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This study aims to examine the influence of reward strategies, management behavior, and remuneration on the work motivation of Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) teachers in Jambi Province, both partially and simultaneously, as well as directly or indirectly. Using a quantitative approach with a survey method of 145 teachers and analyzed by path analysis, this study shows that the three independent variables have a significant effect on teachers' work motivation. Key findings include the direct influence of reward strategies and management behaviors on remuneration and work motivation, as well as indirect influences through remuneration. Overall, the results indicate that the better the reward strategy, management behavior, and remuneration, the higher the teacher's motivation to work.  

This study aims to identify the difficulties faced by tenth-grade students in understanding enumeration rules and to find effective learning solutions. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with 33 tenth-grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan as subjects. The instruments used included a diagnostic test in the form of National Examination questions 7-11 on permutations and combinations, interviews with mathematics teachers, and classroom observations. The results showed that the majority of students (50%) were in the moderate understanding category, understanding the basic concepts but frequently making procedural errors. Thirty percent of students were in the low understanding category, having difficulty distinguishing between addition and multiplication rules and applying the concepts to word problems. The main obstacles identified included a lack of mastery of basic concepts, difficulty determining solution steps, a lack of varied practice questions, and limited interactive learning media. Recommended solutions include the use of visual media such as tree diagrams and tables, a contextual approach to everyday life problems, collaborative learning, and the provision of additional tutoring.

Seagrass plays an important role in coastal communities because it is one of the factors that supports the diversity of flora and fauna, influences the productivity of coastal waters, helps stabilize sediments, controls water clarity and quality and can also affect other surrounding ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of seagrass in the coastal waters of Sarawandori village tourism, Kosiwo District, Yapen Islands Regency, Papua Province. This study used the quadrant transect method and compared the types found using an identification book. The results showed that the types of seagrass found were Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulate, and Thallasia hemprichii and the most common species found was Cymodocea serrulate.

An investigation was conducted at A State Senior High School in Kupang City, NTT.to assess how Project-Based Learning (PjBL) and Discovery Learning (DL) models differentially impact student learning activities and outcomes when teaching atomic structure. Adopting a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group, the study collected data through comprehensive activity questionnaires, observation sheets, and pretest/posttest instruments. The findings clearly showed that PjBL significantly boosted student learning activities, with an average score of 81.19, considerably higher than the 66.15 observed in the DL group. This significant difference was statistically confirmed by an independent samples t-test. Regarding learning outcomes, the PjBL group's average (70.97) was marginally better than the DL group's (68.89), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. It is suggested that limitations in learning time may have played a role in the learning outcomes. This study concludes that PjBL is superior for enhancing student engagement and activity, while both PjBL and DL are equally effective in improving student learning outcomes. Ultimately, the choice of a learning model should be strategically aligned with educational goals, subject matter, and the unique characteristics of the classroom to maximize student achievement.

This research is based on the background of the problems found in grade IX of SMP N 1 Gunuang Omeh District that the low motivation of students in learning mathematics, this is characterized by students who look lazy in learning and only a few students pay attention when the teacher explains the material. Then, from the results of the students' daily test scores, it was also found that the low ability to understand mathematical concepts of grade IX students at SMP N 1, Gunuang Omeh District. The formulation of the problem in this study is how is the motivation of students to learn in mathematics subjects using the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) type cooperative learning model for grade IX at SMP N 1 Gunuang Omeh District for the 2023/2024 Academic Year and whether there is a significant positive influence using the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) type cooperative learning model on the ability to understand mathematics concepts of grade IX students at SMP N 1 Kecamatan Gunuang Omeh for the 2023/2024 Academic Year. This type of research is a quasi-experimental experiment with a Randomized Control Group Only Design research design. The population in this study is all grade IX students at SMP N 1, Gunuang Omeh District. Sampling was determined at random first by a normality test, a homogeneity test, and an average similarity test on population data. The sample in this study is class IX-2 as the experimental class and class IX-3 as the control class. The results of the analysis of the student mathematics learning motivation questionnaire data were obtained with a percentage of 72.28% with high motivation criteria and the test of students' ability to understand mathematical concepts was calculated using the t-test obtained tcount = 3.180 and and ttable = 1.672 because tcount > ttable means subtracting H0 and accepting H1 at the real level α=0.05, and by using SPSS26 Sig = 0.003 was obtained which means that sig ≤α with α=0.05.

This research is motivated by the problems in class VIII of Al-Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School that the learning process is still centered on the teacher, lack of student response to mathematics learning, lack of student courage to ask the teacher, students still think mathematics is difficult and scary, lack of interest in learning mathematics, and students are less enthusiastic when participating in mathematics learning. One alternative learning that can be done to overcome these problems is to apply the Problem Based Learning learning model. This study aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning learning model on the interest in learning mathematics of class VIII students of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School. The hypothesis in this study is "there is a significant effect of the Problem Based Learning learning model on the interest in learning mathematics of class VIII students of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School". This type of research is a pre-experiment with a one group pretest-posttest research design, the population in this study were all students of class VIII of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School, the sampling used was Random Sampling, first a normality test, homogeneity test, and average similarity test were carried out on the population data. The sample in this study was class VIII A as the sample class. The instrument in this study was a questionnaire on students' interest in learning mathematics. The data analysis technique used in this study was the paired sample t test. The results obtained from the paired sample t test were t count = 2.81 and t table = 2.05 and sig = 0.0045 at a real level of α = 0.05. From these results it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of the Problem Based Learning learning model on the interest in learning mathematics of class VIII students of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School.    

This research is motivated by the problems found in the seventh-grade class at MTsN 6 Agam, where students' mathematical problem-solving abilities are still relatively lacking, with many students scoring below 40 in problem-solving with a percentage ranging from 33%-44%, categorized as low. The low problem-solving abilities of the students are suspected to be influenced by one factor, namely Self Efficacy.It was found by the researcher during the observation that students easily give up and are unwilling to try to complete tasks, indicating a lack of self-efficacy among the students.The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of self-efficacy on mathematical problem-solving abilities.The population in this study is the seventh-grade students of MTsN 6 Agam for the 2024/2025 academic year.The research method used is quantitative research employing the ex post facto type of research.The sample was randomly taken from 20% of each class VII at MTsN 6 Agam, resulting in 51 students.The instruments used were the self-efficacy questionnaire and mathematical problem-solving ability test questions.Based on the analysis of the research data, it was found that there is a significant influence of self-efficacy on students' mathematical problem-solving abilities.This is evidenced by the hypothesis test results with a t_value of 17.968 and a t_table of 2.009, thus t_value > t_table at a confidence level of α = 0.05, which means there is a significant influence of self-efficacy on students' mathematical problem-solving abilities.without any reference or formula.    

In this study, the population growth rate of Pematang Siantar City during the period 2022–2025 is discussed through an improper integral approach. Population growth patterns must be analyzed and predicted in the long term. Linear, geometric, and exponential growth models are used to analyze data taken from the Statistics Center. The calculation results show that the population growth rate changes every year, with an average change of 0.10% per year. The prediction for 2025–2026 shows a growth of 0.59%, indicating an increase in population. However, through an improper integral approach, it is found that a population that experiences a decrease in growth rate over time will reach a limited cumulative total population value, even if the population continues to increase. These results indicate that a long-term downward trend can lead to population shrinkage, uncontrolled growth can lead to population density. As a result, this study is expected to provide a scientific basis for population policies and sustainable development planning in Pematang Siantar City.

Bedda Lotong is a traditional scrub from the Bugis tribe of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The name ‘Bedda Lotong’ literally means ‘black powder’ in Bugis language, referring to the distinctive black colour of this scrub which comes from its main ingredient, white glutinous rice that is roasted until burnt. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of colonies of moulds (thread moulds) and yeasts (one-celled fungi) in Bedda Lotong with the addition of Eucheuma cottoni seaweed. In addition, this study also aimed to determine the level of panellists' liking through organoleptic tests. The research design used was a factorial Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with 3 levels of treatment with 3 replications. The treatment of adding Eucheuma cottoni seaweed as a microbial growth inhibitor. Data processing was done with analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and continued with Duncan test using SPSS V.23 software. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that the effect of the addition of Eucheuma cottoni seaweed did not significantly affect the ALT/TPC test (>0.05) (0.087) and had a significant effect (<0.05) (0.003) on the Bedda Lotong pH test and in the treatment of A1 (5%) and B1 (10%) seaweed concentrations gave organoleptic test scores from panellists, namely a score of 4 (like).

This study aims to analyze the level of understanding of PSPK 23 B students at Medan State University on atomic theory questions. With a quantitative descriptive approach, data were collected through multiple-choice tests filled out by 30 students. The results showed an average understanding of 75.33%, which is quite good. However, there was significant variation where some students mastered basic concepts (eg Dalton and Thomson's atomic models), while others had difficulty with abstract topics (eg Bohr's model and quantum mechanics). This finding is in line with previous studies on misconceptions in atomic structure. This study emphasizes the importance of innovative learning strategies, such as visual media and conceptual approaches, to improve student understanding. Periodic evaluation is needed to detect learning gaps and adjust teaching methods. The results of this study can be a basis for developing more effective chemistry education practices.

This study aims to analyze the use of implications and patterns of violations and compliance with the principle of Grice's cooperation in Prabowo Subianto's political speech. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data in the form of transcripts from the YouTube video "Closing of the Third Congress of the Nasdem Party" on August 25, 2024. Data collection was carried out using the free listening technique and the recording technique. The results of the study showed that in the political speech analyzed there were 39 implicit speeches, consisting of 16 conventional implicit speeches (41%) and 23 unconventional implicit speeches (59%). In addition, it was also found that S 37 maximum violations and 13 maximum compliance. The most dominant violations were the maximum quantity (43%), followed by the maximum quality (16%), the maximum relevance (22%), and the maximum method (19%). Meanwhile, compliance with the maxim occurred most in the maxim of quality (31%), followed by maxim of relevance (23%) and maxim of means (15%). These findings suggest that politicians often use communication strategies by providing exaggerated information, conveying implicit messages, or shifting the topic of conversation to shape an image and influence public opinion.

Traditional linguistics has been an important foundation in language studies for decades. However, with the development of the times and technological advances, traditional linguistics has faced challenges and criticism from various parties. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze traditional linguistics, identify advantages and disadvantages, and its relationship to culture as an inseparable part of traditional linguistics. This study uses a qualitative approach to deeply understand traditional linguistics through library research by analyzing various sources of literature relevant to traditional linguistics and various journals directly related to traditional linguistics. The results of the study indicate that traditional linguistics has advantages and disadvantages. It is hoped that this study can be a reference for other researchers who are interested in the topic of traditional linguistics to better understand language and culture.

This research explores the use of inflectional affixes in Book #88 Love Life 03 by Diana Rikasari, using Victoria Fromkin’s morphological framework. Inflectional affixes are suffixes added to words to express grammatical features such as tense, number, possession, aspect, and degree, without changing the word’s original class or core meaning. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the types and functions of these affixes within the selected text. The research used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data was collected through documentation and analyzed using note-taking and cross-checking techniques to ensure accuracy. The results show that all eight standard English inflectional affixes were found in the book: -s (plural and third-person-singular), -ed (past-tense), -ing-(progressive), -en (past participle),--’s (possessive), -er (comparative), and -est (superlative). Each affix was used to mark specific grammatical functions and was essential in maintaining proper sentence structure. The analysis highlights that inflectional affixes play a key role in creating clear and grammatically correct sentences. Understanding their use helps readers and language learners grasp how meaning and structure are expressed in written English. This research supports the importance of morphological analysis in understanding how language functions at the word level and contributes to effective communication.

This study aims to describe the development of a deep learning-based learning model to improve the speaking skills of students at SMP Muhammadiyah Purworejo. This study uses research and development with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research location was at SMP Muhammadiyah Purworejo in the 2024/2025 Academic Year for class VIII students with a population selection of class VIII students. Meanwhile, the research sample with a purposive sampling technique was 30 students representing diverse speaking abilities. Data were collected through tests, questionnaires, and observations. The test measures speaking skills, the questionnaire collects student responses, and the observation sheet observes the activities of teachers and students during the learning process. Interactive methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed an increase of 11.3 points in pretest data of 28.9 and posttest of 40.2. In addition, the questionnaire and observation showed that both teachers and students showed positive responses to the application of the deep learning model. Therefore, it can be concluded that students of Muhammadiyah Purworejo Middle School can acquire better speaking skills with this model.

This study is entitled The Translation Strategies Of “Gift” From English Into Indonesian Applied In The Subtitle Of The Movie Encanto. This study aims to find out the subtitling strategies applied in translating the Indonesian subtitle of an English movie Encanto and analyze the translation equivalence of the movie subtitle. The data were taken from the Indonesian subtitle of Encanto movie using the streaming movie platform Disney+ Hotstar. The data were collected using the documentation method with a note-taking technique. Descriptive methods with qualitative approaches were used to analyze the data. All the data collected is based on the Theory of Subtitling Strategies according to Gottlieb (1992) and the Theory of Translation Equivalence according to Nida (1964). The result of the analysis shows that only six of ten subtitling strategies and the analysis shows two combinations of subtitling strategies were applied by the translator in the subtitle translation. Transfer strategy is the most frequently used. The result of the data shows that the translation of Encanto’s movie subtitle is equivalent. It shows that Formal equivalence appears more than Formal equivalence. Another finding in this research is that the translator could use more than two strategies in English movies with Spanish culture.    

This study aims to analyze the ibdal rule in Arabic word derivation with an integrative approach between traditional methods and modern linguistics. The ibdal rule, namely the change of one letter into another letter in a word, has long been a concern in classical Arabic studies. The traditional approach views ibdal as part of an effort to maintain the purity and beauty of the Arabic language, based on oral history, analysis of ancient poetry, and readings of the Qur'an. Meanwhile, modern linguistics views ibdal as a rational phonological phenomenon, occurring due to phonetic considerations, ease of articulation, and social dynamics. Through an integrative study, this study found that a comprehensive understanding of ibdal can only be achieved by combining an appreciation of classical Arabic heritage with scientific analysis based on modern phonology and morphology. The results of this study indicate that ibdal is not only linguistic, but also reflects the vitality of the Arabic language in responding to changes in the times. The integration of these two approaches also has an impact on the development of curriculum, teaching methods, and the expansion of Arabic language research space towards a more interdisciplinary direction. This study emphasizes the importance of building a scientific attitude that respects tradition while being open to renewal in Arabic studies. Thus, it is hoped that this research can be a significant contribution to the development of Arabic linguistic studies in a contemporary academic context.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers caused by a lack of nutritional intake for a long time so that the child becomes too short for his age. Based on the results of the Indonesian Nutrition Standards Survey (SSGI) in 2022 in Riau province, it reached 17.0%. The prevalence rate of stunting in Pekanbaru reached around 16.8% in 2022. According to the Health Office in 2022, Lima Puluh Health Center recorded the highest prevalence of stunting at 4.47% or 60 cases. One of the risk factors that contributes to stunting is the low coverage of complete basic immunization, which can prevent infectious diseases that can interfere with children's growth and development. However, the lack of public knowledge and awareness of the importance of complete basic immunization increases the risk of infection. The long-term impacts of stunting include cognitive impairment, developmental delays, and low productivity in the future. Knowing the relationship between the completeness of basic immunization and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24-36 months in the Lima Puluh Health Center work area, Pekanbaru City. to determine the relationship between the completeness of basic immunization and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24-36 months in the Lima Puluh Health Center work area, Pekanbaru City. From the results of data analysis, a relationship has been found between the completeness of immunization and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24-36 months in the Lima Puluh Health Center work area (p-value = 0.03; OR of 11.66; (95% CI = 1.22-110.95). Completeness of basic immunization is related and is a risk factor for stunting in toddlers aged 24-36 months in the Limapuluh Health Center work area.

Flavonoid dalam ekstrak daun ketepeng cina (Cassia alata, L.) terbukti sebagai anti malaria. Ekstrak etanol daun ketepeng cina (EEDKC) dikembangkan menjadi Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) karena kelarutannya yang rendah dalam air dan kurang stabil dalam kondisi penyimpanan. Penggunaan ekstrak dalam sediaan juga memiliki kekurangan dalam hal absorbsi dan bioavailabilitasnya yang rendah. Namun hal tersebut dapat diatasi dengan memformulasikan EEDKC menjadi sediaan SEDDS. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh dari fase minyak, surfaktan, dan kosurfaktan terhadap formulasi SEDDS EEDKC dan mengkarakterisasinya pada respon parameter waktu emulsifikasi dan % transmitan sehingga memperoleh komposisi yang optimum pada formula SEDDS EEDKC. Pembuatan SEDDS EEDKC dimulai dari uji kelarutan berupa uji pendahuluan kelarutan EEDKC pada minyak, surfaktan, dan kosurfaktan dengan pseudoternary diagram untuk mengidentifikasi area terbentuknya SEDDS yang isotropik. Optimasi formula SEDDS EEDKC menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Expert versi 12 dengan model desain D-Optimal Mixture Design. Dan parameter karakteristik yang diuji adalah waktu emulsifikasi, % transmitan, extract loading, dan stabilitasnya secara termodinamika. Hasil formulasi yang optimal untuk SEDDS EEDKC yaitu 10,00% minyak jagung sebagai fasa minyak; 59,82% Cremophor RH 80 sebagai surfaktan dan 30,18% Transcutol CG sebagai ko-surfaktan. Karakterisasi formula optimum SEDDS EEDKC memiliki waktu emulsifikasi 30,18 detik, nilai transmitan 66,00%.

Tuberculosis is one of the dangerous infectious diseases and is still a public health problem in Indonesia. Nisam District is one of the sub-districts in North Aceh with the highest TB cases in 2024, This study aims to analyze factors related to the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Nisam District, North Aceh Regency. The research design used was cross-sectional. The population in this study is all people living in Nisam District, and the sampling in this study used purposive sampling as many as 30 respondents. The results of the study found a relationship between sex (p: 0.002, OR: 55.00, CI: 4.13-732.71), knowledge (p: 0.005, OR: 35.00, CI: 2.98-411.47), behavior (p: 0.023, OR: 15.00, CI: 1.45-155.31), occupancy density (p: 0.002, OR: 115.00, CI: 6.11-2165.95) and floor type (p: 0.013, OR: 14.00, CI: 1.74-112.55) against the incidence of TB. So it is suggested to the Health Office through Promkes that it is expected to increase education on TB prevention based on gender, knowledge, and environmental conditions, while Puskesmas, especially surveillance personnel and TB programs, need to optimize active screening, patient coaching, and cadre empowerment, and the community is encouraged to create healthy housing and increase awareness of TB.  

This study examines the relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards tuberculosis (TB) prevention efforts in the working area of the Geureudong Pase Health Center. An observational study with a case control design was conducted during the period September–November 2024, involving 31 respondents. The characteristics of the respondents showed that the majority were 21 years old (69.8%), male (37.0%), had an elementary education (36.7%), and worked as farmers (76.6%). Data analysis includes univariate and bivariate analyses. Univariate analysis was carried out descriptively using a frequency distribution table to see the distribution of respondent characteristics and research variables. Meanwhile, bivariate analysis uses chi-square tests to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes and TB prevention efforts. The results of the study show that the level of knowledge has a significant impact on TB prevention efforts. Of the 30 well-informed respondents, only 1 respondent (3.8%) actually made effective prevention efforts. In contrast, as many as 25 respondents (96.2%) with a low level of knowledge had less prevention efforts. In addition, only 4 respondents (13.8%) had good prevention efforts overall. Statistical tests proved that there was a significant relationship between knowledge (p=0.000) and attitudes (p=0.000) towards TB prevention efforts. These findings show the need for educational interventions to increase public knowledge about TB and increase positive attitudes towards its prevention. Thus, increasing socialization and health education is an important step in efforts to control TB in the region.