or contract between Indonesian law and English law, although each of these requirements also has similarities and differences in its provisions.

This research is a literature review that examines various literature on the implications of transformational and transactional leadership. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of transformational and transactional leadership for Islamic educational institutions, as well as the similarities and differences in transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. The method used in this study is library research, using a qualitative approach with a rational approach method. The findings of this study show that transformational and transactional leadership have implications for each individual's commitment to organizational values and goals. Transformational leadership builds long-term relationships, while transactional leadership builds short-term relationships with subordinates based on shared goals and rewards are given when subordinates are able to achieve goals. Instead, sanctions are given if the objectives cannot be achieved. Creative and innovative behavior is not the main thing, but the status quo is considered important. Islamic education leaders can combine these two models to create a balance between innovation and achievement of results.

Abstract. Semiotic analysis of advertising aims to uncover the hidden meanings behind visual and textual elements presented in promotional content. This study explores the semiotic features in smartphone advertising, focusing on Oppo as a case study. This study uses a comparative framework to analyze the similarities and differences between Oppo advertising and competing brands. The analysis is conducted through Charles Sanders Peirce's triadic model, consisting of representamen, object, and interpretant, as well as Roland Barthes' concepts of denotation and connotation. This study identifies symbolic, iconic, and indexical signs used in Oppo advertising to build brand identity and attract target audiences. Key findings reveal how visual elements, color schemes, and slogans emphasize innovation, premium quality, and emotional connection. Comparative insights highlight Oppo's differentiation strategies, such as integrating cultural nuances and leveraging aspirational imagery, to strengthen its market position. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of how semiotic strategies influence consumer perception and purchasing behavior, as well as provide practical implications for marketers and advertisers. This study bridges the gap between semiotic theory and its application in modern advertising, providing a comprehensive perspective on the power of signs in shaping brand narratives.

The plural contrastive analysis in the book of Fathul Qorib is very important because there are many plural formations and there are many errors in making plural forms in Arabic. This is due to a lack of understanding of easier ways to form plural words. This research has a research focus: (1) How plurals are formed in Arabic and Indonesian. (2) What are the similarities and differences in plural formation in Arabic and Indonesian. This research uses a type of research (library research), namely collecting data obtained through research on books, journals, books and websites. Data capture method. This research uses a cooperative descriptive method. The results of this research show that the plural in Arabic contained in the book of fathul qorib consists of the plural muannas salim 69 words, the plural mudzakar salim 79 words and the plural takir 192 words. Meanwhile, the plural in Indonesian contained in the translation of the book of Fathul Qorib consists of a total of 84 words reduplication, 4 partial reduplications, 2 words reduplication of other forms and 11 words affixing reduplication. The similarity in the formation of plurals in Arabic and Indonesian lies in the suffixes or addition of plural meanings. Meanwhile, the differences are: The plural in Indonesian does not recognize the form of tadzkir, is not used for absolutes, reduplication can be used as a plural formation and in Indonesian it does not recognize wazan or pattern while Arabic recognizes the form of tadzkir, there is a division between sensible and non-sensical or mulak, process reduplication cannot be used as a plural marker, whereas in Arabic wazan or the plural pattern takir can be used as a plural word formation.

Knowledge and understanding of truth play a pivotal role in shaping the character of youth. The Quran, as the primary source of knowledge in Islam, illustrates this through the story of Yusa' bin Nun, a companion of Prophet Musa, in Surah Al-Kahfi verses 60-65. This research analyzes the role of Yusa' bin Nun in the pursuit of knowledge and truth based on the interpretations of Ibn Al Kathir and Al-Maraghi. Using a qualitative approach and literature review method, the study focuses on two issues: the role of Yusa' bin Nun in seeking knowledge according to Ibn Al Kathir and Al-Maraghi, and the similarities and differences in their opinions. Ibn Al Kathir's interpretation highlights Yusa's loyalty and enthusiasm in seeking knowledge alongside Prophet Musa and Prophet Khidir. Despite facing peculiar actions, Yusa' demonstrates loyalty and conviction, inspiring the younger generation in their scholarly and spiritual journey. Al-Maraghi's interpretation emphasizes the moral role, enthusiasm for learning, and loyalty of Yusa' as symbols of spiritual values. This perspective underscores patience and perseverance in the scholarly journey, revealing that the pursuit of religious knowledge involves profound spiritual experiences. The results of this research provide a deep understanding of the role of youth in seeking knowledge and truth, portraying Yusa' bin Nun as an exemplar of loyalty, enthusiasm for learning, and spiritual experience. This story serves as inspiration for the younger generation, illustrating that the pursuit of knowledge is not merely about acquiring information but also involves profound spiritual experiences.

Happiness is one of the natural attitudes of humans when getting a lot of pleasure from Allah SWT, such as health and sustenance. However, not many of humans are correct in responding to these blessings, pleasures that are not properly addressed are termed istidraj. Istidraj is a punishment given by Allah SWT to the perpetrators of immorality in the form of worldly pleasures that seem beautiful but cause negligence in the real world. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of istidraj as a sign of caution in order to avoid immoral acts. The phenomenon  of istidraj in this study explores the concept of this in the Qur'an through the perspective of two mufasirs, namely al-Imam al-Qurtubi and Wahbah al-Zuhaily in answering 2 focuses, namely: 1. How to interpret istidraj in the Qur'an according to al-Imam al-Qurtubi and Wahbah al-Zuhaily 2. What are the similarities and differences between al-Imam al-Qurtubi and Wahbah al-Zuhaily regarding istidraj. To understand the concept of the istidraj phenomenon, this study applies a qualitative method of literature study with a comparative study approach. In this approach, the researcher compares the interpretation of al-Imam al-Qurtubi through the tafsir "Al-Jami' li al-Ahkam al-Qur'an" with the interpretation of Wahbah al-Zuhaily through the tafsir "Al-Tafsir al-Munir". The researcher examined the interpretation data from the two mufasirs related to the concept of istidraj. A comparative approach is used to gain a deeper understanding and see the differences and similarities in the views of the two towards istidraj. As for the results of this research, al-Qurtubi sees istidraj as a gradual punishment process for those who deny the verses of Allah SWT. Wahbah al-Zuhaily sees it as a gift of favor or success. Both mufasirs agree that istidraj involves giving pleasure as a test of Allah. The difference in interpretation lies in the context of the object  of istidraj. al-Zuhaily emphasizes his interpretation on the test of a servant, while al-Qurtubi emphasizes the interpretation of istidraj on slow withdrawal as punishment.