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Fenomena urbanisasi yang terjadi di berbagai kota di Indonesia telah mendorong pertumbuhan penduduk dan pembangunan yang berlangsung sangat cepat. Dampak dari kondisi ini adalah terjadinya pembangunan di wilayah pinggiran kota, yang dikenal sebagai urban sprawl. Fenomena tersebut tidak hanya menyebabkan penggunaan lahan menjadi tidak teratur dan kurang optimal, tetapi juga mengakibatkan berkurangnya ruang terbuka hijau akibat alih fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi kawasan terbangun yang pada akhirnya berpotensi menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deduktif kuantitatif yang bersifat preskriptif dengan cara melibatkan teori compact city sebelum melakukan analisis tingkat kekompakan rencana eksisting kawasan melalui perhitungan terkait atribut – atribut compact city. Secara keseluruhan, hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kekompakan kawasan Bukit Halimun berada dalam kategori cukup. Namun demikian, masih terdapat dua aspek penting yang perlu ditingkatkan, yaitu kepadatan penduduk yang masih tergolong rendah dan sistem transportasi umum yang tergolong buruk.

Pertumbuhan ekonomi kreatif di tingkat kota menuntut tersedianya ruang yang mendukung aktivitas produksi, kolaborasi, dan pengembangan komunitas kreatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kebutuhan ruang berdasarkan subsektor ekonomi kreatif dominan di Kota Bogor, dengan fokus pada Bogor Creative Center (BCC) sebagai fasilitas utama. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan pengelola, serta studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subsektor kuliner, musik, dan kriya merupakan sektor dengan komunitas terbanyak dan aktivitas yang paling aktif. Namun, fasilitas ruang yang tersedia belum sepenuhnya mendukung kebutuhan spesifik masing-masing subsektor. Seperti pada ruang workshop kuliner belum tersedia, studio musik belum memenuhi standar akustik dan peredaman suara, dan ruang kriya belum dilengkapi zona kerja yang memadai. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan desain ruang yang lebih adaptif dan partisipatif, termasuk penyediaan dapur terbuka, studio terinsulasi, serta ruang kriya semi terbuka yang mendukung kegiatan produksi dan edukasi. Penyesuaian desain ruang yang berbasis kebutuhan subsektor diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efektivitas Bogor Creative Center sebagai pusat pengembangan ekonomi kreatif yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.

Perkembangan anak usia dini merupakan fase penting dalam pembentukan dasar kemampuan kognitif, sosial, dan emosional manusia, terutama pada usia 3-4 tahun yang dikenal sebagai masa golden age. Lingkungan belajar yang mendukung menjadi elemen penting dalam membantu anak mengembangkan potensi secara optimal. Banyak lembaga Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) memanfaatkan bangunan publik sebagai tempat pembelajaran, yang sering kali juga digunakan untuk berbagai fungsi lainnya. Bangunan publik yang bersifat multifungsi ini menghadirkan tantangan, terutama dalam hal adaptasi fungsi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pendidikan tanpa mengganggu fungsi lainnya. Konsep fleksibilitas ruang menjadi solusi utama dalam menghadapi tantangan tersebut, melalui desain yang adaptif dan mampu mengakomodasi beragam aktivitas secara harmonis. Pendekatan literature review penelitian ini akan menganalisis berbagai studi kasus pemanfaatan bangunan publik untuk pendidikan PAUD. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa fleksibilitas ruang tidak hanya meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan ruang, tetapi juga berkontribusi pada kolaborasi sosial dan pengembangan desain ruang publik yang lebih inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Kajian ini memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam pengembangan konsep ruang multifungsi untuk mendukung pendidikan dan kebutuhan masyarakat secara bersamaan.

Urbanisasi yang berkembang pesat telah menjadi isu utama dalam peningkatan konsumsi energi di wilayah perkotaan. Sebagian besar rumah-rumah di zona permukimam pada zaman kini juga dikonstruksi melekat satu sama lain, menyebabkan ventilasi udara alami bekerja tidak optimal dan mengharuskan para penghuni untuk menggunakan alat pengontrol termal untuk mencapai kenyamanan termal mereka. Dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen kuantitatif melalui simulasi digital, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki apabila bentukan rumah panggung seperti Rumah Limas Potong mampu mencapai kenyamanan termal untuk penggunaannya di masa depan. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa rumah panggung mustahil untuk meraih kenyamanan termal dengan iklim tropis terkini. Perlu dilakukan lagi eksperimen waktu-nyata pada rumah-rumah panggung dengan atau tanpa sistem pendinginan pasif untuk hasil dan akurasi yang lebih baik dalam meraih permukiman yang hemat energi.

Kampung Tua Tanjung Piayu merupakan salah satu permukiman pesisir di Kota Batam yang memiliki potensi ekologis dan sosial yang signifikan. Namun, kawasan ini menghadapi berbagai tantangan lingkungan sebagai akibat dari tekanan urbanisasi dan kurangnya infrastruktur dasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas lingkungan fisik permukiman dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Analisis dilakukan terhadap enam variabel: kepadatan bangunan, tata letak bangunan, vegetasi, lebar dan kondisi jalan, serta ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapangan dan interpretasi citra satelit, lalu dianalisis menggunakan metode skoring tertimbang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar blok permukiman memiliki kepadatan dan vegetasi yang baik, namun masih lemah pada aspek keteraturan tata ruang dan fasilitas umum. Temuan ini menjadi dasar penting dalam merumuskan strategi perencanaan yang lebih inklusif dan berkelanjutan bagi pengembangan wilayah pesisir.

Kompleks Makam Sunan Giri merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata religi yang cukup dikenal di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Destinasi ini masih menjadi favorit karena masyarakat di sekitarnya dikenal memiliki tingkat religiusitas yang  tinggi.  Kabupaten  Gresik  sendiri  sering  dijuluki  sebagai  Kota  Santri  atau  Kota  Wali,  sehingga  potensi pengembangan wisata religi di wilayah ini sebenarnya sangat besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji daya  tarik  wisata  yang  dimiliki  Kompleks  Makam  Sunan  Giri  di  Gresik.  Pendekatan  yang  digunakan  adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, serta dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Aksesbilitas menuju kompleks makam Sunan Giri perlu banyak  perbaikan dengan cara  pelebaran jalan  untuk akses menurunkan penumpang  dari  area parkiran utama wisata. Atraksi yang dilakukan yaitu Ziarah wali, berbelanja kuiner dan oleh – oleh khas Gresik dan berwisata edukasi sejarah. Amenitas tergolong cukup lengkap namun perlu untuk di kelolah dengan baik. Dalam pengelolahan destinasi perlu memikirkan tentang perencanaan, perorganisasian, pelaksanaan dan pengawasan. 

Era baru dan alih fungsi bangunan membawa dampak perubahan pada fasad bangunan dari langgam arsitektur aslinya, hal tersebut juga terjadi di Jalan Malioboro yang merupakan kawasan Cagar Budaya dan tujuan wisata. Kajian Langgan Arsitektur Fasad Bangunan Sisi barat Jalan Malioboro adalah bagian dari upaya pemerintah untuk mempertankan nilai historis kawasan dan mengembalikan visual arsitektur yang berada di poros imajiner Sumbu Filosofis. Penelitian ini berdasar pada sebuah kajian yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis langgam Arsitektur fasad bangunan komersial khususnya di sisi Barat Jalan Malioboro. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan bisa memberikan kontribusi dalam menghasilkan suatu dokumen perencanaan teknis fasad sumbu filosofi yang sesuai dengan langgam arsitektur aslinya. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik, yaitu sebuah metode yang memberikan gambaran atau mendeskripsikan detail dari objek penelitian, dimana dalam prosesnya dimulai dengan mengumpulkan data-data melalui observasi lapangan, dokumentasi visual, dan studi literatur. Sedangkan analisis, dilakukan terhadap elemen-elemen fasad bangunan yang meliputi elemen bentuk, ornamen, komposisi simetri, irama, geometri, unsur warna, pintu, jendela dan bentuk atap bangunan.

Urban farming tidak hanya menjadi strategi ketahanan pangan perkotaan, tetapi juga pendekatan spasial dalam menata ruang mikro di kawasan padat penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kontribusi urban farming dalam optimalisasi ruang sempit melalui pendekatan arsitektur mikro dan pemberdayaan komunitas. Lokasi penelitian adalah Kelurahan Bukit Duri, Jakarta Selatan, yang memiliki karakter spasial padat dan terbatas namun aktif mengembangkan kebun komunitas berbasis rumah tangga. Pendekatan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan studi kasus digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pola adaptasi ruang dan transformasi fungsi ruang residual menjadi produktif secara ekologis dan sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa urban farming berperan sebagai penghubung antar-ruang, media ekologis pasif, serta wadah rekreasi mikro komunitas. Penataan ruang mikro dilakukan melalui partisipasi warga dikoordinir oleh tim penggerak PKK, pemrograman urban farming berbasis komunitas, dengan pengelolaan air limbah rumah tangga sederhana. Penelitian ini memperkuat urgensi integrasi arsitektur lanskap mikro dan strategi ketahanan komunitas dalam penataan ruang kota yang berkelanjutan dengan pendekatan urban farming.

Transportasi memiliki peran penting dalam mobilitas masyarakat, namun juga memicu berbagai permasalahan, terutama di kawasan urban. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) merupakan pendekatan tata ruang yang mengintegrasikan transportasi dan tata guna lahan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi pergerakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian penerapan prinsip TOD pada rute BRT Koridor 7 berdasarkan persepsi pengguna dalam radius 800 meter. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan dasar pemikiran deduktif serta menggunakan metode survei dan kuesioner. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik multistage random sampling dengan jumlah 6 halte BRT dan pengguna BRT sebagai responden. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis spasial buffer, skoring, dan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, berdasarkan analisis spasial hanya 14–28% halte Koridor 7 memenuhi prinsip TOD dan tergolong kategori rendah. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil persepsi pengguna mencatat skor 3,541 (33,09%) yang mengindikasikan tingkat kesesuaian sedang. Perbedaan hasil ini dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan indikator: analisis spasial mengacu pada prinsip 3D (Diversity, Density, Design), sedangkan survei persepsi berdasarkan pada prinsip 8 ITDP (2017). Hasil penelitian menegaskan pentingnya integrasi pendekatan spasial dan persepsi pengguna dalam menilai kesesuaian TOD untuk optimalisasi transportasi massal di Kota Semarang.

A 23-month-old female patient presented with red, itchy bumps, accompanied by intense itching, which caused the skin to peel from scratching. These symptoms began less than a month before the visit and worsened one week before seeking treatment. The fluid-filled bumps burst due to scratching, causing sores and peeling skin. The itching was constant and tended to worsen at night. The use of moisturizer by the patient's mother provided little relief. The onset of these symptoms coincided with a visit from the patient's mother's younger brother, a student at the Islamic boarding school (Santri), who was staying at the patient's home during the holidays. Less than a month later, similar symptoms began to be felt by the patient, her siblings, and both parents. The diagnosis was based on primary data obtained through a history taking with the patient's mother, a direct physical examination during a home visit, and completion of the family file and the patient's medical records. The patient, suspected of having scabies, was treated with 5% permethrin cream, applied as directed, and cetirizine to reduce the itching. Case assessments are conducted holistically, assessing the initial condition, process, and final outcome of each visit both quantitatively and qualitatively. Interventions include not only treatment but also comprehensive family education. This education includes an explanation of the etiology and transmission of scabies, the importance of maintaining personal and environmental hygiene, and potential complications such as secondary skin infections due to scratching. The goal of this education is to improve patient and family compliance with therapy, prevent reinfection, and break the chain of disease transmission in the home environment. This approach is expected to not only reassure the patient but also raise family awareness of the importance of clean and healthy living practices as a long-term preventative measure.

Black sticky rice tapai is a traditional Indonesian fermented food that has long been consumed by the public for its distinctive taste and high cultural value. However, with the increasing demand for functional foods and natural-based products that can support health, attention for black sticky rice tapai has shifted from being simply a traditional food to an object of scientific study in the nutraceutical field. Black sticky rice, the basic ingredient for tapai, contains important bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, B-complex vitamins, and soluble fiber, which have been shown to play a role in lowering cholesterol levels, inhibiting LDL cholesterol oxidation, and increasing HDL cholesterol levels in the blood. The fermentation process further enhances the biological activity of these compounds, making black sticky rice tapai have a higher therapeutic value than ordinary black sticky rice. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of black sticky rice tapai as a natural, tradition-based solution for lowering cholesterol levels, while also supporting the development of local foods into modern health products that are safe, effective, and affordable. The study was conducted using a descriptive literature review method of various scientific articles, textbooks, and relevant research results that discuss the nutritional content of black sticky rice, the benefits of fermentation, and the effect of active components on lipid metabolism. The study results show that regular consumption of black glutinous rice tapai has the potential to lower total and LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL through a combination of antioxidant effects, cholesterol binding by fiber, and increased fat excretion. In addition, the potential of black glutinous rice tapai as a nutraceutical is also relevant in supporting the preservation of local-based culture and food independence.

Traditional bamboo shoot fermentation is a hereditary practice still preserved by the people of Panti Village, Pasaman Regency. This process not only serves as a natural preservation method but also makes an important contribution to the formation of distinctive flavors and increases the nutritional value of bamboo shoots. One key aspect of this fermentation process is the activity of microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria, which play a role in the production of metabolites such as lactic acid, which functions as a natural preservative, inhibits the growth of pathogenic microbes, and contributes to the distinctive flavor and aroma of fermentation. The main objective of this study was to isolate and identify the types of lactic acid bacteria found in traditionally fermented bamboo shoots. Fermented bamboo shoot samples were taken from several local production houses in Panti Village. The microbial isolation process was carried out using selective media MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) agar, which is commonly used for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. The obtained isolates were then analyzed through colony morphology observation, Gram staining, and microscopic tests to determine initial characteristics. Further identification was carried out through a series of biochemical tests to determine the genus and species of the bacteria. The results of the study showed the presence of several Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial isolates that are strongly suspected to belong to the lactic acid bacteria group, such as Lactobacillus plantarum. This bacterium is known to have probiotic potential and functional benefits in fermented food products. These findings indicate that traditional fermented bamboo shoots can be a potential source of functional bacterial isolates that are beneficial for the food industry, particularly in the development of probiotic products, natural preservatives, and food additives based on local fermentation. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving local wisdom in food fermentation practices as a foundation for sustainable, culturally aware food technology innovation and supporting food security based on local resources.

This study aims to analyze the legal responsibilities of e-sports teams regarding the fulfillment of wage rights and the forms of legal protection for professional athletes based on applicable laws and regulations in Indonesia. As the e-sports industry develops as part of the digital and creative economy, the issue of employment relations between e-sports teams (as employers) and athletes (as professional workers) has become an important issue that requires in-depth study from a legal perspective. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory approach. This approach is used to analyze positive legal norms that regulate the rights and obligations in employment relations and the legal protection mechanisms available to e-sports athletes. This research is prescriptive in nature, meaning it not only describes the applicable legal conditions but also provides recommendations for improvements. The legal material collection technique was carried out through a literature study that included relevant laws and regulations, books, scientific journals, and court decisions. The results of the study indicate that e-sports teams, which can legally be in the form of business entities or corporations, have a legal obligation to pay athletes' wage rights in a timely and full manner as stated in the employment contract. If there are delays or deductions in wages without legal basis, e-sports teams can be held liable under civil, criminal, and administrative laws. Furthermore, legal protection for athletes as workers still faces various challenges, particularly related to weak oversight by relevant authorities and low levels of legal awareness among both team management and athletes themselves. To address this, concrete steps are needed in the form of strengthening law enforcement mechanisms, increasing legal education for e-sports industry players, and developing labor protection policies specifically for e-sports. This way, the rights of professional athletes can be guaranteed fairly and proportionally.

Children are one of the most vulnerable groups during disasters due to their limited physical and psychological resilience. Therefore, providing disaster mitigation education to children is essential to enhance their awareness, preparedness, and response capabilities in the face of potential disasters. This community service activity aims to increase children's understanding of disaster mitigation through both theoretical education and participatory simulations that reflect real-life scenarios. The activities were carried out using a cooperative-participatory approach in collaboration with the local Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) in Tanah Karo and members of the surrounding community. The stages of implementation included conducting a site survey, securing necessary permits, determining the time and location, coordinating with local stakeholders, and executing the service program. The educational activities covered disaster phases, including pre-disaster, during disaster, and post-disaster, with a focus on practical and age-appropriate learning strategies. The educational team involved an interprofessional group of facilitators who delivered the material through socialization and counseling sessions. The sessions were enthusiastically received by the children, indicating a high level of engagement and interest. However, findings revealed that children's knowledge of disaster mitigation was still minimal, emergency response plans were underdeveloped, and community involvement in disaster preparedness training remained low. This highlights the need for continuous and sustainable disaster education efforts, especially for children and communities in disaster-prone areas. By fostering early awareness and preparedness through ongoing education and simulation-based activities, it is expected that children will be better equipped to respond effectively and safely during disaster situations. Long-term, this approach also aims to build a more resilient and disaster-aware community.

Involvement across generations in church worship remains a significant challenge in building a solid and inclusive congregation community. At GKSI Sui Deras Estate, worship tends to be divided according to age groups, which limits spiritual interaction between generations. This creates a gap between younger and older congregation members, ultimately affecting the harmony and cohesion of the community. This community service program aims to optimize intergenerational worship as an effort to strengthen social and spiritual cohesion among the congregation by fostering mutual respect and enhancing relationships between generations. The activities began with an initial observation to identify the issues and needs of the congregation concerning worship. Based on the observation findings, a worship design was created involving representatives from various age groups, ensuring that each generation could feel included in the worship experience. This design process also took into account aspects that could bridge generational differences, such as the selection of hymns, liturgical readings, and approaches that were appropriate for different age groups. In addition, intergenerational liturgy training was conducted to ensure that worship could proceed harmoniously, with active participation from all age groups, from children to the elderly. Intergenerational worship was conducted periodically, providing opportunities for the entire congregation to interact and experience unity in worship. The results of these activities showed a significant increase in participation from congregation members of various ages. A sense of mutual respect between generations grew, something that had previously been lacking. This intergenerational worship also contributed to the strengthening of the community's identity as one body in Christ, where every member, regardless of age, felt valued and involved. Overall, intergenerational worship has proven to be a relevant and practical approach to strengthening the congregation community in a sustainable way, creating a more inclusive and loving atmosphere among fellow congregation members.

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired hemoglobin synthesis. This disease is caused by mutations in the globin gene, leading to disrupted production of globin chains. As a result, the red blood cells produced are dysfunctional and have a shorter lifespan, causing anemia. This condition requires proper medical management, including blood transfusions and other treatments. One way to detect and monitor the progression of thalassemia is by using biochemical markers that can identify changes in the patient’s body. Therefore, the aim of this systematic literature review is to identify biochemical markers that can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of thalassemia. The literature used in this study includes articles on human thalassemia research published in the last 10 years. Literature searches were conducted in several academic databases using relevant keywords such as “biochemical markers for thalassemia,” “diagnosis of thalassemia,” and “thalassemia monitoring.” Based on the search results, several biochemical markers related to thalassemia were identified, including hepcidin, ferritin, and lipid profile. Ferritin plays a role in monitoring iron levels, which are often elevated in thalassemia patients, while hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis in the body. Additionally, other components involved in thalassemia diagnosis and monitoring include Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), and hemoglobin levels. The findings of this systematic literature review are expected to provide a comprehensive overview of biochemical markers that can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of thalassemia. By identifying relevant markers, it is hoped that more accurate and effective diagnostic methods will be developed in the future, leading to better monitoring of thalassemia patients.

Minister of Health Regulation No. 269 of 2008 explains that medical records are defined as a collection of documents containing complete information regarding patient identity, examination results, therapy, medical procedures, and health services received. In working, an employee should be able to balance their workload to achieve work harmony that contributes to increased productivity. Job satisfaction reflects the appreciation and comfort felt by an individual for the tasks they perform. Conversely, dissatisfaction at work can trigger negative reactions in the form of aggressive behavior or a tendency to withdraw from social interactions around them. Job satisfaction also greatly influences employee motivation and commitment to continue working with enthusiasm and achieve the desired goals. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between workload and job satisfaction with employee performance in the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe in 2023. The research method was an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe from September to December 2023. The study population was 40 Medical Records Installation employees. The sampling technique used total sampling, namely 40 respondents. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the study based on the chi-square test showed a relationship between workload and employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe with a p-value = 0.001 <0.05 and a relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe with a p-value = 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion; The conclusion in the study is that there is a relationship between workload and job satisfaction with employee performance at the Medical Records Installation of Cut Meutia Hospital, Lhokseumawe in 2023.

The aim of this research is to develop and implement an application called APTAQU, designed to assist students with disabilities, especially those with hearing impairments, at Pesantren Tunarungu ABATA Temanggung in learning the interpretation of the Qur'an (tafsir). This application is developed to address the specific needs of hearing-impaired students, allowing them to access Qur'anic interpretation learning independently and effectively. The research employs a qualitative method, involving students and pesantren mentors actively in each stage, including planning, training, evaluation, and refinement of the application, to ensure that it meets the needs and abilities of the users. The application development process involves direct input from students and mentors, ensuring that the resulting application is truly relevant to their needs. During the development and implementation phases, students were trained to optimize the use of the application. The results of this community service show that the APTAQU application can improve accessibility for hearing-impaired students in understanding the interpretation of the Qur'an, an area that had previously been a major barrier in their learning. Interactive features such as sign language, audio-visual content, screen readers, and voice instructions have proven to help overcome communication barriers present in conventional media that were not inclusive. Moreover, the use of this application has also increased the involvement of students in religious education, particularly in understanding the Qur'anic interpretation. They are now more actively engaged in the learning process and can better comprehend the tafsir material. However, the application still requires further development to become more inclusive and user-friendly for all students, both with and without disabilities. This research contributes significantly to creating a more inclusive and accessible education for people with disabilities, especially in religious education, and serves as a starting point for addressing educational access disparities for them.

The study aims to analyze the legal gaps related to the regulation of new types of narcotics that have not been registered. This research employs a normative legal research method, which focuses on analyzing the existing legal provisions as stated in the relevant laws and regulations. The purpose is to examine how these legal frameworks address the emergence of new types of narcotics, especially those not yet registered in Indonesia. With the rapid development of synthetic drugs and other new narcotic substances, existing laws often struggle to keep up with emerging challenges. The normative legal research approach is particularly suitable for this study because it enables a critical examination of how the current legal system responds to these developments and whether it provides adequate legal tools to address such issues. Through this approach, the study will explore the gaps in existing positive law and assess how these legal voids impact the implementation of anti-drug policies and law enforcement in Indonesia. One key issue identified is the inability of current narcotics laws to effectively regulate or prevent the circulation of new, unregistered substances. This lack of legal recognition creates challenges for law enforcement agencies in controlling the distribution and use of such narcotics. Furthermore, the study will analyze the implications of these legal gaps on public health, law enforcement practices, and the overall effectiveness of anti-drug efforts in Indonesia. By identifying the shortcomings in the regulation of new narcotics types, the research aims to provide recommendations for improving legal frameworks and ensuring that laws evolve in tandem with emerging drug trends. Ultimately, this study contributes to enhancing the legal response to narcotic-related issues and supports the development of more effective drug control policies in Indonesia.

This study focuses on the development of student character, particularly in terms of discipline and responsibility, at SMPN 1 Ngunut, an outstanding school in Tulungagung Regency. Seventh-grade students are in a transitional phase from elementary to junior high school, making them vulnerable to the influences of their environment and the changing times. Based on observations, many students have not yet demonstrated disciplined behavior, such as arriving on time, completing tasks, cheating during exams, and not paying attention to teachers while learning. This study aims to identify effective Social Studies (IPS) teaching strategies for shaping students' character. The research focuses on (1) the role of teachers as demonstrators in developing disciplined and responsible character through IPS learning, (2) effective strategies employed by teachers to cultivate discipline and responsibility in students, and (3) potential solutions to improve the quality of IPS learning in instilling discipline and responsibility. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The findings show that (1) IPS learning in the seventh grade at SMPN 1 Ngunut is effective in instilling discipline and responsibility, (2) Teachers use teaching activities to instill values such as punctuality and task completion, (3) Through methods like group work, individual assignments, and behavioral evaluations, students show positive changes, (4) The role of teachers as facilitators and role models is crucial, (5) Collaboration between teachers and the principal creates a school culture that supports character development, and (6) The impact of this process is reflected in increased student awareness of their responsibilities. These findings highlight that IPS not only fosters cognitive knowledge but also serves as a strategic medium for continuous moral and character development.