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Methane gas detection is crucial in the oil and gas sector to enhance safety and operational efficiency. This study examines the impact of three types of gas detectors—catalytic, infrared, and ultrasonic sensors—on accuracy and response time. The research was conducted at PT PHM's onshore and offshore sites to evaluate sensor performance in operational environments. A quantitative approach with direct field observation was used. Data were collected by measuring methane gas concentrations indicated by detectors, which were then compared to standard gas concentrations. Response times were recorded when the detectors were exposed to methane concentrations of 2.5% LEL until the alarm triggered at 40% of full scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, homogeneity test, normality test, ANOVA, and post hoc tests. The results show that the infrared detector had a response time of 2.87 seconds with an accuracy of 0.218%. The catalytic detector had a response time of 8.91 seconds and accuracy of 0.489% and the ultrasonic detector had a response time of 6.15 seconds and accuracy of 0.842%. Overall, the infrared detector demonstrated the best performance in response time and is recommended for use at PT PHM.

Plastic waste, particularly High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), poses a serious threat to the environment due to its extremely long decomposition time. One effective recycling method is the extrusion process, in which process parameters such as nozzle diameter and heating temperature significantly affect the production rate and the quality of the resulting filament. This study aims to analyze the effect of nozzle diameter and heating temperature on the production rate and diameter uniformity of recycled HDPE plastic filament. The method used is an experimental approach with a quantitative design, utilizing a single-screw type extruder machine. The tested parameter variations include two nozzle diameters (1.75 mm and 2.85 mm) and three temperature levels (200°C, 240°C, and 280°C). The results of the analysis, using factorial ANOVA and control charts, show that both parameters significantly influence production performance. The highest production rate, approximately ±1.0 kg/hour, was achieved with the 2.85 mm nozzle and 280°C temperature combination, while the combination of the 1.75 mm nozzle and 200°C temperature produced the most consistent filament diameter and the best quality, with a resulting diameter of 2.84 mm, which is very close to the target of 2.85 mm. Higher temperatures increase flow rate due to decreased viscosity, but also carry the risk of thermal degradation. This study provides practical guidelines for optimizing the HDPE recycling process through extrusion.

This article discusses the implementation and innovation of an interactive digital comic titled “Si Panca dan Kekuatan Norma,” designed as a character education tool that integrates Islamic and Muhammadiyah values (AIK) for elementary school students. The research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach involving 25 fifth-grade students from SDN Padurenan II. The digital comic, developed through Canva and supported by reflective quizzes via Quizizz, presents moral dilemmas faced by a student named Panca in daily life situations. The content emphasizes values such as honesty, discipline, responsibility, and social care. The media was implemented over four learning sessions and evaluated through observation, teacher interviews, student questionnaires, and quiz results. Initial findings show that the comic successfully improved student participation, moral awareness, interpersonal interaction, and understanding of AIK values. The media also fostered a joyful, contextual, and interactive learning environment. This study highlights the potential of digital storytelling to support Islamic character development and recommends its broader application in Islamic-based education.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the project based learning model with the respect education approach can improve students' critical thinking skills in the subject of economics for class XI at Sma Negeri 2 Tilamuta. This study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental research design (quasi-experiment) with a sample size of 61 students. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation, tests, documentation and research data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the t-test. The results showed that the critical thinking skills of students who used the Project Based Learning Model with the Respect Education Approach increased more than students who used the Conventional Learning Model in the Subject of Economics for Class XI at Sma Negeri 2 Tilamuta. This is supported by the independent sample test, the results of the t-test showed a sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.021 (p <0.05), which means that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of students' critical thinking skills

This study aims to improve students' motivation and learning outcomes through the application of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach to fourth-grade students of SD 1 Pecangaan. The background of this study is the low motivation and learning outcomes of students in the conventional learning process that does not relate the material to students' real lives. The research method used is the Classroom Action Research (CAR) model of Kemmis and McTaggart which is carried out in two cycles. The instruments used include observation, learning motivation questionnaires, and learning outcome tests (pretest and posttest). The results of the study showed a significant increase in student motivation and learning outcomes after the application of the CTL approach. Students' learning motivation scores increased from the sufficient category (average 62) to high (average 83). Student learning outcomes also increased from an average pretest score of 63 to an average posttest score of 82, with the percentage of learning completion increasing from 35% to 87%. The CTL approach has proven effective because it is able to create active, meaningful, and relevant learning with students' real experiences. Thus, the application of CTL can be used as a strategic solution in improving the quality of learning in elementary schools. Teachers are expected to be able to implement this approach creatively and sustainably so that learning becomes more contextual and enjoyable for students.

Higher education is a scientific institution which has the task of carrying out education and teaching above secondary level as well as providing education and teaching based on Indonesian national culture in a scientific manner. Sexual harassment behavior is an act of harassment that can occur directly or indirectly. Where the action involves another person in unwanted sexual activity, either verbally, or actions carried out by someone to control or manipulate another person. In general, the perpetrator of sexual harassment feels that he has power that can dominate the victim, and instills that there is nothing the victim can do, because the perpetrator has certain power. Sexual harassment on campus occurs due to a legal vacuum in preventing, handling and protecting victims of sexual harassment in the tertiary environment. In cases of sexual harassment that occur among students, it can occur due to a lack of education and counseling regarding sexual activity, it can also be caused by environmental factors where the perpetrator of the harassment feels they have the opportunity to carry out acts of harassment in the university environment. This research was conducted using qualitative methods which included observation, in-depth interviews, researchers have explored the nuances and complexities related to these issues, and researchers are ready to understand perceptions and anticipatory strategies regarding whether or not the Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKn) study program can help in handling sexual harassment by PPKn students at FKIP Mulawarman University.

This study aims to analyze the role of the village government in empowering corn farmers in Popayato Village, Pohuwato Regency. The village government, as the institution closest to the community, has a strategic responsibility in facilitating the development of local potential, particularly the corn farming sector, a leading regional commodity. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results indicate that the village government plays an active role as a facilitator, initiator, motivator, and mediator in various empowerment programs, such as agricultural extension, production input assistance, and strengthening farmer group institutions. However, obstacles remain, such as budget constraints, lack of cross-sector synergy, and minimal regeneration of young farmers. Therefore, ongoing commitment and inter-institutional cooperation are needed to realize sustainable farmer empowerment.  

Education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and process to enable students to actively develop their potential to possess strength, spirituality/religion, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and the skills they possess for themselves, the community, the nation, and the state. Critical thinking is a cognitive process undertaken by students to systematically and thoroughly analyze a problem, carefully distinguish the problem, and identify and evaluate information in order to formulate problem-solving strategies. This study aims to analyze students' critical thinking abilities. The subjects of the research are fifth-grade students of SDN 1 Bandung, totaling 19 students. Data collection techniques include tests, interviews, and documentation. The data is analyzed using individual qualitative descriptive methods and per indicator. The research results show that students' critical thinking abilities are categorized into high, medium, and low levels. There are 47.38% of students in the high critical thinking category, 26.31% in the medium critical thinking category, and 26.31% in the low critical thinking category.

This study was conducted to examine how well the use of augmented reality (AR) learning tools helps fifth-grade elementary school students understand mathematical concepts related to fractions.. The research was motivated by students' limited comprehension of the abstract nature of fractions and the lack of engaging educational tools capable of presenting the material in a meaningful and interactive way. Augmented reality is believed to improve student engagement and offer more appealing visual representations by integrating virtual elements into the real-world environment. A total of 30 students I participated in this study, which used a quasi-experimental design with a One Group Pretest-Posttest method. Information was collected through pre-tests, post-tests, written notes, and observations. We used SPSS software to analyze the data. The results showed that students' grades improved significantly, with the average increasing from 54.80 in the pretest to 91.83 in the posttest. The normality test indicated that while pretest scores were approximately normally distributed, the posttest scores followed a normal distribution. A one-sample t-test showed a statistically significant effect of AR media usage, with a p-value of 0.000 and t-values substantially higher than the critical value (pretest: 32.439; posttest: 112.071). These results suggest that AR-based instructional media are effective in supporting elementary students’ understanding of fraction concepts. Overall, the study confirms the positive impact of augmented reality in mathematics learning for fifth-grade students.

Bekasam is a traditional Indonesian fermented food produced through spontaneous fermentation involving microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB plays a crucial role in the fermentation process by producing lactic acid, which lowers pH, inhibits pathogenic microbial growth, and enhances flavor and food safety. This study aimed to identify and characterize LAB isolated from fermented snakehead fish (Channa striata) based on Gram staining and colony morphology. The research began with bacterial isolation using NA Nutrient Agar, followed by macroscopic observation of colony characteristics including shape, edge, elevation, color, and size. Subsequently, Gram staining was performed to determine the cell wall structure and microscopic morphology of the bacteria. The results showed that the bacterial isolates from bekasam generally had circular colonies, white to cream in color, smooth surface, and were Gram-positive rod-shaped cells. In conclusion, bekasam from snakehead fish contains dominant lactic acid bacteria with distinctive colony morphology and Gram-positive characteristics, indicating potential as a natural starter culture for food fermentation.

Pekasam fermentation is still carried out traditionally using spontaneous fermentation. Traditional fermentation products have weaknesses such as inconsistent product quality, excessive microbial growth that is difficult to control, and a low initial LAB population that causes spoilage bacteria to grow rapidly before LAB growth. These weaknesses need to be addressed to produce pekasam with good and uniform quality. One way to do this is by making pekasam on a laboratory scale by adding a starter culture of lactic acid bacteria to the fermentation process (Caterina et.al, 2025). Pekasam is made through a spontaneous fermentation process or with the help of starter cultures, namely microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In traditional production, fermentation occurs naturally due to microorganisms already present in the raw materials. However, spontaneous fermentation often results in less uniform quality due to uncontrolled microbial growth and a low initial LAB population, allowing spoilage microbes to grow first.

Stem cells are unspecialized cells with the ability to self-renew over long periods of time without undergoing significant changes in their basic properties. The discovery of adult stem cells has revolutionized therapeutic and regenerative medicine and led to the development of new therapies for previously untreatable terminal conditions. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was the first example of successful stem cell therapy and has been widely used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including leukemia, adult T-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Meanwhile, autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is increasingly being used to repair mesenchymal tissues and other organs such as the lung and heart, and has shown promise in the treatment of stroke, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes. Interest in the therapeutic potential of other adult stem cells including neural, mammary, intestinal, inner ear, and testicular stem cells is also growing. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened new insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying pluripotency and carcinogenesis. This study employed a qualitative approach with a literature review method, aiming to conduct an in-depth review of the scientific literature related to the development of stem cell therapy and its epigenetic implications. Through a systematic analysis of various academic sources, this study seeks to formulate a comprehensive conceptual understanding and identify future directions for safer and more targeted stem cell therapy development.

Infused water is a functional beverage made by soaking slices of fruits, vegetables, and herbs in mineral water to produce a natural flavor and enhance nutritional content. In recent years, infused water has become part of a healthy lifestyle trend due to its claimed benefits, including detoxification, improved hydration, and immune system enhancement. This article aims to review the latest scientific literature on the potential benefits of infused water on immune function, particularly in the context of regular consumption of natural ingredients such as lemon, ginger, strawberries, and herbs that are rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and flavonoids. The review was conducted by searching scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, using inclusion criteria that covered publications from 2020 to 2024. The findings indicate that infused water containing vitamin C, gingerol, and polyphenolic compounds can help improve immune function by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory responses, and stimulating immune cell activity such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, optimal hydration from infused water supports various physiological processes of the immune system. In conclusion, infused water holds potential as a simple, natural, and cost-effective strategy to support immune health. However, further research is needed to evaluate its efficacy, optimal formulations, and dosage for maximum benefit.

Pekasam is a traditional fermented fish product that involves microbial activity, particularly lactic acid bacteria, during its fermentation process. This study aims to isolate and identify bacterial species involved in the fermentation of gabus fish (Channa striata). Samples were collected at different stages of fermentation and analyzed microbiologically. The isolation procedure utilized selective media such as MRS agar and Nutrient Agar (NA). The resulting colonies were observed based on morphology and further identified through biochemical tests, Gram staining, and oxidase tests. The results indicated the dominance of several bacterial isolates, primarily from the Lactobacillus genus. Identification confirmed that lactic acid bacteria played a crucial role in the fermentation process and contributed to the characteristic flavor of the pekasam. This research contributes to the scientific understanding of traditional fish fermentation and offers potential for utilizing local probiotic strains in traditional food products.

This study aims to identify the microscopic structure of fungi growing in Manihot esculenta (cassava) waste using Gram A (crystal violet) staining. Cassava waste is a type of organic waste that has the potential to serve as a growth medium for various microorganisms, including fungi. Microscopic observations were conducted to determine the morphology of fungal cells that grow naturally in the waste. The Gram staining method was used to facilitate visualization of the fungal cell wall structure, with an emphasis on crystal violet staining as the primary dye. Waste samples were fermented for 3–5 days to allow fungal growth, then taken and microscopic slides were made. The results showed the presence of purplish-purple fungal hyphae and spores, indicating that the fungal cells were able to retain the crystal violet stain. This structure indicates that the type of fungus growing has a thick cell wall and is likely included in the Ascomycota or Zygomycota group. This identification demonstrates the potential use of Manihot esculenta waste as a substrate for microbiological studies and the development of fungal-based biotechnology. This study also emphasizes the importance of simple staining techniques in assisting the initial identification of microorganisms in organic media.

This study aims to explore and analyze the implementation of internal control mechanisms within Ministries/Agencies that received a disclaimer opinion on their audited financial statements. It also examines the form of financial transparency applied by these institutions in the preparation of their financial reports. The research focuses on the role of government internal audits in two institutions: the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency (BAKAMLA), utilizing a qualitative literature synthesis approach. The research method employs a descriptive qualitative design. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the lack of supervision by internal auditors and the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) over these two institutions stems from several factors: limited competence and capacity of internal auditors, weak internal control systems and structures, lack of auditor independence, and inadequate routine monitoring and evaluation. Furthermore, in preparing financial reports, Ministries and Agencies are required to adopt financial transparency practices by preparing financial statements in accordance with Government Accounting Standards (SAP), disclosing complete notes to financial statements, and utilizing transparent and integrated financial applications.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is an emergency condition in which a group of symptoms of acute ischemic chest pain are part of coronary heart disease (CHD) and require immediate treatment. The prevalence of CHD in Aceh is higher than the national average of 1.6% or around 20,244 people. This study is expected to describe the prevalence, number of deaths (mortality) and average length of stay (LOS) of STEMI patients during hospitalization so that this data can significantly enhance knowledge for health practitioners and be used as a warning to be more aware of STEMI incidents in Aceh. This study uses a retrospective descriptive research design with a research sample of all patients diagnosed with ACS with ST-Elevation who were hospitalized at Dr. Fauziah Hospital in June 2022-June 2023. The data collection technique is total sampling obtained from medical record data. It was concluded that the majority of patients were male, namely 80.7% (71 patients), the highest age was 45-60 years with 45 cases (51.1%). History of CHD was the dominant risk factor (62% of cases). The most dominant type of ACS with ST-Elevation was Anterior STEMI as many as 32 cases (52.3%) with onset <12 hours (51% of cases) and predominantly came with KILLIP I (62.5% of cases). The most dominant management was with conservative therapy 56 cases (61.4%). The average length of patient care was 5 days (45.1%) and the most outcomes with outpatients as many as 72 cases (81.8%).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), and lowerurinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are among the most prevalent urological conditions affecting agingmen. Over 30% of men above the age of 60 experience moderate to severe LUTS, often requiringmedical intervention. While the pathophysiology of BPH/BPE remains partially unclear, theandrogen receptor pathway—particularly the role of dihydrotestosterone—is well established. Agentssuch as finasteride and dutasteride target this pathway by inhibiting 5α-reductase. More recently,metabolic dysfunction and chronic prostatic inflammation have also been recognized as contributingfactors to the progression of BPE and LUTS. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is criticalfor developing more effective therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness ofdual therapy with tamsulosin and solifenacin in improving urinary symptoms and bladder function inpatients diagnosed with BPH. A total of 120 patients with bothersome urinary symptoms wereenrolled. Data was collected using a structured medical questionnaire, and the follow-up periodranged from 3 to 6 months. The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in symptomseverity, with the mean score decreasing from 10.09 to 3.44 post-treatment. Additionally, the pre-void urine volume increased from 181.62 ml to 260.81 ml, indicating enhanced bladder capacity.However, no statistically significant change was observed in post-void residual urine volume. Theseresults support the incorporation of tamsulosin-solifenacin dual therapy into clinical protocols formanaging LUTS in BPH patients, particularly for those with storage-related symptoms.

Cultural diversity demands communication skills that extend beyond verbal communication and encompass an understanding of cross-cultural values, emotions, and identities. This article examines cultural communication in a pluralistic society through a psychological approach, focusing on perception, stereotypes, empathy, and cognitive openness. Cultural perception shapes how individuals interpret social reality, but often results in stereotypes that simplify the characteristics of a group, which can hinder healthy communication. On the other hand, empathy—both affective and cognitive—plays a crucial role in building emotional understanding and perspectives toward people from different cultural backgrounds. Cognitive openness strengthens the ability to accept differences, avoid quick judgments, and increase awareness of social complexity. This combination of empathy and openness is the primary foundation for building effective and inclusive intercultural communication competencies. This article emphasizes that these competencies can be developed through education, cross-cultural experiences, and psychosocial training. In the era of globalization and digitalization, cross-cultural understanding is crucial for creating a harmonious environment in educational settings, organizations, and communities. Therefore, building empathetic, open, and stereotype-free communication is key to successful interactions in a multicultural society.  

This article explores the concept of sets in mathematics, a fundamental foundation for various disciplines. The discussion includes the definition of a set as a well-defined collection of objects, as well as various methods of presenting them such as enumeration, description of properties, set-forming notation, and Venn diagrams. In addition, the article outlines the various types of sets (empty, universe, equal, part, disjoint, crossed, equivalent, power) and explains the fundamental properties of set operations (identity, dominance, complement, idempotent, absorption, commutative, associative, distributive, De Morgan). The primary objective is to provide a concise yet comprehensive understanding of sets as a foundational pillar of logical and mathematical thinking.