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Cancer remains a major challenge in modern medicine due to drug resistance and the adverse effects of conventional therapies, making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Continuous scientific efforts aim to discover safer and more effective treatments. Owing to their structural diversity, strong bioactivity, and relatively low toxicity, natural compounds show great promise as sources of anticancer drug candidates. This article aims to explore the role of medicinal chemistry in investigating, modifying, and optimizing natural bioactive compounds to develop more effective, selective, and stable anticancer agents with improved bioavailability. A narrative review was conducted using scientific literature published between 2020 and 2025 from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. The findings indicate that eugenol, berberine, hesperidin, piperine, and quercetin exhibit anticancer activities through apoptosis induction, inhibition of proliferation, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Modern medicinal chemistry relies on understanding structure–activity relationships (SAR), chemical modification, and nanoparticle formulation to enhance biological performance. In addition, in silico techniques such as molecular docking and QSAR analysis are applied to study ligands and receptors and predict bioavailability improvements. The development of natural products as rational, effective, and safe anticancer drug candidates is strengthened by integrating experimental, computational, and pharmaceutical approaches.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly, characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, chronic pain, joint stiffness, and reduced functional capacity. In Indonesia, the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis is notably high, affecting over 30% of individuals aged above 60 years. This condition leads to significant health burdens, impaired quality of life, and increased economic costs. Non-pharmacological management strategies such as hydrotherapy and quadriceps exercise are widely recommended to relieve pain and improve joint function. Hydrotherapy utilizes the physical properties of water including buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, viscosity, and warmth to reduce joint loading, enhance circulation, and promote relaxation. Quadriceps exercise, on the other hand, focuses on strengthening the quadriceps muscle to stabilize the knee joint, thereby reducing pain and improving functionality. The combination of these two interventions is expected to provide greater benefits than a single modality. Research Design: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pre-post test approach on 12 elderly respondents with knee osteoarthritis at OSF Magdalena Daemen BSB Convent. Pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after the intervention, which consisted of hydrotherapy and quadriceps exercise administered twice a week for four weeks. Results: The findings showed a decrease in the mean pain score from 4.42 to 3.08, with the Wilcoxon test yielding p = 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference in pain levels before and after the intervention. Conclusion: The combination of hydrotherapy and quadriceps exercise is effective in reducing pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Blood transfusion requires the availability of high-quality blood, which is determined, among others, by the donor's hemoglobin (Hb) level. One factor that may affect Hb is sleep quality. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between sleep quality and hemoglobin levels among prospective blood donors at UDD PMI South Sulawesi Province in 2025. Methods: An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 100 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while Hb levels were measured using a hemoglobinometer. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The majority of respondents (75%) had good sleep quality, while 25% had poor sleep quality. Normal Hb levels (12.5–17 g/dL) were found in 96% of respondents, while 3% were low and 1% were high. The Chi-Square test showed a significant relationship between sleep quality and Hb levels (p = 0.050). Conclusion: Good sleep quality is significantly associated with normal hemoglobin levels in prospective donors. Educational programs about healthy sleep patterns before donation are necessary to improve donor eligibility and ensure a safe blood supply.

Importance of gut microbiota during neurodevelopment has increased, as has the potential relationship between the gut microbiota and (ASD). Complex associations between gut microbiota and ASD are explored here, including significant pathways such as immune modulation, neurotransmitter control, and gut-brain axis signaling. Based on available data, individuals with ASD possess distinctive microbial signatures that are characterized by reduced diversity and altered abundance of specific bacterial species. Such modifications could be related to symptoms of the behavioral nature, neuroinflammatory, as well as gastrointestinal. ASD growth as well as severity could be influenced by the composition of microbiome, depending on genetic, nutrition, microbial exposure during the earliest phases, as well as antibiotic use. Additional therapies based on the microbiome that presented the potential to alleviate the symptoms related to ASD include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, diet modification, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Still, establishing the causal associations, standardizing the procedure of handling the patients, as well as solving the problem related to the manipulation of microbiome, are still challenging activities, though. Large-scale, long-term studies need to be the core agenda of subsequent research, so that specific microbial signatures associated with ASD will be clearly defined, as well as tailored therapies that address the microbiome will be developed. Understanding more about the role that the microbiota plays during ASD may open up the diagnosis as well as the therapy based on the entirely new concepts, something that will ultimately benefit the patients who possess the disorder.

Background: Anemia in pregnancy increases the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, with a higher incidence in the third trimester. Although Fe tablets serve as the main therapy, non-pharmacological alternatives such as beetroot and lemon juice also have the potential to raise hemoglobin levels. Objective: To determine the effect of consuming beetroot-lemon juice combined with Fe tablets on hemoglobin levels in third-trimester pregnant women in Semarang. Method: This study applied a quasi-experimental design with a two-group pre-test post-test approach, allowing the measurement of hemoglobin level changes before and after the intervention. The study population consisted of all pregnant women in their third trimester, with gestational ages between 32 and 38 weeks, registered at two community health centers: PMB Puji Widiastuti, Amd.Keb, with 16 anemic respondents, and PMB Ika Febri Setyaning Astuti, Str.Keb, with 15 anemic respondents. A total of 31 respondents were obtained using total sampling. Data collection was conducted through observation sheets, and analysis was performed using the Mann Whitney statistical test. Results: The intervention group, which consumed beetroot and lemon juice along with Fe tablets, achieved a Mean Rank of 13.41, whereas the control group recorded a Mean Rank of 18.77, with an effectiveness difference of 5.36. Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.048, indicating a significant difference between the groups. In conclusion, the combination of beetroot and lemon juice with Fe tablets effectively increased hemoglobin levels among third-trimester pregnant women with anemia. This finding suggests that such combination therapy can serve as a valuable alternative in the management of anemia during pregnancy.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can be identified through both electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography, with echocardiography recognized as the gold standard for the assessment of LVH. This imaging modality determines the presence of LVH by evaluating the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). For diagnostic purposes, LVH is defined in males as a left ventricular mass index greater than 115 g/m² and in females as greater than 95 g/m². Despite the high accuracy of echocardiography in diagnosing LVH, access to this examination is not universal across all healthcare facilities. Consequently, electrocardiography, a widely available, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tool, serves as an alternative for the diagnosis of LVH. Several criteria exist for the electrocardiographic assessment of LVH, including the Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell voltage criteria. However, the sensitivity of these electrocardiographic methods remains relatively low, with reported sensitivities of 17% for the Sokolow-Lyon criteria and 35% for the Cornell criteria. In left ventricular hypertrophy, the interstitium experiences changes characterized by fibrosis and other deposits. These alterations can reduce the expression of hypertrophic myocardial tension and limit the diagnostic capabilities of surface electrocardiograms. Additionally, several factors influence electrical tension, including variations in chest wall thickness, heart muscle activity, the distance of the electrode from the left ventricle, and lung activity. The presence of these limiting factors can increase the rate of false negatives in diagnosis. In 2017, Peguero and Lo Presti introduced novel criteria for the diagnosis of LVH, defined by evaluating the deepest S wave and summing it with the S wave in lead V4. According to these new criteria, LVH is identified as ≥ 2.8 mV in men and ≥ 2.3 mV in women. The Peguero-Lo Presti criteria demonstrate improved sensitivity when compared to traditional criteria such as Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell, offering enhanced diagnostic accuracy.

The surgery often causes anxiety, which has an impact on physical and psychological conditions of preoperative patients. The data from WHO shows that 50% patients all over the world experienced anxiety, where 5-25% patients are between 5 and 20 years old, and 50% patients are 55 years old. Pre-operational anxiety reaches 534 million patients. Many factors affect anxiety in patients, including family support. This study aims to acknowledge the correlation between family support and anxiety of post-surgery patients in Meuraxa Regional General Hospital, Banda Aceh. This study employs an analytical correlational method with a cross-sectional approach by involving 51 patients selected using an accidental sampling technique. A family support questionnaire is adopted from Nurwulan, with a Cronbach's alpha 0.856. The questionnaire of anxiety using the APAIS scale of Cronbach's alpha 0.825. Univariate and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test. The results indicate that among 51 respondents, the level of anxiety is in a medium state, as 26 respondents (51.0%), family support is in the high category, 47 respondents (92.2%), with a P-value 0.026 (P-value < 0.05). In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between family support and preoperative anxiety at Meuraxa General Hospital Banda Aceh. Families are expected to continuously provide emotional, informational, instrumental, and appraisal support so that patients feel calmer, are able to reduce excessive anxiety, and are better prepared to undergo surgery.

Total cholesterol measurement is essential for assessing cardiovascular risk, but consistency between laboratory instruments must be validated for reliable results. Architect C4000 and Alinity C1000 operate on enzymatic principles but differ in system design, reagents, and supporting technology. This study aimed to compare total cholesterol measurements between the two instruments using a non-parametric statistical approach (Mann-Whitney test). A comparative analytical design was conducted with 100 serum samples obtained via purposive sampling and divided for measurement with each device. Statistical analysis evaluated differences, and mean differences were calculated using the Hodges-Lehman method. Results showed mean cholesterol values of 182.98 mg/dL for Architect and 182.37 mg/dL for Alinity, with no significant difference (p=0.9942) and a median difference of 0.0 (95% CI: -9.0 to 9.0). Data distribution was nearly identical for both instruments in terms of mean and spread. Therefore, both methods demonstrate comparable validity in total cholesterol measurement, as they rely on similar principles and technologies, with reagents calibrated to the same standards.

The Child Friendly School policy is an important instrument in protecting children's rights and preventing violence in educational environments. This research aims to evaluate the implementation of the Child Friendly School policy at SD Negeri Kandangan, Krembung District, Sidoarjo Regency using William Dunn's policy evaluation approach. This research uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Research informants were selected using purposive sampling techniques consisting of school principals, teachers, school committees, and students. Data analysis techniques use the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the evaluation of policy effectiveness achieves a fairly good level of success in creating a safe and comfortable learning environment, although there are still some teachers who use conventional disciplinary methods. The efficiency evaluation shows that schools optimize limited resources through community participation and village government support. The adequacy evaluation identifies the need for improved facilities such as prayer rooms and special rooms for students with special needs. The equity evaluation shows the school's commitment to providing inclusive educational services without discrimination. The responsiveness evaluation shows high stakeholder satisfaction with child-friendly school programs. The accuracy evaluation confirms that this policy is appropriate for inclusive schools that have students with special needs. This research contributes to the development of educational policy evaluation with a focus on child protection in inclusive schools.  

The zoning system policy in the New Student Enrolment (PPDB) is an educational policy reform aimed at equalising access to services and improving the quality of education in Indonesia. This research analyses the implementation of the PPDB zoning system policy at the level of State Junior Secondary Schools using George C. Edward III's policy implementation theory approach, which covers four main variables: communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The research method employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. Data collection techniques were conducted through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation study of the regulations implementing the zoning system policy. The findings show that the implementation of the PPDB zoning system policy has proceeded in accordance with the technical regulations of Permendikbud Number 01 of 2021 and Sidoarjo Regent Regulation Number 37 of 2020. The admission routes provided include the zoning route, achievement, affirmation, and parental transfer, which offer fair opportunities for all prospective students. Nevertheless, there are still obstacles in the execution, particularly related to the limited infrastructure for distance learning, public perception regarding the selection mechanism, and the disparity between the number of available places (quota) and the number of applicants for certain routes. This research recommends the need for more comprehensive socialisation, improvement of supporting infrastructure, and periodic evaluation of policy implementation to ensure the achievement of the goal of equitable and quality education.

This research analyses the challenges to service innovation in civil registration, specifically the issuance of birth certificates at the Sidoarjo Regency Department of Population and Civil Registration, within the context of governmental digital transformation. Employing a qualitative approach via in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis, the study identifies various obstacles encountered in the process of public service digitisation. The findings indicate that the principal challenges include: (1) resistance to change from both civil servants and the public regarding the digital system; (2) limitations in information technology infrastructure and internet connectivity in rural areas; (3) the digital literacy gap between urban and rural community groups; (4) the complexity of coordination among government agencies within the integrated system; and (5) budgetary constraints for continuous system maintenance and development. The study also found that despite various innovations such as online services, mobile apps, and digital queuing systems, their implementation still faces significant technical and non-technical impediments. These findings contribute to the literature on public sector innovation by revealing the dynamics of e-government implementation at the regency/city level, and offer strategic recommendations for policymakers on optimising the digital transformation of civil registration services. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis, which integrates technological, organisational, and social perspectives within the context of local government in Indonesia post-COVID-19 pandemic.

This research analyses the effectiveness of implementing the Indonesian Government Internal Audit Standards (SAIPI) at the Sidoarjo Regency Inspectorate in achieving good governance. SAIPI constitutes the guidelines established by the Association of Indonesian Government Internal Auditors (AAIPI) through Regulation Number PER-01/AAIPI/DPN/2021 as the minimum quality standard for the execution of government internal audits. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilising data collection techniques via in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis. The research informants include the Regency Inspector, Assistant Inspectors, senior auditors, and officials from Regional Apparatus Work Units (SKPD) within the Sidoarjo Regency Government environment. The findings indicate that the implementation of SAIPI at the Sidoarjo Regency Inspectorate has been carried out reasonably well, but still encounters several constraints such as limited auditor competency in computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs), a lack of structural independence, and suboptimal utilisation of information technology in the audit process. Factors supporting implementation include strong leadership commitment, the availability of clear regulations, and continuous auditor capacity-building programmes. The study concludes that the effectiveness of SAIPI implementation positively contributes to the enhancement of internal oversight quality, accountability in regional financial management, and corruption prevention within the Sidoarjo Regency Government.

This research examines tourism development strategies through an industrial tourism programme in Sidoarjo Regency as an alternative for regional tourism diversification. Sidoarjo Regency is known as an industrial hub with various production centres, such as shrimp crackers, batik, and shrimp paste (terasi), which have considerable potential to be developed into industrial tourism destinations. The objectives of the study are to analyse industrial tourism development strategies, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and formulate a collaborative model for sustainable industrial tourism development. The research employs a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation study. Research informants include the Sidoarjo Regency Tourism Office, industry stakeholders, tourism communities, and tourists. The results indicate that the industrial tourism development strategy in Sidoarjo utilises a pentahelix approach involving the government, academia, businesses, the community, and the media. Supporting factors include the diversity of local industrial products, good accessibility, and government policy support. However, there are constraints such as minimal digital promotion, limited tourism facilities, and low awareness among business actors regarding the concept of industrial tourism. The recommended collaborative model encompasses institutional strengthening, increasing Human Resources (HR) capacity, developing supporting infrastructure, innovating tourism products, and integrated digital marketing. This research provides a practical contribution to the development of industrial tourism in regions with a strong small and medium-sized industrial economic base.

In the current era of digitalization, public needs for fast, efficient, and transparent public services are increasing. The Sidoarjo Regency Government responds to these needs by launching a technology-based public service innovation, namely the Sidoarjo People's Service System (SiPraja) application. This study aims to analyze the implementation of public policy through SiPraja in Medaeng Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation study. Research informants consisted of the Village Head, village officials, SiPraja operators, and community service users. The results show that the implementation of SiPraja in Medaeng Village has been quite good based on the Van Meter and Van Horn indicators, including the size and objectives of the policy, resources, characteristics of implementing agents, attitudes of implementers, inter-organizational communication, and social, economic, political environments. Supporting factors for implementation include high village government commitment, adequate technology infrastructure availability, and active community participation. However, there are still obstacles in the form of uneven digital literacy among the community, especially in the elderly age group, and limited understanding of some residents regarding application usage procedures. This study provides recommendations to increase the intensity of socialization and training on the use of the SiPraja application, as well as optimize the role of RT/RW as community assistance agents.

This research analyses the optimisation of the electronic performance appraisal system (e-Kinerja) implementation within the context of the Civil Servant (ASN) performance management transformation at the Sidoarjo Regency Regional Civil Service Agency. The e-Kinerja system represents a digital innovation in ASN performance appraisal, developed in accordance with the Minister of State Apparatus Utilisation and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation Number 6 of 2022. This qualitative research, employing a case study approach, utilised purposive sampling for informant selection, with data gathered through participant observation and documentary analysis. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman model, encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The research findings indicate that the e-Kinerja implementation faces challenges regarding system integration with the Personnel Information System (SIMPEG), synchronisation of personnel data, and equitable dissemination of information to all Civil Servants. Nevertheless, the system is proven to enhance accountability, transparency, and work productivity of Civil Servants through measurable daily reporting mechanisms and monthly targets. This study contributes theoretically to the literature on technology-based public sector performance management and practically through recommendations for developing a more integrated e-Government system. Policy implications include the necessity for accelerating the digitalisation of personnel services, strengthening the capacity of civil service human resources in digital literacy, and developing an information technology infrastructure that supports bureaucratic transformation towards a more efficient, accountable, and responsive.  

The State Civil Apparatus Information System (SIASN) is a digital platform developed by the State Civil Service Agency (BKD) to manage ASN personnel data and information in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the SIASN-based promotion service policy at the Sidoarjo Regency Regional Civil Service Agency based on State Civil Service Agency Regulation Number 7 of 2023. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Data analysis uses the Miles and Huberman interactive model, while the evaluation framework uses William Dunn's evaluation criteria which include effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, responsiveness, and accuracy. The evaluation results show that the SIASN-based promotion service policy at the Sidoarjo Regency BKD has been quite effective in achieving the goal of improving service quality and has a good level of efficiency in reducing bureaucratic flows. However, in terms of adequacy, there are still gaps related to human resources and system integration. The policy's responsiveness to ASN needs is quite good although there is still room for improvement in aspects of communication and data updating. The main obstacles identified include weak validity of personnel data, the absence of a bridging system between SIPEKAT and SIASN, limited human resources, and minimal awareness of ASN in updating independent data.

Digital transformation in public services is an absolute necessity in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, including in local government personnel management. This research analyses the digital transformation of civil servants’ (ASN) promotion services through the implementation of the Promotion Management System (SIPEKAT) at the Regional Personnel Agency of Sidoarjo Regency. Employing a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation study, this research explores the transformation process from a manual to a digital system, the implementation challenges, and its impact on service effectiveness and efficiency. The results indicate that the digital transformation via SIPEKAT successfully increased processing time efficiency by up to 60%, reduced the use of physical documents by up to 85%, and improved the transparency and accountability of the services. However, challenges were found, including a digital competence gap among employees, limitations in technological infrastructure in several Regional Government Work Units, and resistance to change from some stakeholders. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the digital transformation ecosystem of personnel services, integrating technological, organisational, and user behaviour perspectives, whilst producing an e-government implementation model for personnel services that can be adopted by other local.

This study explores the epistemological foundation of Islamic education in the context of the Merdeka Curriculum implementation in Indonesia. The research aims to analyze how Islamic epistemology—which integrates revelation, reason, and experience—can be harmonized with the principles of independent learning that emphasize flexibility, contextual understanding, and character development. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study collects data through literature review and content analysis of relevant academic works and policy documents. The findings show that the integration of Islamic epistemology provides a philosophical framework that strengthens the spiritual and moral dimensions of education while maintaining academic autonomy. The implications highlight the importance of teachers’ capacity, curriculum adaptation, and policy support to ensure that the Merdeka Curriculum remains grounded in Islamic educational values. This study contributes to the discourse on contemporary Islamic education by proposing an integrative model that aligns faith-based knowledge with modern educational paradigms.  

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Discovery Learning model that utilizes the surrounding environment in improving the learning outcomes of Biology Science on plant material and its functions in grade 3 students of MI Al Barokah Jember. This approach refers to David A. Kolb's experiential learning theory and Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky's constructivism theory, which emphasizes the importance of active student involvement through real-life experiences and social interactions. This study uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) model with four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research subjects were 24 students, with data obtained through observation, learning outcome tests (pre-test and post-test), and reflective interviews. Data analysis was carried out using quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The results showed a significant increase in students' conceptual understanding, with an average pre-test score of 60 increasing to 82 in the post-test, and 83% of students showed improved learning outcomes. Student activity also increased, with more students actively involved in observations, discussions, and presentations. As many as 80–85% of students were able to explain the functions of plant parts based on direct observation. Students responded positively to this lesson, but there were limitations in the variety of plants and the timeframe. It is recommended to reinforce initial understanding with visual aids and allow more time for group discussions.

This study aims to develop an interactive learning media based on Genially Hybrid for the topic of the Human Reproductive System in senior high schools, aligned with the 2024 National Curriculum. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, focusing on the development stage. The final product consists of three main media: (1) interactive presentation, (2) digital board game, and (3) “Family 100” game show. Each medium was designed according to Mayer’s Multimedia Principles and Cognitive Learning Theory to enhance students’ engagement and conceptual understanding. The results show that Genially Hybrid media successfully integrates visual, verbal, and interactive components that support both face-to-face and online learning flexibly. These media not only enrich learning experiences but also improve students’ motivation and collaboration in mastering abstract biological concepts. This innovation is expected to serve as an initial model for developing effective and adaptive digital learning media that meet the demands of the Society 5.0 era and the 2024 National Curriculum.