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This article explores the importance of a contextual approach in Christian education for young people. By considering the cultural, social, and technological dynamics that influence the lives of young people today, this approach seeks to bridge the Christian faith tradition with modern realities. The research was conducted through a literature review and interviews with Christian educators, which showed that a contextual approach can strengthen spiritual connectedness and the relevance of Christian teachings in everyday life. This article offers practical guidance for educators in implementing this approach in the classroom.

The digital era brings new challenges for Christian religious education, especially in the role of teachers as spiritual guides. This article highlights the important role of teachers in accompanying students to understand and live the Christian faith amidst the rapid flow of information. This study uses qualitative methods through interviews and observations of Christian religious education teachers. The results show that the use of digital technology can be an effective tool when combined with a personal pastoral approach. This article provides recommendations for strategies to strengthen the role of teachers in the digital era.

This article explores the concept of inclusive education from a Christian theological perspective, which emphasizes acceptance and love for all individuals without discrimination. This study analyzes how Christian values ​​can be applied in an inclusive educational environment, especially for students with special needs. The results of the study indicate that a Christian theological-based approach can create a culture of inclusion that strengthens solidarity and equality. This article also discusses the challenges of implementing inclusive education and offers practical solutions for educators.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the question and answer method on the learning motivation for Christian Religious Education and Character Education of class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Kolang, Kolang District, Central Tapanuli Regency for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research method used is a research method using a quantitative approach with inferential descriptive data analysis. The population is all 115 students of class VIII of SMP Negeri 1 Kolang, Kolang District, Central Tapanuli Regency for the 2023/2024 Academic Year who are Christians and the research sample was determined to be 38 people, namely 35% of the total population using Random Sampling techniques. Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 20 items for variable 05,n=38) = 0.320. b) Testing a significant relationship obtained a value of tcount= 3.410 > ttable(=0.05,dk=n-2=36)= 2.042. 2) Influence test: a) Regression equation test, obtained the regression equation Y ̂="11.82"+0.36X. b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 24.4%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=12, dk denominator=n-2=38-2=36) namely 11.62 > 2.00. Thus, there is an influence of the question and answer method on the learning motivation of Christian Religious Education and Character Education for class VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Kolang, Kolang District, Central Tapanuli Regency, Academic Year 2023/2024. Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected.    

Christian parents frequently negotiate intensive caregiving expectations, moral responsibility, economic pressure, and ecclesial ideals of faithful family life. These demands may produce emotional exhaustion that resembles parental burnout but is often interpreted only as spiritual weakness or lack of discipline. This constructive study aims to formulate a restorative-integrative model of pastoral counseling for Christian parents who experience emotional exhaustion in childrearing. The method is a qualitative literature study using integrative narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed studies on parental burnout, religious coping, family support, and Christian pastoral counseling. The analysis identifies four central findings: emotional exhaustion is the core symptom that drives distancing and reduced parental efficacy; burnout emerges from an imbalance between risks and resources; spiritual narratives can function either as resources or as sources of guilt; and pastoral counseling is most constructive when it combines empathic presence, theological reframing, emotion regulation, communal support, and referral ethics. The study implies that churches need pastoral systems that normalize help-seeking, protect parents from moralistic judgment, and connect spiritual care with psychologically informed intervention.

This article constructs a Christian pastoral counseling framework for congregants who experience trauma caused by social rejection. Social rejection within family, peer, workplace, or church communities may wound identity, belonging, agency, and spiritual meaning; however, pastoral responses often remain either overly moralistic or merely consolatory. The objective of this study is to formulate a trauma-informed and theologically accountable model of pastoral counseling that can be used by local church ministers without replacing professional mental health care. This study uses a qualitative constructive literature review by synthesizing recent studies on trauma-informed care, social exclusion, religious coping, chaplaincy, and pastoral theology published before 2024. The analysis identifies five core findings: trauma from social rejection is primarily relational; pastoral care must begin with safety, consent, and validation; theological interpretation should resist victim-blaming; congregational belonging is part of recovery; and referral ethics are necessary when symptoms exceed pastoral competence. The proposed model integrates safe presence, narrative listening, theological reconstruction, communal restoration, and clinical referral. The implication is that churches need a pastoral counseling culture that protects wounded congregants from retraumatization while sustaining spiritual hope, relational repair, and responsible interdisciplinary collaboration.

This article discusses the theological foundations of Christian religious education, which not only includes understanding religious concepts, but also shapes a person's character and spirituality. This theological foundation is strengthened by biblical principles, where Christian religious teachings are seen as an important mission based on the great mission of the Lord Jesus in Matthew 28:19-20. This foundation places the Bible as the highest authority and main source of truth and elevates the character of Jesus Christ as the main example. understand the theological basis of Christian religious teachings. The research results show that the aim of Christian religious education is to develop human potential according to the teachings of the Bible, with a focus on developing character, values ​​and spirituality according to the teachings of Christ. The Bible is considered. the highest authority in all areas of life, including Christian education, and is the basis of Christian religious education. The character of Jesus Christ who was caring, merciful, humble and lived a simple life is an example for Christians in their daily lives. Moreover, this article also helps develop individual spirituality. The teachings of Christianity, whose main focus is awareness of a transcendent relationship with God. The role of the Holy Spirit is also considered important to strengthen understanding of Bible teachings and guide Christians to live according to God's will.

This constructive literature study examines pastoral counseling for Christian couples experiencing emotional absence in marriage. Emotional absence is not identical with open conflict; it appears as reduced responsiveness, muted affect, spiritualized avoidance, and routine coexistence without felt connection. The study aims to formulate an integrative pastoral counseling framework that is theologically accountable and clinically informed. The method is a constructive qualitative literature study using thematic synthesis of studies on marital satisfaction, emotional suppression, perceived partner responsiveness, spiritually integrated psychotherapy, and Christian marital theology published primarily before 2024. The findings indicate that emotional absence should be read as a relational-spiritual rupture involving affect regulation, attachment insecurity, weakened mutual responsiveness, and distorted uses of religious language. The article proposes the REKAT framework: recognition of relational rupture, empathic attunement, covenantal communication, accountable spiritual practices, and tracked follow-up within church care. The framework places Scripture, prayer, confession, forgiveness, and community support within ethical safeguards, especially screening for violence, coercion, and severe mental health risk. The implication is that pastoral counseling can move beyond moral exhortation toward structured accompaniment that rebuilds emotional presence, responsibility, and covenantal intimacy in Christian marriage.

Simalungun is one of the ethnic groups that maintains aspects of its culture. Ahap, which has become an identity for the Simalungun people, initially had positive aims and had a positive impact. According to the Simalungun people, Ahap has enormous power to determine human behavior. GKPS Tarutung is proof of the large number of Simaungun people who live in an area where the majority of the population is the Toba Batak tribe. Ahap became an important factor in the history of the founding of the Simalungun Protestant Christian Church (GKPS) Tarutung. The research aims to find out the meaning of Ahap for the Simalungun people of the Tarutung diaspora and to what extent the value of Ahap is in the history of the founding of GKPS in Tarung. The approach used by the author in completing this paper is to use a descriptive approach, namely writing that describes the actual situation of the object under study. According to the actual situation during direct research, the data collected is not in the form of numbers but the data comes from manuscripts, interviews, field notes, personal documents, memos and other documents. According to St. Mardinus Sinaga, SH, Ahap as the initial trigger for the formation of the PKSTS Organization. This is evident from the fact that the PKSTS organization was started by a meeting between two young men from the Simarmata clan and the Purba clan, who talked about relatives and family from the Simalungun tribe.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the use of Ice Breaking on the concentration of learning Christian Religious Education and Budi Pekerti class XI students of SMK Negeri 2 Balige Learning Year 2023/2024. The research hypothesis is: “there is a positive and significant effect of the use of Ice Breaking on the concentration of learning Christian Religious Education and Ethics of Grade XI Students of SMK Negeri 2 Balige in the 2023/2024 Learning Year”. The population is all XI grade students majoring in BDP at SMK Negeri 2 Balige, Toba Regency, Learning Year 2023/2024, totaling 126 people. The research sample was determined using purposive sampling technique, namely students in class XI BDP 1 totaling 32 people as a control class using conventional methods and class XI BDP 3 totaling 32 people as an experimental class using Ice Breaking. This research method is a quantitative approach with a true experimental design method and with a post-test only control group design. The instrument used in this research is a questionnaire item for variable Y as many as 30 items. Research data for questionnaires were analyzed using the Separated Variance t test formula. From the calculation results obtained the value of tcount = 4.337 > ttable (α = 5%) = 1.671. The tcount value is in the H0 rejection curve area and Ha acceptance. Thus it can be concluded that the research hypothesis is accepted, namely that there are differences in the concentration of learning Christian Religious Education and Budi Pekerti class XI students of SMK Negeri 2 Balige Learning Year 2023/2024 who are taught before and after ice breaking.

The aim of this research is to determine whether students' interest in learning about Christian Religious Education and Character Education who are taught using the talking stick learning model is higher than students who are taught without the talking stick learning model in class IX of SMP Negeri 1 Sitiotio for the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research is a quantitative research method with True Experimental design Posttest Only Control statistics. The population is all class IX students of SMP Negeri 1 Sitiotio for the 2023/2024 academic year, totaling 103 people. The sample was determined using a technique taken deliberately (purposive sampling) with the specified conditions that the material being experimented on was in that class, namely class IX-B with 36 people as the experimental class and class IX-C with 7 people as the control class. The research instrument used a 26-item closed questionnaire. The t test used is the separated variance t test according to the analysis requirements, namely n1≠n2 and the variance of the two sample groups is not homogeneous. The results of hypothesis testing obtained a value of t = 11.233 > t table = 2.691, so H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted. This research concludes that there is a higher interest in learning about Christian religious education and character in students who are taught using the talking stick learning model than students who are taught without the talking stick learning model in class IX of SMP Negeri 1 Sitiotio for the 2023/2024 academic year.

The aim of this research is to find out more about the influence of the Cooperative Script Learning Model on the Learning Activeness of Christian Religious Education for Class VIII Students of SMP N 1 Tarutung, North Tapanuli Regency for the 2023/2024 Academic Year. The research method used is a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design research type in the form of "One Shot Case Study". The population is the entire class VIII of SMP Negeri 1 Tarutung, North Tapanuli Regency, 157 people for the 2023/2024 academic year and a sample of 32 people was determined using the purposive sample technique.

Curriculum is an educational plan that describes all the learning experiences provided to students in an educational institution. This curriculum covers philosophy, values, knowledge and attitudes towards life, and is prepared by academics/curriculum experts, scientists, educators, education officials, entrepreneurs and other members of society. This research method uses a qualitative approach that guides the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations. By using this qualitative research method the author tries to describe the results of the research by collecting data that supports the research using articles and books related to the title exploring spiritual meaning in the Christian Religious Education curriculum. Spiritual meaning in the context of Christian religious education includes understanding and practice which aims to bring students to know and understand God's will, as well as develop their spirituality through contextual and transformative education, by imitating the teachings of Jesus Christ. According to John M. Nainggolan, a Christian Religious Education teacher has several responsibilities which include evaluating the effectiveness of Christian Education in each related educational institution in developing children's spiritual aspects. The educational curriculum, especially in the context of Christian Religious Education, is a comprehensive plan that aims to guide students in acquiring knowledge, attitudes and skills that are in accordance with the values ​​and teachings of the Christian religion.

This research aims to determine the influence of personality competence of Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the moral development of class V students at State Elementary School No. 030286 Parsaoran, Dairi Regency, Academic Year 2023/2024. Hypothetically, there is a positive influence between the personality competence of Christian Religious Education teachers and Characteristics on the moral development of class V students at State Elementary School No. 030286 Parsaoran for the 2023/2024 Academic Year. The research method uses a quantitative and descriptive approach. The population of all class V students at State Elementary School No. 030286 Parsaoran for the 2023/2024 academic year who are Protestant Christians is 36 people. This research is population research. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of data analysis obtained: a) The value of rcount=0.559>rtable=0.329 shows that there is a positive relationship between the personality competence of Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers and the moral development of class V students at State Elementary School No. 030286 Parsaoran for the 2023/2024 Academic Year. b) The regression equation has an influence of 31.25%. Yˆ = 50,13 + 0,51X . c) The determination test determines the magnitude of the research. It concludes that there is a positive influence of the personality competence of Christian Religious Education and Character Education teachers on the moral development of class V students at State Elementary School No. 030286 Parsaoran for the 2023/2024 Academic Year.    

The research aims to determine the effect of independent learning on the learning activity of class IV students at SD Negeri 14 Tanjungan, Simanindo District, Samosir Regency. The research hypothesis is that there is a positive influence between independent learning in Christian Religious Education and Characteristics on the active learning of class IV students at SD Negeri 14 Tanjungan, Simanindo District, Samosir Regency, Academic Year 2023/2024. This research method is descriptive quantitative. The population of all class IV students at SD Negeri 14 Tanjungan for the 2023/2024 academic year is 35 people. The sampling is the entire population so this research is population research. The research instrument is a closed questionnaire. The results of the analysis requirements obtained a value of rxy=0.476>rtable=0.334 indicating that there is a positive relationship between freedom to learn Christian Religious Education and Character and student learning activeness. Regression test results obtained: a) Regression equation. b) The determination test showed that the percentage of independent learning influence of Christian Religious Education and Character on the active learning of class IV students at SD Negeri 14 Tanjungan was 22.66%. Hypothesis testing obtained Fcount=12.152>Ftable=3.32, so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The research concluded that there was a positive influence between independent learning in Christian Religious Education and Characteristics on the active learning of class IV students at SD Negeri 14 Tanjungan, Simanindo District, Samosir Regency, Academic Year 2023/2024.    

Firmness in faith is a human way of facing difficulties or challenges. Firmness of faith in difficult times is a concept from the perspective of Christian theology which focuses on the perseverance of individuals or Christian communities to maintain faith in the teachings of Christ amidst changing times. In this context, remaining strong in the faith requires a deep knowledge of Biblical truth, a commitment to following Christ's teachings, and a willingness to face trials and challenges that may arise. Through prayer, Bible reading, fellowship with fellow believers, and active participation in church, every Christian can strengthen their faith. The importance of unshakable faith in the perspective of Christian theology lies in its role as a solid spiritual foundation amidst current changes and temptations. By maintaining a strong faith, Christians can strengthen their relationship with God, find peace and strength in their faith, and become influential witnesses in society. Witnessing the strength of faith also inspires and strengthens the faith of fellow Christians and builds a strong community in faith and love for Christ. Therefore, from the perspective of Christian theology, strengthening faith in difficult times is not just an individual's effort to maintain faith, but also being a witness to Christ in the midst of an ever-changing world.

Philosophy is a method of thinking systematically and critically. In relation to Christian religious education, it must be studied systematically and critically as a basic science so that it can be on par with other sciences that show real benefits for the development of humanity. The author will describe Christian Religious Education as an ontological, epistemological and axiological practice of science. The method used in this research is a literature study approach. Ontologically, Christian religious education must be a strong guide towards the journey of human life so that he is able to exist and exist both theologically and socially. Epistemology talks about knowledge. Epistemologically, the Bible and Jesus are sources of epistemology for Christian religious education. Axiology talks about utility value. The axiological foundation of Christian religious education is a loving humanism that is imbued with Christian values. In other words, axiology can help humanize humans and liberate them from the alienation of their human function in life.

The aim of this research is to determine the positive and significant influence of the example of Christian Religious Education Teachers on the Behavior of Class XI Students of SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon, North Tapanuli Regency, Academic Year 2023/2024. The method used is an inferential descriptive quantitative research method, with a population of 228 students and a sample taken of 20% so that the research sample is 46 students using the Random Sampling technique. The instrument used in this research uses a closed questionnaire of 30 questions, of which 15 questionnaire items are for variable X and 15 items are for variable Y which have been tested on 35 students outside the research sample. The results of the research show that there is a positive and significant influence between the example of Christian Religious Education Teachers on the Behavior of Class XI Students at SMA Negeri 1 Sipoholon, North Tapanuli Regency, Academic Year 2023/2024. 1) Test the relationship between rcount > rtable, namely 0.630 > 0.291; 2) Significant test tcount>ttable, namely 5.381>2.021; 3) The determination test is 39.69%, 4) The regression equation is obtained from Y ̂= 23.62+0.50X; 5) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable = (α= 0.05, dk numerator k = 11, dk denominator = n-2 = 46 - 2 = 44) namely 28.66 > 2.08. Thus Ha, that is, there is a positive and significant influence between the example of Christian Religious Education Teachers on the Behavior of Class

The aim of this research is to determine the positive and significant influence of the Jigsaw learning model on the active learning of Christian Religious Education of class XI students at HKBP 2 Tarutung Private High School for the 2023/2024 academic year. The research method used is a quantitative method with inferential statistics. The population is all class Data was collected using a positive closed questionnaire with 42 items, namely 22 items for variable 2023/2024 learning, proven through the following data analysis: 1) Test the analysis requirements: a) positive relationship test obtained by the value rxy = 0.586 > rtable (=0.05,n=42) = 0.304. b) Testing a significant relationship obtained tcount= 4.572 > ttable(=0.05, dk=n-2=40)= 2.021. 2) Influence test: a) Regression equation test, obtained the regression equation =24,76+0,57X . b) Regression coefficient of determination test (r2) = 34.3%. 3) Test the hypothesis using the F test to obtain Fcount > Ftable=(=0.05, dk numerator k=22, dk denominator=n-2=42-2=40) namely 20.90 > 1.51. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected

This research aims to explain to us the importance of Christian religious education theology in shaping children's character. By being based on moral values ​​and religious principles, Christian religious education provides a solid foundation for children's spiritual growth. Through a deep understanding of love, compassion, integrity, and responsibility, children can develop strong and responsible characters in the future. The research method used is literature analysis from theological and educational sources, as well as tracing empirical studies that support the relationship between Christian religious education and the formation of children's character. The results of this research indicate that Christian religious education plays a key role in shaping children's character, by providing a sustainable moral framework for their growth and development. The practical implication of this research is the importance of integrating religious values ​​in children's education to ensure sustainable and holistic character formation.