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The oil and gas industry plays a crucial role in meeting global energy needs, with crude oil from production wells being the primary product of upstream operations. Prior to further processing, crude oil requires pretreatment at the production site, one of the key stages being phase separation using a flash separator. This study examines the effect of variations in cooling temperature on the performance of liquid phase separation and energy requirements in the flash separation process of light hydrocarbons. The analysis was conducted through process simulation using Aspen HYSYS version 14.2 with the Peng Robinson property package. The feed stream had a mass rate of 10,000 kg per hour, a temperature of 50°F, and atmospheric pressure, with compositions of ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane. The process configuration included compression, cooling, and phase separation in a flash separator at a constant pressure of 50 psia. Variations in cooling temperature were applied at 20, 10, and 0°C. The simulation results indicated a thermodynamic critical point at 10°C. At 20°C, no liquid phase was formed, while at 10°C, significant liquid yield was obtained with moderate energy consumption. Lowering the temperature to 0°C dramatically increases liquid recovery, but the cooling energy requirement also increases sharply. Sensitivity analysis confirms a strong inverse relationship between temperature and condensation yield, as well as a surge in energy consumption at low temperatures. The optimal operating condition is set at 10°C, providing a balance between separation efficiency and energy efficiency in accordance with sustainable manufacturing principles.

This research investigates the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) resulting from blasting operations at Pit Pinang, PT Bukit Baiduri Energi, employing two prediction approaches: Non-Linear Geometric Regression and the USBM Oriard’s Formula. Ground vibration measurements were recorded over a one-month period, from October 9 to November 8, 2025. The findings indicate that the non-linear regression model achieves a higher predictive accuracy of 78.62%, outperforming the USBM Oriard’s Formula, which reaches 68.2%. Variations between the observed and estimated PPV values were affected by factors such as the location of geophones, differences in explosive charges, and alterations in borehole depths. In addition, the study evaluates optimal explosive charge recommendations in accordance with SNI 7571:2010 standards to mitigate potential structural damage in surrounding areas. By highlighting these predictive discrepancies and providing practical guidance on charge management, the research offers valuable insights for improving blasting safety and minimizing vibration impacts on nearby infrastructure. The comparison of methods emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate prediction models to ensure both operational efficiency and environmental safety.

Aktivitas ekonomi mempunyai hubungan yang erat dengan transaksi antara entitas ekonomi, yang terkadang menyebabkan sengketa. Dalam konteks ekonomi syariah, sengketa muncul karena perselisihan antara pelaku ekonomi yang berbisnis berdasarkan hukum ekonomi syariah terkait hak atau kepentingan. Sengketa ini bisa diputus dengan instrumen hukum yang berbagai, baik litigasi di pengadilan agama maupun metode non-litigasi seperti negosiasi, mediasi, dan konsiliasi. Penyelesaian sengketa di pengadilan agama bertujuan agar terjaminlah keadilan dan keteguhan hukum sesuai prinsip syariah. Namun, dengan semakin meningkatnya tuntutan keadilan, penyelesaian sengketa melalui pengadilan relatif lama dan kurang efektif, maka alternatif penyelesaian di luar pengadilan semakin relevan. Negosiasi sebagai salah satu proses tawar-menawar dalam sengketa ekonomi syariah sangat memfokuskan pada persiapan dan komunikasi efektif kedua belah pihak. Salah satu penyebab sengketa ekonomi pada ekonomi syariah adalah wanprestasi dalam transaksi jual beli, terutama transaksi tanah. Oleh karena itu, regulasi ekonomi syariah yang mengatur prinsip keadilan dan keseimbangan hak dan kewajiban sangatlah perlu untuk menyelesaikan sengketa tersebut secara adil dan damai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali penerapan regulasi ekonomi syariah dalam penyelesaian sengketa wanprestasi, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan sengketa tanah, dengan mengidentifikasi metode penyelesaian sengketa yang sesuai dalam hukum Islam dan hukum positif Indonesia. Penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan wawasan mengenai relevansi dan penerapan hukum Islam dalam menyelesaikan sengketa ekonomi syariah, serta menyoroti pentingnya penyelesaian sengketa melalui metode yang mengedepankan keadilan dan perdamaian.

Penelitian ini membahas peran dan tanggung jawab Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dalam pembuatan akta hibah, dengan fokus pada implikasi sengketa hukum yang terlihat pada Putusan Nomor 1316/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Jepr. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah tingginya jumlah sengketa terkait akta hibah di Indonesia yang menunjukkan belum optimalnya peran Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dalam menjamin keabsahan dan legalitas dokumen. Kondisi ini menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai bagaimana regulasi mengatur peran dan tanggung jawab PPAT dalam pembuatan akta hibah, serta bagaimana permasalahan hukum yang muncul dipertimbangkan oleh hakim dalam memutus perkara sengketa akta hibah tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, dengan pengumpulan data melalui studi dokumen, wawancara, dan literatur hukum. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tanggung jawab utama PPAT dalam pembuatan akta hibah mencakup syarat formil dan materiil sesuai PP No. 37/1998, KUH Perdata, dan KHI, termasuk verifikasi dokumen, identitas, status tanah, serta persetujuan ahli waris. Sengketa  dalam Putusan No. 1316/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Jepr, timbul akibat dugaan hibah fiktif dan kurangnya kehati-hatian PPAT, namun penggugat PPAT tidak dapat dibuktikan dan akta hibah secara administratif telah memenui syarat.Hakim menyatakan gugatan tidak diterima karena cacat formil Penelitian ini menyarankan agar PPAT lebih berhati-hati dalam menjalankan tugasnya dan lebih proaktif dalam mencegah potensi sengketa hukum terkait hibah tanah.

Perjanjian kredit antara lembaga perbankan dan pelaku usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM) merupakan instrumen penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, dalam praktiknya, tidak jarang terjadi wanprestasi dari pihak debitur  yang  berdampak  pada  hubungan  hukum  dan keberlangsungan  usaha.  Penelitian  ini  bertujuan  untuk mengkaji: 1) bagaimana proses pengajuan dan pelaksanaan perjanjian kredit antara Bank BRI dan UMKM Konveksi Parasit di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta; 2) apa saja faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya wanprestasi oleh debitur; dan 3) bagaimana mekanisme penyelesaian wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh pihak bank. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif yang didukung oleh data primer. Spesifikasi penelitian bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan jenis dan sumber data berupa data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka, serta data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan pihak terkait. Teknik analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif untuk menginterpretasikan norma hukum dan fakta empiris secara sistematis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) proses pengajuan kredit dilakukan melalui prosedur formal dengan dokumen pendukung yang sah, dan dituangkan dalam Surat Pengakuan Hutang; 2) wanprestasi terjadi karena kombinasi faktor internal seperti pengelolaan usaha yang kurang optimal dan faktor eksternal seperti penurunan permintaan pasar; dan 3) penyelesaian wanprestasi dilakukan melalui eksekusi agunan, pelaporan ke otoritas keuangan, serta pendekatan persuasif seperti restrukturisasi kredit. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya edukasi hukum bagi pelaku UMKM dan penerapan prinsip keadilan dalam penyelesaian sengketa kredit.

Tanah adalah objek vital yang bernilai tinggi sehingga transaksi jual beli tanah menuntut kepastian hukum agar tidak menciptakan sengketa. Namun, praktik membeli atau menjual tanah secara tunai tanpa melalui PPAT dan tanpa memiliki sertifikat kepemilikan masih banyak terjadi, sehingga menimbulkan berbagai masalah terkait keabsahan dokumen, perlindungan hukum, serta risiko terjadinya sengketa. Latar belakang inilah yang melandasi penelitian dengan judul Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pembeli atas Tanah dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli: Studi Putusan Nomor 1990/K/PDT/2025. Penelitian ini ditulis guna menganalisis kekuatan hukum perjanjian jual beli tanah di bawah tangan dan menilai pertimbangan hakim dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum kepada pembeli. Metode penelitian yakni yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasilnya ditemukan dalam Putusan Nomor 1990/K/PDT/2025, perjanjian yang telah dibuat oleh para pihak terkait jual beli tanah adalah sah dan bersifat mengikat. Para Tergugat dinyatakan wanprestasi atas mengurus penerbitan sertifikat pengganti maupun proses peralihan hak atas tanah. Selain itu, Majelis Hakim memerintahkan agar sertifikat pengganti segera diterbitkan, dilakukan pemecahan bidang tanah, dan dilaksanakan proses balik nama. Untuk menjamin kepastian pelaksanaan putusan, hakim memberikan kewenangan kepada pembeli untuk mengurus sendiri seluruh proses tersebut apabila penjual tetap lalai. Pertimbangan hukum ini mencerminkan sikap hakim yang berorientasi pada perlindungan hak pembeli beritikad baik sekaligus sebagai upaya menegakkan prinsip kepastian hukum dan rasa keadilan.

Penelitian ini membahas secara mendalam mengenai perlindungan hukum bagi nasabah dalam sengketa gadai syariah, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan pengembalian barang jaminan setelah pelunasan utang. Perkembangan industri gadai syariah di Indonesia yang sangat pesat menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap lembaga keuangan berbasis syariah. Namun, di sisi lain, dinamika ini juga memunculkan tantangan baru dalam aspek perlindungan konsumen, terutama ketika terjadi wanprestasi, kesalahan administrasi, atau kelalaian lembaga gadai dalam menjaga serta mengembalikan barang jaminan milik nasabah. Melalui pendekatan yuridis normatif dan studi kasus terhadap Putusan Pengadilan Agama Banjarmasin Nomor 1112/Pdt.G/2021/PA.Bjm, penelitian ini berupaya menganalisis bentuk tanggung jawab hukum lembaga gadai serta perlindungan yang seharusnya diterima oleh nasabah sebagai pihak yang dirugikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa dalam perspektif hukum syariah, barang gadai (marhun) memiliki kedudukan hukum sebagai amanah yang wajib dijaga dengan penuh tanggung jawab oleh pihak penerima gadai (murtahin). Apabila lembaga gadai lalai dalam menjaga atau gagal mengembalikan barang tersebut, maka tindakan tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai wanprestasi sekaligus pelanggaran terhadap prinsip keadilan dan hak-hak konsumen. Perlindungan hukum terhadap nasabah diatur dalam berbagai peraturan, antara lain Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata), Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, serta pengawasan yang dilakukan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) terhadap lembaga keuangan syariah. Namun demikian, efektivitas implementasi peraturan tersebut masih menghadapi berbagai kendala, seperti lemahnya pengawasan, kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai hak-haknya, serta minimnya mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang cepat dan transparan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan sistem pengawasan serta edukasi hukum bagi masyarakat agar prinsip keadilan, kepastian hukum, dan kemaslahatan dalam transaksi gadai syariah dapat terwujud secara menyeluruh.

Dalam pelaksanaannya, jaminan fidusia bisa dieksekusi dengan menggunakan sertifikat jaminan yang memiliki kekuatan hukum setara dengan putusan pengadilan yang sudah bersifat tetap dan mengikat. Namun dalam penerapannya, hal ini menimbulkan polemik karena adanya ketimpangan hukum, hingga terbitlah Putusan MK Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019. Penulisan ini membahas mengenai pengaturan kekuatan eksekutorial Pasal 15 ayat (2) dan (3) UU Jaminan Fidusia, baik sebelum maupun sesudah terbitnya Putusan MK Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019, dan implikasinya dengan menggunakan metode hukum normatif yang berlandaskan studi kepustakaan dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah parate eksekusi yang dijalankan cenderung melanggar prinsip due process of law, sehingga terjadi pergeseran paradigma dari sistem eksekusi yang absolut menuju sistem eksekusi yang berkeadilan dan sejalan dengan prinsip negara hukum yang menjamin kepastian serta perlindungan hak konstitusional para pihak. Pergeseran tersebut menjadikan pembagian hak dan kewajiban antara debitur dan kreditur menjadi lebih adil, transparan, dan sesuai dengan prinsip keadilan substantif.

Penelitian ini menganalisis dasar hukum dan tanggung jawab notaris dalam tindak pidana pemalsuan akta otentik berdasarkan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) dan Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris (UUJN). Notaris memiliki kewenangan membuat akta otentik yang berkekuatan hukum sempurna, namun hal ini juga menciptakan celah bagi pemalsuan yang merugikan. Pemalsuan akta termasuk tindak pidana pemalsuan surat, menimbulkan kompleksitas dalam menentukan batas tanggung jawab notaris karena kewajiban verifikasi notaris yang terbatas dalam investigasi materiil, serta adanya perbedaan pendekatan antara KUHP dan UUJN. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan statute dan conceptual, mengkaji peraturan dan literatur hukum. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa notaris dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana jika terbukti sengaja terlibat dalam pemalsuan. Kesimpulannya, diperlukan harmonisasi antara KUHP dan UUJN untuk memastikan kepastian hukum bagi notaris dan masyarakat, dengan penekanan pada pembuktian unsur kesengajaan (dolus) notaris.

This papper reviews a range of studies that examine the influence of cultural and religious differences on the effectiveness of the counselor–client relationship. The main focus is on how cultural identity and religious beliefs shape the way individuals understand problems, interpret personal experiences, and respond to the counseling process. The literature shows that differences in values, communication styles, and spiritual orientations can affect the quality of the relationship, especially during the stages of building trust and setting counseling goals. At the same time, counselors who possess multicultural competence and sensitivity toward religious diversity are better able to adapt their approaches so clients feel respected and emotionally secure. This review also highlights the importance of counselor self-reflection to avoid personal bias in sessions, particularly when working with clients from backgrounds that differ greatly from their own. By examining various academic sources, this article argues that an effective counseling relationship depends not only on technique but also on the counselor’s ability to understand the client’s life context. The findings of this literature review contribute to the development of more inclusive and culturally responsive counseling practices.

This study aims to examine the influence of shopping lifestyle, hedonic shopping value, and e-wallet on impulsive buying behavior among students of the Management Study Program at the Faculty of Economics, Universitas Kristen Indonesia Toraja. This research is quantitative in nature, using multiple linear regression analysis. The sample consisted of 80 respondents, determined using Slovin's formula and purposive sampling technique as the basis for selecting respondents deemed relevant to the research objectives. The results of the study indicate that, partially, shopping lifestyle significantly influences impulsive buying with a t-value of 3.608 and sig = 0.001, hedonic shopping value significantly influences impulsive buying with a t-value of 2.186 and sig = 0.032, and e-wallet significantly influences impulsive buying with a t-value of 3.043 and sig = 0.003. Simultaneously, all three independent variables significantly affect impulsive buying, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. The coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.223 indicates that the three independent variables explain 22.3% of the variation in impulsive buying behavior, while the remaining 77.7% is explained by other factors not investigated in this study. These findings suggest that shopping lifestyle, the value gained from shopping, and the convenience of digital transactions through e-wallets are triggers for unplanned buying behavior.

This study aims to identify and describe the factors contributing to the decline in the distribution of Kredit Cepat Aman (KCA) at PT Pegadaian (Persero), Pasar Pagi Service Unit, during the period of January 2022 to December 2024. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach, involving purposively selected informants consisting of the unit manager, appraisers, and customers. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and documentation analysis (KCA realization data from 2022 to 2024). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion verification/triangulation. The results indicate that the decline in KCA distribution is influenced by internal factors including interest rate (service fee) policies, collateral appraisal standards, credit provision procedures, non-performing loan ratios, service quality, and marketing activities as well as external factors such as competition among financial institutions, fluctuations in collateral prices, product availability, and local economic conditions affecting community purchasing power. These findings suggest the need for improvements in collateral appraisal procedures, enhancements in service quality and localized marketing strategies, and adjustments to interest rate policies that are responsive to local economic dynamics in order to restore and increase KCA distribution performance.

This study aims to determine the effect of Product Assortment, Price, and Store Atmosphere on Consumer Purchase Intention at MR.DIY, North Toraja Regency. The independent variables used in this study are Product Assortment (X1), Price (X2), and Store Atmosphere (X3), while the dependent variable is Consumer Purchase Intention. The population in this study consists of consumers who have purchased products at MR.DIY. The sample in this study was selected using the accidental sampling method, with a total of 90 respondents. Data collection techniques in this study used questionnaires with a quantitative approach. The data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis, followed by hypothesis testing using SPSS 25. Based on the results of the t-test, the product assortment variable shows a t-count value greater than the t-table value (4.574 > 1.987) with a significance level of (0.000 < 0.05). The price variable shows a t-count value greater than the t-table value (4.261 > 1.987) with a significance level of (0.000 < 0.05), while the store atmosphere variable also has a t-count value greater than the t-table value (3.857 > 1.987) with a significance level of (0.000 < 0.05). Meanwhile, the results of the F-test (simultaneous test) produce an F-count value greater than the F-table value (18.800 > 2.711) with a significance level of (0.000 < 0.05). The results of the study indicate that Product Assortment, Price, and Store Atmosphere simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on Consumer Purchase Intention at MR.DIY, North Toraja Regency.  

This study aims to determine the effect of Electronic Word of Mouth on Purchase Decisions (a case study of Glad2Glow skincare products). The population of this study consists of consumers who use Glad2Glow skincare products, with the sampling technique using accidental sampling. This research employs a quantitative method. The object of this study is users of Glad2Glow products who purchase skincare products at Glowtica Beauty Store. Data were collected through questionnaires measured using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used is simple linear regression, processed with the assistance of SPSS software. The results of the t-test indicate that the Electronic Word of Mouth variable (X) has a significant effect on Purchase Decisions, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 and a t-value of 6.069 > t-table of 2.03224. Therefore, it can be concluded that Electronic Word of Mouth has a significant effect on the Purchase Decision of Glad2Glow skincare products. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that Electronic Word of Mouth has a positive influence on the purchase decision of Glad2Glow skincare products.

This study aims to analyze the influence of service quality on consumer satisfaction at Katorroan Cafe Batutumonga, North Toraja Regency. This research uses a quantitative associative method with a questionnaire as a data collection tool involving 60 respondents who are visitors to the cafe. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis, validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, simple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing (t-test). The results showed that the service quality at Katorroan Cafe Batutumonga was in the good category, and consumer satisfaction was in the satisfied category. However, the results of the simple linear regression test showed a negative and significant influence of service quality on consumer satisfaction with a regression coefficient of -0.404 and a significance value of 0.000. This indicates that an increase in service quality is paradoxically followed by a decrease in consumer satisfaction in the context of this study. The coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.195, meaning that service quality contributes 19.5% to consumer satisfaction, while the remaining 80.5% is influenced by other factors outside the study.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an influence of parental income and peer environment on the consumer behavior of students studying in the Management Study Program at the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja. Data collection procedures for this study included observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The method used in this study was a quantitative method using the Simple Linear Regression method and processed using SPSS 26. The sample collection technique used was nonprobability sampling with a purposive sampling technique where the sampling technique was based on certain criteria or considerations. The results of the study showed that the t-test on the Parental Income variable had a calculated t value > t table with a value of (3.409) < (1.664). The Parental Income variable has a positive and significant influence on the Consumer Behavior of Students Studying in the Management Study Program at the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja. The t-test on the Peer Environment had a calculated t value > t table with a value of (4.279) < (1.664). The Peer Environment has a positive and significant influence on the Consumer Behavior of Students Studying in the Management Study Program at the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja. The f-test has a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, which means that parental income and peer environment have a simultaneous and significant influence on the consumer behavior of students in the Management Study Program at the Indonesian Christian University of Toraja.

This study aims to analyze the effect of using the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) on improving financial inclusion among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in North Toraja Regency. The research is motivated by the rapid development of digital payment systems, which have not been optimally adopted by MSMEs in tourism areas. QRIS, as a non-cash payment innovation, is expected to expand access tofinancial services, enhance transaction efficiency, and encourage MSMEs’ participation in the formal financial system. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method involving 35 handicraft MSMEs in the Ke’te Kesu’ tourism area, selected through a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 25 through validity and reliability tests, descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, and simple linear regression. The results indicate that QRIS usage has a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.758 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.575. The t-test shows a significance value of < 0.05. These findings support the Financial Deepening theory and the financial inclusion concept, which emphasize access, affordability, and usage of financial services. Thus, QRIS serves as an important instrument in promoting digital transformation and enhancing financial inclusion among MSMEs in North Toraja Regency.

This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of job training, workload, and work motivation on employee performance at KSP Balo’ta, Tana Toraja Regency. The data collection procedures in this study included interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The research employed a quantitative method using multiple linear regression analysis, which was processed using SPSS version 23. The sampling technique used was the census (total sampling) method, in which all members of the population were included as samples, totaling 38 respondents. The results of the study indicate that: (1) partially, job training has a significant effect on employee performance. This is evidenced by the t-test results, where the significance value is 0.000 < 0.05 and the calculated t-value is −9.613 > t-table value of 1.691, indicating that variable X1 influences variable Y. (2) workload has a significant effect on employee performance, as shown by the t-test results with a significance value of 0.004 < 0.05 and a calculated t-value of 1.842 > t-table value of 1.691, indicating that variable X2 affects variable Y. (3) work motivation has a significant effect on employee performance, as evidenced by the t-test results with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 and a calculated t-value of 4.694 > t-table value of 1.691, indicating that variable X3 influences variable Y. (4) simultaneously, job training, workload, and work motivation have a significant effect on employee performance. This is supported by the F-test results, where the significance value is 0.000 < 0.05 and the calculated F-value is 37.209 > F-table value of 2.883, indicating that variables X1, X2, and X3 simultaneously influence variable Y.

A comparison between classical and contemporary interpretations regarding the law of theft contained in Surah Al-Mā’idah verse 38, which stipulates the punishment of hand amputation for theft. This verse has long been the basis of Islamic jurisprudence, but its interpretation has evolved over time. The method used is qualitative with a literature study approach, which examines classical sources of interpretation such as Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī and contemporary interpretations such as al-Mishbāḥ. The research findings show that classical interpretations view this verse textually and normatively, with a focus on the application of hudud law as a form of justice and protection of property rights, as well as the imposition of strict conditions to avoid misuse. Meanwhile, contemporary interpretations view this verse contextually and humanistically, paying attention to social, economic, and humanitarian conditions. The punishment of hand amputation is understood not only as physical punishment, but also as a tool for moral education, crime prevention, and protection of community welfare. Although both share the same goal of upholding justice and safeguarding the welfare of the people, contemporary interpretations emphasize a more flexible application of law to align with the values ​​of social justice in the modern era. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of contextualizing the understanding of Islamic law without neglecting the principles of sharia, which balance justice, humanity, and the welfare of the people.

Nicotine is the main chemical substance found in cigarettes and has toxic and addictive properties. Exposure to nicotine in active smokers can cause various health problems, including respiratory and cardiovascular disorders and dependence. The prevalence of active smokers in RT 08 RW 05, Duren Jaya Village, East Bekasi Subdistrict is quite high. However, data on nicotine levels in the bodies of active smokers remain very limited. This study aims to determine the nicotine levels in active smokers in Duren Jaya Village, RT 08 RW 05, Bekasi Timur District, using urine samples. The research method employs a descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Urine samples were collected from 30 male active smokers aged over 35 years who had smoked for at least 15 years. Nicotine levels were measured at the Jakarta Regional Health Laboratory using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 22. The study included 30 male respondents (100%) with an average age of 41 years. The analysis results showed nicotine levels ranging from 59.908 ng/mLto 459.941 ng/mL, with the majority of respondents falling into the category of active smokers based on the biological threshold for nicotine levels. It can be concluded that the results obtained indicate that these levels correspond to active smokers using light tobacco.