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Yulia Herliani

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2025 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

This study aims to test the effectiveness of deep learning-based contextual learning strategies  in improving the ability of SMK Profta Bandung students to analyze negotiation texts. Deep learning-based learning  focuses on deep understanding, active student engagement, and the development of critical thinking skills in real-life relevant learning contexts. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which involves two cycles, with the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subject of the study was grade X AKL students of SMK Profita Bandung with a total of 30 students. Data was collected through text analysis tests, observation of student activities, and interviews. The results of the study show that the application of deep learning-based contextual learning strategies  is able to significantly improve students' understanding of the structure and content of negotiation texts. In the first cycle, the average student score reached 72, increasing to 85 in the second cycle. In addition, student involvement in learning also increased, indicated by active participation in discussions and collaborative task completion. This study concludes that the deep learning-based contextual learning approach  is effective in improving the negotiation text analysis ability of vocational school students. This approach also builds critical thinking skills and the relevance of learning to students' real-life experiences.

Dinda Azzahra; Sendi Nurtanti; Lail Syageta Lifeaningrum; Anaas Tri Ridlo Dina Yuliana; Fadhlurrahman Fadhlurrahman

Reflection : Islamic Education Journal 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This study aims to explain how the tahfidz program at Boarding School Muhammadiyah 1 Wates is managed. Memorizing the Qur'an is an important tradition in Islam that continues to be maintained through educational institutions such as Islamic boarding schools. The tahfidz program at Boarding School Muhammadiyah 1 Wates is designed to increase students' interest and ability in memorizing the Qur'an, but its success requires planned and structured management. This program is one of the best programs and has full support from the school as the parent manager of the Boarding School. In fostering students' interest in memorizing the Qur'an at the Muhammadiyah 1 Wates Boarding School, it includes planning, implementation, evaluation, form of methods and supporting and inhibiting factors of the tahfidz program in increasing interest in memorizing the Qur'an. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method and is collected using interview, observation and documentation instruments. The results of the study show that in managing a special program in increasing interest in Qur'an memorization at Boarding School Muhammadiyah 1 Wates, starting from the planning, implementation, evaluation, and types of methods, as well as supporting and inhibiting elements of the class tahfidz program which are intended to increase interest in Qur'an memorization. The research shows that the management of the special class tahfidz program at the Muhammadiyah 1 Wates Boarding School is running well in terms of planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating. The methods used in the implementation of this special class tahfidz program are the Tikror method (Repetition of reading 5-20 times in each block) and the Tasmi' method (Listening to verses that are read repeatedly). Supporting factors include a comfortable place for students, support from parents, teachers, and administrators of the tahfidz program, as well as health factors and a desire to learn. Inhibiting factors include indiscipline in managing time, limited knowledge, student disobedience, interpersonal problems, speed of forgetting memorization, and laziness. The result of efforts to increase students' interest in memorizing the Qur'an is an increase in the number of people enrolled in special classes, the number of children who pass to take tasmi' bil goib per 1 Juz and students in special classes on average have reached their memorization targets. 

Mia Rosmiati; Surya Surya; Wildan Ma’arif; Marip Paudin; Riki Gana Suyatna

Jurnal Manuhara : Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Manajemen dan Bisnis 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The Indonesian iced tea drink business located on Jalan Karundang, Cipocok Jaya sub-district, Serang City, Banten, is one of the branches of Indonesian iced tea in Bogor. The aim of this research is to analyze operational management at the Serang branch of the Indonesian iced tea business by analyzing the operational management function. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Determining informants using purposive sampling. Data collection through semi-structured interviews. Test the validity of the data by source triangulation. The results of the discussion from this research show that the Serang branch of Indonesian iced tea MSMEs has implemented operational management well in accordance with the 3 operational management functions. Conclusion The Serang branch of the Indonesian tea company MSME has planned its operations thoroughly and in depth, including capacity, location, layout, methods and also the quality of raw materials.

Muhammad Fajri; Ahmad Syukri; Ansusa Ansusa

Akhlak : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Filsafat 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the role of the head of the Madrasah's academic supervision in improving the performance of teachers at MTs Darurrahman Rimbo Bujang, Tebo Regency. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, where data is collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. Interviews are conducted with the head of the Madrasah, teachers, and other educational staff to gain a comprehensive understanding of the academic planning and supervision processes implemented. Direct observations of teaching and learning activities, along with document analysis of the work plans, are carried out to delve into the implementation of planned programs. The findings indicate that the head of the Madrasah's academic planning is crucial for enhancing teacher performance. The head of the Madrasah develops a structured plan involving all relevant stakeholders, setting clear goals, and planning periodic training programs. The implementation of academic supervision is conducted through a collaborative approach, where the head of the Madrasah and the supervision team provide constructive feedback to teachers following direct classroom observations. The follow-up of the supervision is also a critical aspect, with a report on supervision results being prepared and regular meetings held to evaluate teachers' progress. With this follow-up, it is expected that teachers receive the necessary support for ongoing development, creating a culture of reflection and continuous improvement in the learning process.

Fadhil Musyafa; Ahlamul Jaris Gea; Irvan Maulana; Muhammad Hafiz; Mutiah Khaira Sihotang

Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

A business feasibility study is an in-depth analysis process to assess whether a business or project is feasible to run. This process includes a review of various interrelated aspects, such as market aspects, finance, field facts, and other factors. The market aspect focuses on demand, supply, and competition in the market that is the target of the business, while the financial aspect assesses the business's ability to generate profits and meet financial obligations. Financial analysis involves planning funds, capital structure, and estimating costs and revenues needed for operations. Investment, financing, and dividend decisions are very important in managing a company's finances, especially for start-up companies. The use of analysis tools such as financial ratios and the Economic Value Added (EVA) method allows companies to assess their financial performance and efficiency. Risk analysis is also an important part of decision making to minimize potential losses. Overall, a business feasibility study helps companies plan long-term strategies, manage risks, and ensure the continuity and growth of their business.

Gwenda Vania Putri Nugroho; Siti Ning Farida

Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to describe the implementation of the Human Resources Division (HR) in managing administration and employee data at PT Prima Perdana Mandiri Sidoarjo. The HR Division has an important role in maintaining the smooth operation of the company through efficient administrative management and structured employee data management. The employee administration management process includes various activities such as recruitment, performance appraisal, attendance management, and employee development. On the other hand, employee data management is done by utilizing information technology, such as Human Resource Information System (HRIS), to store, process, and secure data effectively. The findings of this research show that the system implemented by PT Prima Perdana Mandiri drives the company's operational efficiency, maintains regulatory compliance, and provides a solid foundation for the company's future strategic planning.

Mary Janelly S Borbon; Rovia Zhen M Indol; Raymund M Dioses; Khatalyn E. Mata

Proceeding of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 2025 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

The A* Algorithm is a path-finding algorithm that primarily uses weighted graphs and focuses on the heuristic values of nodes. However, while effective in generating a near-optimal path in a static environment, the traditional algorithm faces limitations in navigating dynamic environments, often resulting in collisions due to its inability to recognize dynamic and moving obstacles. This limitation makes it inefficient especially in complex environments with real-world scenarios. To address these limitations, an Enhanced A* Algorithm is proposed. This algorithm utilizes Navigation Mesh data structure to generate a more optimal route with local path planning and to dynamically adjust the parameters in two-dimensional non-grid environments. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated using 12 benchmarks, each corresponding to a distinct test case and levels of complexity. Then, in terms of dynamic obstacle avoidance, a comparison between the Enhanced A* Algorithm and the traditional algorithm was conducted. Statistical analyses were also performed to assess the consistency and validity of the findings. The results demonstrated that the Enhanced A* Algorithm successfully avoided all dynamic obstacles and moving objects encountered along the path in all distinct test cases. In contrast to the traditional algorithm, which achieved an average obstacle avoidance rate of 8.33%, the enhanced algorithm consistently demonstrated a 100% average obstacle avoidance rate. The enhanced algorithm outperformed the traditional A* algorithm in generating a path in a complex environment by exhibiting optimal dynamic obstacle recognition and avoidance. The Enhanced A* Algorithm is subsequently applied to autonomous vehicle parking, following standard parking restriction laws.

Amelia Amelia; Halimah Sulanjari; Rezi Anggaraini; Sellina Sellina; Satriadi Satriadi

International Journal of Management and Digital Sciences 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study aims to analyze and describe the implementation of performance management at CV Nuansa Warna Tanjungpinang Branch. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation and in-depth interviews. The sample used in this research is a purposive sample with the informant, SPV, Mr. Riyanto Setiyawan . Data analysis was carried out using triangulation through the steps of reduction, presentation and conclusion. The results of this study found that the implementation of performance at CV Nuansa Warna Tanjungpinang Branch has been implemented quite well. This includes the stages of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and follow-up. However, there are some obstacles, such as CV Nuansa Warna facing unique challenges in implementing performance management, including limited resources, and structured formal systems. Implemented strategies include technical training, KPI implementation, and CRM system development. This study concludes that effective performance management can improve productivity, service quality, and competitiveness of the company, although it requires continuous improvement to face the existing challenges.

Nadhiroh Fardania; Sugeng Pradikto

Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Perpajakan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study explores the marketing strategies used by traders in Pasar Besar, Pasuruan City in dealing with changes in consumer behavior in the digital era. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, involving traders representing various types of products and marketing methods. Analysis was conducted qualitatively to explore key themes and quantitatively to identify patterns and trends. The results show that traditional marketing (direct selling) is still relevant because direct interaction creates emotional connections and increases buyer loyalty. However, this approach faces challenges due to the shift in buyer preferences to online shopping. Meanwhile, online marketing offers wider market reach, cost efficiency, and time flexibility, although its success is highly dependent on promotional capabilities and delivery management. The combination of traditional and online strategies has proven effective in reaching various buyer segments, providing significant sales increases. This approach requires careful planning to optimize the benefits of both methods without increasing operational costs. By understanding market needs and adjusting strategies, traders can maximize the potential of both approaches to achieve success amidst changing times.

Diah Nurhalizah; Jinny Wulandari; Nanda Aulia Ramadhani; Ujang Suherman

Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategy of SOP Iga Jeletot Terazz MSME in Karawang which is considered not optimal in increasing competitiveness and expanding the market. The research method used is qualitative with an explanatory survey approach, collecting data through in-depth interviews with MSME owners and employees. The results of the study indicate that the marketing strategy of this MSME is still conventional, does not utilize social media in a structured manner, and has not implemented data-based marketing. The main influencing factors are limited human resources, lack of understanding of digital marketing, and the absence of a customer loyalty program. In the discussion, this problem is associated with decision-making theory, including the stages of problem analysis, alternative selection, and implementation and evaluation of decisions. More effective marketing strategies include planning social media content, using digital advertising, and implementing loyalty programs. In addition, training human resources to improve digital marketing competency is an important step. This study concludes that with the adoption of technology-based marketing strategies and careful planning, SOP Iga Jeletot Terazz MSME has the opportunity to increase competitiveness and expand market reach.

Iwan Iwan

International Journal of Education and Literature 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study is a field research that attempts to see the extent of the application of the Al-Miftah Lil Ulum method in learning yellow books at the Tarbiyatul Aulad Sukadana Islamic Boarding School, Kayong Utara Regency. The success or failure of learning can be seen from the accuracy in choosing the method. This study aims to describe how the planning, implementation and supporting and inhibiting factors in the application of the Al-Miftah Lil Ulum method in learning yellow books at the Tarbiyatul Aulad Sukadana Islamic Boarding School, Kayong Utara Regency. The data collection methods used in this study are; observation , interviews and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through four stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that 1) The planning of the Al-Miftah Lil Ulum method in learning yellow books at the Tarbiyatul Aulad Islamic Boarding School includes a) the ustadz first reads the learning objectives in the Al-Miftah Lil Ulum method guidebook b) the ustadz first muthala'ah again the material to be delivered, c) the ustadz tells the students to memorize vocabulary and nadzhom imrithi and alfiyah related to the material to be studied. 2) The implementation of the Al-Miftah Lil Ulum method in learning yellow books at the Tarbiyatul Aulad Islamic Boarding School includes the following steps : Opening with Prayer and Intention, Introduction to Vocabulary (Mufradat), Gradual Understanding of Nahwu and Shorof Rules, Application of Rules Through Practical Exercises, Memorizing Vocabulary and Rules, Dialogue and Light Conversation (Muhadatsah), Reading and Translating Texts, Periodic Evaluation and Tests, Reinforcement with Yellow Books (Advanced Level) . 3) supporting factors: availability of competent Ustadz, structured and gradual curriculum, student discipline in memorizing and muthala'ah, supportive learning environment, inhibiting factors: differences in academic background of students, limited learning time, lack of supporting learning media, physical fatigue of students.

Satar Saman; Rahmayanti Rahmayanti; M. Zulkifli Muchsin; Aldi K. Mangopa

Jurnal Pelayanan Hubungan Masyarakat 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This community service activity aims to integrate theory and practice through the construction of simple shelters by the academic community of the Vocational Program at Gorontalo State University. The activity is motivated by the need to improve the technical competence and social skills of building architecture students. The method used is participatory action learning, involving students and faculty members from planning to evaluation. The activities include group division, case studies at brick and block factories, construction of the lower, middle, and upper structures, and final assessment. The results showed that 70% of students mastered construction skills in accordance with simple building standards, with the final product being a functional shelter. The main challenges faced were team coordination and time management. Discussions confirmed that this model is effective in enhancing technical skills, teamwork, and understanding of sustainable construction, and is worth replicating in other vocational programs. The shelter construction also provided an opportunity to reflect on real-world applications of architectural theory, while addressing pressing community needs. Through active participation, students gained firsthand knowledge in applying design concepts and construction techniques that are crucial to the construction industry. Furthermore, the activity demonstrated the potential for developing students' abilities to apply architectural concepts that are not only relevant to academic requirements but also to practical, community-based construction needs. The project also emphasized the importance of sustainable building practices, focusing on materials and methods that minimize environmental impact. The construction of the shelter not only provided practical experience but also enriched students' knowledge in creating environmentally friendly and sustainable construction solutions.

Titania Amelia Putri; Novita Sari; Syarifah Hidayani

Jurnal Manajemen dan Pendidikan Agama Islam 2024 Asosiasi Riset Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This study aims to analyse the effect of clinical supervision management by the Head of Madrasah on improving teacher performance at MTsS Tarbiyah Waladiyah Pulau Banyak. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with research subjects including the Head of Madrasah and teachers. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, then analysed systematically using triangulation techniques to ensure data validity. The results showed that: 1) Clinical supervision planning is conducted in a structured manner by involving analyses of teachers' needs and learning situations. The madrasah principal sets specific, realistic and measurable supervision objectives to support the improvement of teachers' abilities and the quality of learning. 2) Clinical supervision involves direct observation, practical guidance and evaluation of learning activities. This process not only focuses on classroom activities, but also includes planning, time management, and use of learning resources. 3) Evaluation of clinical supervision is conducted on an ongoing basis to ensure the relevance of the supervision programme to teachers' needs. This evaluation helps to develop corrective measures and assess the effectiveness of supervision in improving teachers' competencies. This research underlines the importance of systematic clinical supervision in creating positive changes in teaching and learning. Madrasah principals as supervisors have a central role in providing constructive guidance to support teachers' professionalism and improve the overall quality of education.

Ali Mahfud; Jundi Dzaky Robbani

Kajian Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Terapan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the development strategies of business units at Pondok Pesantren Manbaul Ulum Muncar Banyuwangi in realizing the economic independence of the pesantren. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, using data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques, and data validity was strengthened through source and method triangulation. The findings reveal that the management strategies implemented include careful planning, systematic organizing, effective leadership, and directed controlling. The implementation of these strategies has successfully positioned the business units as productive economic centers that not only contribute financially to the sustainability of the pesantren’s operations but also serve as educational platforms for students to gain economic and entrepreneurial skills. Positive impacts can be seen through the increased welfare of students and administrators, as well as strengthened economic capacity within the surrounding community. However, challenges remain in the form of limited human resources, financial capital, and internal bureaucratic structures that require continuous improvement. In conclusion, professional management of business units becomes a key factor in building independent and competitive pesantren in the modern era.

Alif Surya Akbar; Denanto; Dinda Dwi Nabilla; Marsha Aryani; Satriadi

Proceeding of the International Conference on Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Performance management is a strategy to improve individual and team performance through a structured evaluation process. This study aims to analyze the application of the Baron and Armstrong performance management model at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) for the Protection of Women and Children (PPA) in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Baron and Armstrong's model includes a cycle of vision and mission, goal setting, planning, development, and feedback. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were obtained through interviews, documentation and observation, using purposive sampling techniques to select relevant resource persons. Data analysis was done thematically through the stages of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the implementation of this model has strengths in building a systematic workflow, but also faces challenges related to limited resources. This research provides recommendations for additional programs that can improve the effectiveness of women and child protection services. The findings contribute to the development of performance management strategies in similar institutions.

Bayu Apriadi Tanjung; Diva Buanaria; Liffia Simanjuntak; Muhammad Izaz Miarzo; Satriadi

Proceeding of the International Conference on Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to describe the implementation of the Deming Model performance management (PDCA cycle) at the Tanjungpinang City Satpol PP office. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach, with data obtained through in-depth interviews with Mr. Ray as secretary, and staff involved in daily operations, as well as direct observation. Data analysis uses thematic analysis techniques that include three main steps: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the implementation of the PDCA cycle at the Tanjungpinang City Satpol PP office has had a positive impact on improving organizational performance. Through structured stages from planning (Plan), implementation (Do), checking (Check), to corrective action (Act), the Satpol PP Office is able to plan and implement policing programs more effectively and efficiently. However, there are obstacles such as lack of training, budget limitations, and suboptimal coordination between sections. Performance evaluation needs to be improved in terms of more integrated measurement and monitoring. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of coordination and systematic evaluation for continuous improvement.

Nurul Faizatus Sholikah; Sunarto Sunarto

Karakter : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Islam 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

Educational management is an essential element in the management of educational institutions, including the effective and efficient arrangement of resources to achieve educational goals. This study examines Henry Fayol's management theory and its implementation in Islamic educational institutions. With a qualitative approach based on literature review, this study explores Fayol's five main management functions of planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling adapted according to Islamic values. The results of the study indicate that the application of Fayol's management principles can improve operational efficiency, strengthen the integration of Islamic values ​​in education, and create synergy between academic and spiritual aspects. Principles such as division of labor, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, and unity of direction support the systematic and structured management of educational institutions. The adaptation of this theory in the context of Islamic education includes holistic strategic planning, organizing based on Islamic values, directing with moral leadership, coordination through deliberation, and control that focuses on achieving educational goals that include academic and spiritual aspects. This study concludes that the integration of Fayol's management theory with Islamic values ​​provides a comprehensive framework for managing Islamic educational institutions effectively and efficiently, while producing competent graduates with high moral integrity.

Inu Aulia Arba; Iffat Bening Qhuru’in Ahmad; Ahmad Musyarofi; Siti Zahrotus Sania; Muhammad Fata Rayyan Ghafur +1 more

Dinamika Pembelajaran : Jurnal Pendidikan dan bahasa 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The Al-Qur'an Tahfidz program at SDIT Al-Iman aims to equip students with Al-Qur'an reading and memorization skills. This study employs the Countenance Stake evaluation model to assess program effectiveness. Results indicate the program successfully achieved its objectives through structured planning, systematic monitoring, and tailored improvement measures. The program positively impacts students' confidence and Al-Qur'an reading abilities. Recommendations for enhancement include increased parental involvement, digital monitoring systems, technology-based learning methods, and teacher training.

Awalina Barokah; Sarwo Edy; Septian Mukhlis; Muhammad Faiz Rayan

Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat dan Transformasi Kesejahteraan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Teachers are central to making learning successful. The skills possessed by the teacher determine the learning that takes place in the classroom. These skills are not only hard skills that teachers must possess, but also soft skills. Basic literacy will be a means to develop teachers' soft skills in managing learning in the classroom. This community service aims to provide teachers with an understanding of the basic literacy skills that teachers possess through self-motivation. In SDN 02 Bojongmenteng, Leuwidamar, Lebak Regency, Banten Province, this community service was conducted for 10 teachers. The flow of community service begins with planning, licensing, workshops, mentoring, support, evaluation and reflection. There is a significant increase in basic literacy and soft skills development, especially in digital literacy, communication, classroom management and character development. Teacher-owned self-motivation is not just motivation, but structured and sustained self-motivation mentoring.

Habibatul Qalbi; Tarisha Lingke Lubis; Ghassani Marisah Hasibuan

Kajian ilmu Hukum, Sosial dan Administrasi Negara 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Plans are a vital component in a government to achieve directed and sustainable development. This research aims to identify the importance of plans in managing resources, setting priorities, and creating transparency and accountability in government. The method used in this research is qualitative analysis based on literature reviews and case studies related to plan implementation in various governments, both national and local. The focus of this research includes the role of plans in resource efficiency, risk mitigation, and coordination between institutions. The research results show that governments that have thorough planning are better able to optimize the use of budget, labor and time compared to governments without clear plans. In addition, a good plan helps the government anticipate potential risks and challenges, as well as provide strategic solutions to face them. In terms of transparency, planning documents enable the public to monitor government performance, increase public trust, and support public participation in the development process. This research also found that plans that are inclusive and involve various stakeholders are able to create stronger synergy between institutions and maintain program sustainability even if there is a change in leadership. In conclusion, plans in government are not only a tool to direct development, but also an important instrument to ensure stability, effectiveness and efficiency. With a structured plan, the government can achieve development goals optimally and have a significant impact on community welfare. This research recommends strengthening planning capacity at all levels of government to improve the quality of governance and public services.