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This study aims to analyze in depth the effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and ethnomathematics in improving students’ mathematical abilities through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study is motivated by the low level of students’ conceptual understanding, mathematical literacy, and mathematical communication skills, which are still dominated by conventional teaching approaches. Data were collected from ten research articles relevant to the topics of RME and ethnomathematics. The analyzed articles employed various research methods, including experimental research, classroom action research, and research and development (R&D). The results of the review indicate that the implementation of RME is consistently effective in enhancing students’ mathematical abilities, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, mathematical communication, and mathematical literacy. The RME approach, which is based on real-life contexts, helps students understand mathematical concepts more deeply and meaningfully. In addition, the integration of culture through ethnomathematics strengthens the effectiveness of learning by providing contexts that are closely related to students’ daily lives, thereby increasing motivation, engagement, and active participation in the learning process.Furthermore, the findings reveal that the success of culture-based RME is influenced by instructional design, the selection of appropriate contexts, and the teacher’s role in managing the learning process. Therefore, culture-based RME can be considered an effective and relevant approach to improving the quality of mathematics education.

This study aims to analyze the effect of implementing the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model on improving students' mathematical literacy, particularly in social arithmetic material at SMP Negeri 2 Wonorejo. The research used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design in the form of a non-equivalent control group design. The population consisted of seventh-grade students from three classes, samples selected through purposive sampling based on preliminary test results: class VII B as the control group and class VII C as the experimental group. Research instruments included a validated observation sheet on student activities and an essay-type mathematical literacy test. Data analysis was conducted using normality tests, homogeneity tests, independent t-tests, and effect size calculation. The results indicated that student activities in the RME learning model were categorized as excellent. Hypothesis testing with an independent t-test yielded tcalculated = 2.81 > ttable = 1.56. The average post-test score of the experimental group (73.00) was higher than that of the control group (50.41). The effect size calculation resulted in d = 1.75, which falls into the large effect category. Thus, it can be concluded that the RME learning model has a positive and significant influence on improving students' mathematical literacy.

This study aims to identify students' learning obstacles in the process of understanding one-variable linear equations in grade VII, develop an appropriate learning trajectory using a Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach, and produce an effective learning design to reduce these obstacles through generative models. The research adopts a design research methodology consisting of three main stages. The first stage, preparation for the experiment, includes a literature review and analysis of teachers’ instructional practices to develop a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) for one-variable linear equations. The second stage, design experiment, involves testing the designed learning activities through a pilot experiment and teaching experiment. The third stage, retrospective analysis, compares actual classroom observations with the initial HLT to refine and validate the learning trajectory. The research subjects include seven grade VII students in the pilot experiment and 44 students from SMP Negeri 2 Mataram in the teaching experiment. Data collection methods include tests, observations, interviews, and documentation, with retrospective analysis used to generate a validated Local Learning Trajectory (LLT). The findings reveal several epistemological obstacles experienced by students, such as difficulties in applying fundamental arithmetic concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) within the context of linear equations. Students also struggled with concept recognition, representation, and interpretation of linear equations in various forms. The developed LLT proved effective, as students demonstrated improved understanding and were able to follow the learning sequence meaningfully. Retrospective analysis confirmed that the LLT successfully addressed and reduced students’ learning obstacles in mastering one-variable linear equations.

This paper seeks to analyze the impact of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach learning approach on the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in third-grade pupils at SDN 104202 Bandar Setia. This research employed a quantitative method with a nonrandomized pretest-posttest control group design, involving two groups: the control group (III A) without treatment and the experimental group (III B) that received the RME learning approach, with a total sample of 50 students. Both groups were administered pre-test and post-test instruments to measure problem-solving and critical thinking skills. The findings revealed that the application of the RME learning approach significantly improved both skills with p < 0.05. These results confirm that RME is effective in enhancing mathematics learning quality through real-life contexts and students’ direct experiences. The implication highlights the importance of integrating RME in elementary mathematics learning as an alternative strategy to foster critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, as well as providing a reference for future instructional innovations.

This research aims to: (1) produce mathematics learning media in the form of interactive e-modules with a learning approach.realistic mathematics education (RME) which is oriented towards numerical ability and mathematical growth mindset students and describe their characteristics; (2) describe the quality of the learning e-module which meets the criteria of being valid, practical and effective so that it is suitable for use by junior high school students using the approach realistic mathematics education (RME). The development model used in this development research is the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The research subjects consisted of one teacher and 32 seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Pajangan in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, who participated in this research.The results of the study show that the developed e-module has the following main characteristics: (1) using the RME approach in learning strategies; (2) facilitating the improvement of numeracy through learning videos, LKPD, and quizzes; (3) fostering growth mindset through motivational videos, inspirational sentences, discussion spaces, as well as feedback and self-evaluation features; and (4) using test- and questionnaire-based evaluation instruments. Validity tests showed very good results with an average score of 96% from media experts and 98% from material experts. The practicality of the e-module was assessed as very good by teachers (96.19%) and good by students (80.47%), and the implementation of learning reached 96.8%. Effectiveness was proven through MANOVA and t-tests which showed a significant increase in numeracy and mathematical growth mindset after using the e-module. Thus, the RME-based interactive e-module is suitable for use as an innovative mathematics learning medium at the junior high school level.

This study aims to examine the potential of the Baduy traditional house as a realistic context in mathematics learning, particularly in the material of spatial geometry. The traditional houses of the Baduy people not only function as residences, but also hold cultural values, philosophies, and architectural structures rich in geometric elements. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, this study explores various scientific sources, including journal articles, proceedings, and reference books, that discuss the relationship between spatial elements and the structure of traditional Baduy buildings. This approach was chosen so that the study obtained is comprehensive, directed, and able to illustrate the real contribution of ethnomathematics in learning. The results of the review indicate that the Baduy traditional house contains various forms of spatial geometry that can be clearly recognized, including cuboids, triangular prisms, pyramids, cubes, and cylinders. These elements are reflected in building components such as roofs, walls, floors, support pillars, and traditional household furniture. The visual and functional representation of these spatial geometry has the potential to be a contextual resource that can be utilized by teachers in the mathematics learning process, particularly through the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach. By linking abstract mathematical concepts to local cultural phenomena, students not only gain a better conceptual understanding but also increase their active engagement, motivation to learn, and awareness of their own cultural identity. These findings emphasize the importance of utilizing local wisdom as an ethnomathematics approach that can provide meaningful, contextual learning rooted in the realities of students' daily lives. Through the integration of culture and education, mathematics learning can be more relevant, engaging, and support the preservation of national culture.

Indonesia is a country rich in culture, one of which is batik, recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of Indonesia. Batik is not only a visual art form but also holds significant potential as a context for teaching mathematics. Unfortunately, the integration of local culture into mathematics education has not been widely implemented. Therefore, this community service activity aims to train teachers and assist students in applying Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) based on batik culture at MTs Nurul Ummah Kotagede, Yogyakarta. The activity was carried out in three stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. In the preparation stage, teachers were provided with training on the theory and practice of RME, which was then applied in the classroom. The lesson focused on geometric transformations, using batik patterns as a real-world context. By linking mathematical concepts to the familiar cultural context of batik, it was hoped that students would more easily understand abstract mathematical ideas and find them more meaningful. The results of the activity showed high enthusiasm from the students and positive appreciation from the teachers toward the RME model based on culture. Students demonstrated a better understanding of mathematical concepts, as the learning process connected theoretical knowledge to real-world contexts they recognized. Additionally, teachers acknowledged that using batik culture in mathematics education made the learning experience more enjoyable and meaningful. This activity proves that integrating local culture, such as batik, into RME can increase students' interest in mathematics and help them understand abstract concepts by relating them to real-life experiences.

This study aims to describe students' difficulties in translating word problems into mathematical models in algebra material. Using a qualitative approach, the subjects were seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya in the 2024/2025 academic year. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The results show that students struggled to understand the meaning of word problems and convert them into correct equations. Common errors included misconceptions about algebraic symbols, such as treating variables as fixed numbers and misusing the equal sign. In addition, students had difficulty identifying essential information needed to construct a mathematical model. Learning activities that focused only on procedural calculations further contributed to these challenges. This study recommends the use of more contextual and meaningful learning approaches, such as Problem-Based Learning and Realistic Mathematics Education, to help students better understand the relationships within problems and accurately express them through appropriate mathematical representations..    Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan siswa dalam menerjemahkan soal cerita ke dalam model matematika pada materi aljabar. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif, subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya tahun ajaran 2024/2025. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami makna soal cerita dan menyusunnya menjadi persamaan yang tepat. Kesalahan yang muncul meliputi pemahaman yang keliru terhadap simbol aljabar, seperti menganggap variabel sebagai angka tetap dan tidak tepat menggunakan tanda sama dengan. Selain itu, siswa juga tampak kesulitan menentukan informasi penting yang diperlukan untuk membangun model matematika. Pembelajaran yang hanya berfokus pada prosedur perhitungan turut memperkuat kesulitan ini. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penggunaan pendekatan pembelajaran yang lebih kontekstual dan bermakna, seperti Problem-Based Learning dan Realistic Mathematics Education, agar siswa dapat lebih memahami hubungan antar informasi dalam soal dan menyusunnya dalam bentuk model yang benar.

In mathematics, especially in the material of linear equations of one variable, learning media has a very vital role to maximize the success of the learning process. Through realistic mathematics learning methods, it can help students use interactive media to more easily understand complex concepts. The purpose of this research is to explain the steps for creating Adobe Animate-based learning media on PLSV material and to assess how useful it is as a tool in learning activities. Research and development (R&D) applies the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The results of the assessment stated that Adobe Animate-based learning media for the PLSV topic is very suitable for use as a supporting tool in learning the subject. Small-scale trials showed a practicality of 93%, while large-scale trials showed a practicality of 95%.

This study aims to describe the process of learning mathematics on percentage material through the use of play money with the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) approach in class VII SMP. The PMRI approach is used to link mathematical concepts with real contexts, in this case buying and selling activities using play money. This research is a descriptive qualitative research conducted at MTs Al-Mu'aawanah Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir. The research subjects were seventh grade students. The instruments used include Learner Worksheets (LKPD), observation, and interviews. The results showed that the use of play money can help students understand the concept of percentage more concretely and contextually. Students become more active in the learning process and are able to connect the concept of percentage with everyday situations. The PMRI approach proved to be effective in increasing students' engagement and understanding of percentage material.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using instructional media in enhancing the understanding of multiplication concepts in elementary schools. The research employs a library research method. The findings indicate that the use of instructional media in teaching multiplication in elementary schools is significantly more effective compared to conventional methods without media. Media such as Powtoon, PAKALILO (Papan Perkalian Kelinci Lompat), Papan BAPER (Batang Perkalian), and multiplication pockets based on the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) approach significantly improve students' understanding of multiplication concepts.

This study explores strategies to address students' difficulties in understanding and solving mathematical word problems involving long division in elementary schools. These difficulties can stem from internal factors, such as a lack of conceptual understanding, low motivation, and inaccuracy in solving problems, as well as external factors, such as ineffective teaching methods and minimal use of instructional media. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this research examines previous studies that discuss the causes of learning difficulties and possible solutions. The findings indicate that a contextual approach based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and the use of concrete teaching aids can significantly enhance students' comprehension of long division. This approach helps students connect learning with real-life experiences and visualize mathematical concepts more clearly. Therefore, innovative instructional strategies are essential to improve elementary school students' understanding and numerical skills.

This study aims to (1) describe the characteristics of e-LKPD based on realistic mathematics education on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students, (2) describe the feasibility of e-LKPD based on realistic mathematics education on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students in terms of validity,  practicality and effectiveness. This type of research is research and development (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research subjects were 34 students of class X TKP SMKN 2 Tarakan. In this research, One Group Pretest - Posttest Design was used. The research instruments used were validation sheets, practicality assessment sheets by teachers and students, learning implementation observation sheets, critical thinking ability tests and self-efficacy questionnaires. The results of the research show: (1) the e-LKPD developed contains characteristics found in the RME approach to the material of on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy. The characteristics contained in RME-based e-LKPD include integrated learning, use of context, mathematization and construction processes and interactivity. (2) the RME-based e-LKPD developed meets the criteria for feasibility in terms of validity aspects with a percentage of feasibility according to material experts of 93.4% and media experts of 98.9% with the validation result criteria being very feasible; practicality with a very practical category based on the results of student and teacher responses; effectiveness based on critical thinking skills with classical completeness of students reaching 82.4%, the results of the T-test paired samples-test with a significance level of 5% obtained that there was an influence on students' critical thinking skills after treatment using RME-based e-LKPD, the N-Gain result was 0.73 with a high category, and the effectiveness of e-LKPD on self-efficacy with an increase in each self-efficacy indicator,  the N-Gain result was 0.3 in the moderate category, and the results of the Wilcoxon test on self-efficacy data with a significance level of 5%, it was obtained that there was an influence on students' self-efficacy after treatment using RME-based e-LKPD.

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) learning model in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts. The method used in this research is a literature study by analyzing various relevant literature sources. The results of this research show that the RME learning model can improve students' understanding of mathematical concepts by linking learning material to real life situations, increasing student involvement in the learning process, and encouraging students to think critically and creatively. 

Mathematics is an important subject for students to master in facing the challenges of the 21st century. However, there are still many students who experience difficulties in learning mathematics. This is because learning mathematics is abstract and far from life. Therefore, the student mathematics education study program community service team introduced the Indonesian realistic mathematics education (PMRI) learning model at MTs Janki Dausat to increase student motivation in learning mathematics. As a result of this activity, students become motivated and enjoy learning mathematics, which can be seen from the students' enthusiasm and activeness in learning mathematics.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach on the mathematical problem-solving abilities of elementary school students. RME is a learning approach that connects mathematical concepts with real situations that students can find in everyday life. The research method used is qualitative research by reviewing the results of previous studies that are relevant in the context of mathematics learning in elementary schools. Based on the analysis of various studies, the results of the study indicate that the application of RME can improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. This is evident in various materials such as geometry (circumference and area of ​​trapezoids and kites), mixed arithmetic operations, and equivalent fractions. RME also plays a role in increasing students' self-esteem and self-efficacy in learning mathematics, which in turn strengthens their motivation and performance. In addition, the learning media used in RME, such as geoboards, can enrich students' learning experiences and facilitate understanding of mathematical concepts in a more concrete way. This study provides an overview that RME not only improves students' cognitive abilities, but also supports their emotional and social development in the context of mathematics learning.

The aim of this research is to explore the use of manipulative media through a realistic mathematics education (RME) approach in improving students' numeracy skills at MI Nurul Islam. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method and includes observation and interviews as data collection techniques. This research was conducted by students at the Mataram State Islamic University. The research was located at MI Nurul Islam, Sekarbela sub-district, Mataram city. To be precise, for class I teachers, researchers also analyzed the data using qualitative analysis. Research findings show that the use of manipulative media through the RME approach can improve students' comprehension and numeracy skills. students become more engaged in learning, and see improvements in their problem-solving numeracy skills. Manipulative media can also help reduce calculation errors and increase students' confidence in learning mathematics. Based on these results, it is concluded that the use of manipulative media through the RME approach is effective in improving the numeracy skills of MI Nurul Islam students and can be an alternative strategy in learning mathematics at the elementary level.

Mathematics is part of the curriculum in Indonesia and has a very important role at every level of education. So that mathematics learning is expected to produce an important contribution in shaping students' character. Mathematics learning should be well designed by inserting character values in learning planning so that the goal of building student character can be achieved. The author will examine one example of realistic mathematics learning. The aim of realistic mathematics learning is to ensure that students not only achieve success in the cognitive aspect, but also experience positive changes in their attitudes and character.

Many students find traditional learning methods to be uninteresting, which can lead to a lackluster classroom environment. This is often due to teachers delivering material that fails to engage students and a lack of interaction between teachers and students. As a result, students may struggle to understand the material presented to them, leading to suboptimal learning outcomes. However, advancements in technology offer solutions to this issue. The use of Virtual Reality (VR) is an effective way to support learning and make it more engaging. Studies show that incorporating VR in elementary school mathematics education can be particularly helpful. VR allows for a more realistic and contextual learning experience, making topics that are often considered difficult or boring more interesting and interactive. In addition, research has shown that technology such as Wolfram's Mathematica can improve students' understanding of mathematical concepts and computational skills. This research aims to explore teachers' understanding of the potential of VR as a learning medium and how it can be used to visualize abstract concepts that are challenging to grasp. By implementing this technology, we can improve learning outcomes for elementary school students.

This study seeks to identify learning models that affect students' mathematics learning outcomes. Students at MTs N 4 Bojonegoro have poor or low learning outcomes, especially in Line and Corner material, because the indicators of the learning process at the school have not been optimal. One of the learning models that can be used is the Think Pair Share (TPS) Cooperative Learning model with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach. This quantitative experimental research uses Postest only Control Design, with three samples selected using Cluster Random Sampling, two classes as the experimental class and one class as the control class, and using one class, namely class VII E as the test class. The samples have been distributed normally and homogeneously. Data analysis uses anava and post-anava tests. Think Pair Share (TPS) with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach produced an average of 76.67, while TPS alone produced an average of 70.81 and the conventional learning model produced an average of 62.42.  Students who are taught using the Think Pair Share (TPS) model with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach obtained a better average and outperformed students who were taught using the TPS model alone or conventional, as the calculation of this study obtained Fcal > Ftabel with a value of Fα = 10.09 and a value of Ftabel = 3.1.