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This study aims to (1) identify the effect of using the Direct Instruction learning model on the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo, (2) identify the effect of using the Inquiry Learning model on the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo,  (3) identify the effect of using the Project-Based Learning model on the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo, and (4) determine the most effective learning model among Direct Instruction, Inquiry Learning, and Project-Based Learning in improving the discipline character values of students in the special sports class at SMA Muhammadiyah Wonosobo. This research is an experimental study using a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design, namely the one-group pretest–posttest design. In this design, a single group is given a pretest (O), followed by a treatment (X), and then a posttest. The effect of the treatment can be identified more accurately by comparing the pretest and posttest scores. The stages of the One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design include determining the sample, conducting a pretest to measure students’ initial conditions, administering the treatment, and finally conducting a posttest to identify the results of the treatment. The results of the analysis indicate that all three learning models have a positive effect on improving students’ discipline. The improvement is reflected in the overall mean score, which increased from 114.03 (pretest) to 117.99 (posttest). The improvement scores for each learning model are as follows: Direct Instruction showed a 4% increase by improving compliance through structured learning; Inquiry Learning encouraged independence and self-control through discovery processes with a 3% increase; while Project-Based Learning resulted in a 4% increase in discipline. Thus, it can be concluded that all learning models contribute to the development of discipline character values. These findings provide practical implications for physical education teachers in selecting character-based learning models that are more appropriate.

This research aims to design and develop a simple Dino-themed game based on a microcontroller, with the display using an I2C LCD. The game is inspired by the offline Dino game on Google Chrome, adapted to run on an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), consisting of stages such as needs analysis, system design, simulation using Wokwi, hardware assembly, programming, and testing. The system uses push buttons as input and a 16x2 I2C LCD as the output display. The testing results show that the system can respond quickly to user input and display character movement and score updates dynamically on the LCD screen. Although the graphical capability of the LCD is limited, the game runs well and successfully demonstrates the basic concepts of microcontroller programming as well as interactive input-output processing. Further development is recommended to enhance the graphical interface and add features such as sound effects and progressive difficulty levels.

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the residential spatial system of the Marori and Mengge ethnic groups in Wasur Village, Merauke, South Papua, in the context of their involvement in the eucalyptus oil industry as a leading tourism product of Wasur National Park. A rationalistic qualitative approach is used with the main theory of behavioral setting to examine the relationship between behavior, local culture, and spatial structure. The results of the study indicate that houses not only function as domestic spaces, but also as places for the production of eucalyptus oil, especially at the packaging stage. The overlapping use of space causes space invasion, changes in function, and the emergence of high spatial flexibility. The space of the house undergoes a temporal functional transformation, adjusting to the intensity of economic activities and cultural rituals of the community. Private, semi-public, and spiritual spaces experience shifting boundaries, which have an impact on social relationship patterns and living comfort. This study also found that social structure, customary values (Boan/marga), and division of customary areas play an important role in the formation of the spatial system. These findings are expected to be an important contribution to the development of residential architecture based on behavior and local wisdom, as well as community-based conservation area management. This study also highlights the urgency of preserving the culture and existence of indigenous tribes amidst the current of modernization and the threat of extinction.

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems often suffer from significant energy wastage due to their inability to adapt to real-time environmental changes, leading to high operational costs. Although Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are widely used for their simplicity and reliability, they struggle to handle the complex dynamics of modern environments, requiring advanced optimization to enhance efficiency. This study aims to optimize PID controllers by integrating the Queen Honey Bee Migration (QHBM) algorithm to improve HVAC performance, energy efficiency, and adaptability. The research method employs an experimental approach that compares the performance of conventional PID controllers with PID controllers optimized using the QHBM algorithm under dynamic environmental conditions. The results show that the PID-QHBM system significantly outperforms the conventional PID system, achieving a rise time of 0.2649 seconds and a settling time of 1.6874 seconds with an almost negligible steady-state error of 9.4991e-08. Although it experiences a slight overshoot of 16.3810%, the system stabilizes quickly and maintains the target temperature efficiently. In contrast, the conventional PID controller exhibits slower response characteristics, with a rise time of 1.3730 seconds, a settling time of 2.5144 seconds, and a larger steady-state error of 0.0361. This study demonstrates that integrating the QHBM algorithm into PID controllers provides a more effective solution for real-time temperature control, offering substantial improvements in energy efficiency and system performance. The findings contribute to advancing intelligent HVAC control systems that can better adapt to environmental variations while minimizing operational costs.

This study focuses on the historical dynamics of the Qur’anic revelation process to examine in greater depth the relationship between the gradual nature of the revelation process and the social conditions of Arab society, particularly during the Mecca and Medina periods. The method used in this study is library research, utilizing sources such as scientific journals, books, and articles relevant to the research topic. The findings indicate that revelation was received gradually over 23 years, in accordance with the development of Islamic da’wah and the social dynamics of the time. During the Mecca period, the revelations focused on the teachings of tawhid, creed, and ethics, as Arab society was still in a state of jahiliyyah. In the Medina period, the focus shifted to the rituals of worship and Islamic law as the Islamic community in Medina grew. Furthermore, some verses of the Qur’an were revealed in response to issues within society. This indicates a connection between revelation and the socio-historical context during the process of revelation. A deeper understanding of the process of revelation requires further study, and this research is expected to provide a more profound understanding of the Qur’anic revelation process through a historical approach.

This article discusses ethical values in the philosophy of Islamic education as a response to contemporary challenges, such as moral crisis, declining character, and identity confusion. This study uses a literature review method with a philosophical and normative approach, based on Islamic teachings and the thoughts of educational figures. The results show that the philosophy of Islamic education contains important values such as monotheism, justice, responsibility, honesty, and good morals. These values are interconnected and play a significant role in shaping human personality. In addition to serving as a theoretical foundation, these values also function as guidelines in educational practice aimed at forming a complete human being (insan kamil). In the modern era, which is influenced by globalization and technological development, the application of Islamic ethical values is highly important to maintain a balance between intellectual intelligence and spiritual maturity. Therefore, the philosophy of Islamic education remains relevant as a solution for creating an education system that is not only intellectually advanced but also character-based and morally grounded. This study emphasizes that Islamic education needs to be directed toward the formation of moral awareness, the strengthening of spirituality, and the development of students’ social responsibility in daily life.  

The discipline of Qur'anic Studies (‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān) has experienced a significant paradigm shift from the classical textual-normative approach to a modern contextual and hermeneutic framework. This systematic literature review aims to map the dynamics of this growth by evaluating the ontological, epistemological, and teleological boundaries of Qur'anic studies within contemporary Islamic scholarship. Utilizing a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) design, data were gathered from reputable academic journals published over the last decade and analyzed through thematic synthesis. The findings reveal four major transformations. First, an ontological redefinition where the Qur'an is no longer viewed merely as a static written text, but as a performative living discourse, necessitating a strict demarcation between the Qur'an and Hadith to prevent the sacralization of the profane. Second, an epistemological reconstruction that shifts the discipline from mechanistic auxiliary sciences to a holistic-interdisciplinary methodology integrating social sciences and humanities. Third, an expansion of scope beyond textual analysis into applied realities, notably the emergence of Living Qur'an and Digital Qur'an sub-disciplines responding to the disruption of religious authority. Fourth, a teleological shift where the ultimate goal of studying the Qur'an transitions from individual piety to social transformation, serving as an intellectual defense mechanism against post-truth populism and promoting emancipatory theology. The implication of this study suggests that contemporary Qur'anic studies must proactively offer ethical frameworks for global challenges rather than merely preserving historical dogma

 Education in the 21st century demands a paradigm shift from passive learning to collaborative and student-centered learning, in line with the Merdeka Curriculum’s emphasis on the value of mutual cooperation. However, challenges arise due to the younger generation’s heavy reliance on technology, which tends to foster individualism. This study aims to examine the implementation of cooperative learning strategies as a solution to foster social interaction and student engagement. Cooperative learning strategies constitute a conceptual framework for a series of learning activities within heterogeneous small groups to achieve shared goals. Through a literature review, it was found that the implementation of these strategies involves systematic steps ranging from group formation, problem-solving discussions, to group recognition. The results of the analysis indicate that cooperative strategies have significant advantages in enhancing students’ self-confidence, independence, responsibility, and academic achievement. Although they have limitations regarding time management and the need for specific skills among educators, these strategies are considered highly relevant for fostering students’ character to be inclusive, tolerant, and capable of collaborating amidst differences.

This study aims to examine the factors that influence students’ interest in learning Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at SMA Daruttaqwa Dahanrejo Kebomas Gresik. The research applies a qualitative method using a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with students, teachers, and administrative staff, as well as direct observation of the PAI learning process. The results reveal that students’ learning interest is shaped by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include individual characteristics, intellectual ability, and psychological conditions. Meanwhile, external factors consist of the role of competent teachers, parental support, the availability of facilities and infrastructure, and a supportive learning environment. The implementation of PAI learning involves various methods, such as lectures, storytelling of prophets and pious scholars, question-and-answer activities, the use of social and visual media, assignments, discussions, and role modeling. Factors that enhance learning interest include teacher motivation, family support, a conducive environment, alignment with students’ interests, and the quality of learning materials. The primary obstacle identified is the suboptimal management and scheduling of instructional time.

This study aims to comprehensively examine the concept of intention and the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah in prayer from the perspective of the four imams of the schools of jurisprudence: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali. The background of this study is based on the existence of differing opinions among scholars, which often cause confusion among the public regarding the correct practice of prayer. The method used is qualitative research in the form of a literature review (library research), through data collection from classical fiqh texts, scientific journals, and other relevant literature. The data analysis technique employs a descriptive-comparative approach to identify the similarities and differences in the views of each school of thought. The results of the study indicate that all schools of thought agree that intention is an act of the heart that constitutes a valid condition for prayer, yet they differ regarding the timing of its performance and its verbalization. Regarding the recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah, the Shafi’i school mandates it as a pillar in every rak’ah, whereas the Hanafi school does not consider it a pillar. The Maliki and Hanbali schools adopt a moderate stance by granting leniency under certain conditions. These differences reflect the richness of Islamic jurisprudence, which is dynamic and flexible. This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding and foster an attitude of tolerance in addressing differences in worship practices.

A faith-based marriage strengthening program is essential for building family resilience in urban congregations facing high divorce rates and declining marital quality. This community service activity aimed to revitalize the marital bonds of 22 couples in the Pria Sejati Bandung community and GPPS Agape Bandung congregation through the "Reborn Marriage" program. Using a participatory action research approach, a team of 12 facilitators implemented three main stages: initial coordination to identify needs and plan together with the community; an intensive one-day intervention consisting of teachings on grace, agape love, and divine purpose of marriage, along with testimony sharing, footwashing ritual, and gift giving; and a marriage commitment renewal ceremony. The results showed 100% attendance rate of all registered couples, active participation in every coaching session, and qualitative findings from focus group discussions including renewed spiritual intimacy, mutual forgiveness between spouses, and alignment of marital visions based on divine values. A total of 86% of couples expressed willingness to participate in regular follow-up mentoring, and local leaders emerged among participants who are ready to facilitate small groups after the program. Discussions confirmed that combining biblical teachings on agape love with experiential symbolic rituals can holistically transform marital relationships. This community-based intervention proves replicable in other local communities and churches in urban settings, especially those seeking to strengthen family resilience through integrated pastoral care and participatory action.

This community service activity was carried out through the Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) program at SDN 30 V Koto Kampung Dalam, Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra. The activity aimed to restore the psychological condition and learning spirit of students who experienced trauma following a fire disaster. Five educational games were implemented, namely sendok tepung (spoon and flour), pipet aqua (straw transfer), naga balon (balloon dragon), biskuit Roma (biscuit game), and joget balon (balloon dance). These games were selected to stimulate physical, social, emotional, and mental aspects of students. The instruction was delivered directly using a microphone and speaker system, with a storytelling approach that sparked imagination rather than evoking pity. The impact was measured through behavioral observation, with positive indicators including students transitioning from drooping posture to upright, laughter replacing silence, and passive children beginning to vocalize and cheer. Results indicated that educational game-based socialization is effective as a non-therapeutic initial psychosocial recovery strategy for disaster-affected children. This activity demonstrates that simple and participatory methods can significantly contribute to restoring children's learning motivation and psychological resilience post-disaster.

Mathematics learning at the elementary school level plays an important role in shaping students' logical thinking. However, understanding multiplication concepts remains a challenge for some students, mainly due to the learning process which tends to be monotonous and lacks active participation. This study aims to describe the implementation of context-based educational games "Seblak Prasmanan" and to examine their impact on students' activity and understanding in multiplication material. The study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with 21 third-grade students at MI Miftahul Ulum 02 Honggosoco as subjects. Data collection techniques were conducted through direct observation and documentation with the help of observation sheets containing indicators of student involvement and understanding. The results of the study show that the implementation of educational games can encourage students to participate more actively in learning. In addition, students find it easier to understand the concept of multiplication as repeated addition through contextual learning experiences. A more enjoyable learning atmosphere also impacts the increase in students' interest and motivation to learn. Thus, the use of educational games based on everyday life contexts can be an alternative learning strategy to effectively improve the quality of mathematics learning in elementary schools.

The era of digital disruption has brought significant moral and spiritual challenges for young people in their use of social media. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Christian ethics education in social media use among youth at the GWI Wesleyan Methodist Congregation of Tanjung Selamat as an effort to develop digital character grounded in Christian values. The study employed a community service approach using participatory methods through pre-tests, post-tests, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), reflective discussions, and digital literacy practices. The theological foundation of this study is based on Wesleyan social ethics, which emphasizes the integration of personal holiness and social holiness in digital life. The educational program also integrated the four pillars of digital literacy, digital skills, digital culture, digital ethics, and digital safety, into a contextual Christian Religious Education framework. The findings indicate a significant improvement in digital literacy understanding, ethical awareness, critical thinking toward digital information, and behavioral transformation in the responsible and value-based use of social media according to Christian principles. This transformation was reflected in increased awareness of digital footprints, stronger personal account security, the removal of negative content, and participants’ initiatives to create spiritual and educational content on social media. The study concludes that Christian ethics education based on digital literacy can serve as an effective means of moral and social transformation for young people while highlighting the strategic role of the church in shaping a humane, peaceful, and Kingdom of God-oriented digital character in the digital era.

Low financial literacy among students, particularly in Islamic boarding schools, poses a challenge in fostering early economic independence. At Pondok Pesantren NW Montong Lisung, students generally lack the ability to manage pocket money, maintain financial records, and develop saving habits. This condition underlies the implementation of a community service program aimed at building smart financial habits through financial management education. The method employed a participatory approach consisting of counseling, training, and mentoring stages. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test, observation, and assessment of students’ financial record practices. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ financial literacy, increasing from an average of 42.5% to 79.5%, along with positive behavioral changes such as increased saving habits and better expense control. These findings indicate that financial management education is effective in improving students’ financial understanding and skills. Therefore, this program is important to be implemented sustainably to support the development of students’ economic independence in the future.

This household appliance and machine repair and maintenance program is designed to promote economic independence for the community in Sedati Village, Sidoarjo, by strengthening technical skills based on local potential. The underlying problem of this activity is the community's high dependence on external repair services and limited ability to handle household appliance damage independently. Therefore, the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach is used, which focuses on utilizing the assets, potential, and capacity already possessed by the community. The program is implemented in a participatory manner, with stages including identification and mapping of local assets, joint planning, technical skills training, hands-on practice, and activity evaluation. The results show an increase in the community's ability and understanding in performing simple household appliance maintenance and repairs. Furthermore, the community is beginning to recognize economic opportunities from their skills, thus potentially developing independent repair service businesses. Thus, the application of the ABCD approach in this activity has proven effective in strengthening the community's economic independence in a sustainable manner through optimizing local assets. Going forward, ongoing mentoring efforts are needed to ensure that the potential that has been established can continue to develop and provide broader economic benefits.

This study aims to increase the knowledge and awareness of fifth-grade students of SDN 70 Palembang regarding Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) through health communication and community empowerment activities. The method used was qualitative research with an interactive approach, which included counseling, demonstrations of six-step handwashing practices, and the use of educational media in the form of banners and leaflets. The results showed a significant increase in students' understanding of PHBS indicators, especially correct handwashing skills and the ability to recognize healthy snacks. Students' enthusiasm in participating in simulations and educational quizzes demonstrated the success of the participatory communication approach. This activity successfully strengthened the role of schools and community health centers in creating a healthier educational environment, by involving students as agents of behavior change. Through this activity, it is hoped that students will be more aware of the importance of maintaining personal and environmental hygiene, and can apply PHBS in their daily lives.

The increasing elderly population presents challenges in healthcare services, particularly related to decreased mobility and independence in daily activities. Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in maintaining and improving the mobility function of older adults through appropriate evaluation and intervention approaches. One simple, valid, and reliable measurement tool for assessing functional mobility is the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). This study aims to examine the role of physiotherapy in increasing independence in older adults through functional mobility assessment using the TUG. The method used was a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional approach in a group of older adults. Measurements were conducted using the TUG to assess mobility, balance, and fall risk. The assessment results were then used as the basis for planning physiotherapy interventions, which included muscle strength training, balance training, and functional exercises. The results showed that older adults with better TUG scores had higher levels of independence in daily activities. Targeted physiotherapy interventions based on TUG results have proven effective in improving mobility and reducing fall risk. Therefore, using the TUG as an initial assessment tool is crucial in determining appropriate rehabilitation strategies. In conclusion, physiotherapy plays a significant role in increasing the independence of older adults through an approach based on functional mobility assessment using the TUG. Routine implementation of this assessment is expected to support optimal quality of life for older adults.

Vocational High School (SMK) students' lack of preparation for their future often contributes to the high unemployment rate among vocational graduates. This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to implement the POAC (Planning, Organizing, Implementing, and Controlling) management function as a framework for SMK Sasmita Jaya 2 students to manage their career and academic planning more systematically and purposefully. The methods used include outreach, participatory discussions, and mentoring in utilizing professional digital platforms to support job readiness and self-development. The activity results indicate an increase in student awareness in setting clearer, more realistic, and measurable post-graduation goals. The implementation of the POAC strategy has been proven to help students transform intentions into concrete steps through the development of a focused and sustainable action plan. In addition, students are able to develop a more structured career roadmap based on their interests and competencies, and increase their confidence in facing job selection and further education. This program also encourages collaboration with industry and alumni to broaden students' horizons and future career opportunities.

Children in Tambak Osowilangun Village have high access to digital technology, but their digital financial literacy remains very low. Technology is generally used only for entertainment and social media without an understanding of its economic value. This condition is exacerbated by limited supervision from parents, the majority of whom work in the industrial sector, leaving children vulnerable to uncontrolled consumer behavior online. This community service activity aims to equip children in Tambak Osowilangun Village with a basic understanding of modern economics. The main focus is to improve their ability to manage their finances wisely, introduce the concept of digital savings, and develop critical thinking skills so they can distinguish between needs and wants in the technology era. The program uses the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, which involves the active participation of children through a spiral of stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. Data was collected through participant observation to monitor the learning dynamics of participants during the educational sessions. The implementation of the activity showed a significant increase in participants' financial understanding. Children became more aware of the risks of digital fraud and began to understand how financial applications work. Through interactive discussion sessions, high enthusiasm was generated, shifting the children's mindset from mere entertainment users to financially savvy technology users. The synergy between students and the community has succeeded in fostering a disciplined and responsible economic character in the young generation in the village.