This research focuses on the implementation of conventional and digital learning media in Christian Religious Education and Character Education at SMP Negeri 8 Palangkaraya. The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of these media in enhancing student understanding and engagement. A quantitative experimental design was employed, involving 106 seventh-grade students divided into groups using different media: educational snake and ladder games for conventional media and interactive PowerPoint presentations for digital media. Data were collected through observations and Likert-scale questionnaires. The findings indicate that both media effectively foster a lively learning atmosphere, with students showing high enthusiasm and participation. The conventional media was particularly beneficial for active learners, while digital media catered to visual learners. The implications suggest that varied media use can enhance teaching quality and accommodate diverse learning styles, making learning more engaging and meaningful.

This study aims to examine and compare the expenditure and income patterns between traditional market traders in Sukaramai Market and MMTC with street vendors operating around the State University of Medan (UNIMED). This study is based on the main differences between the two groups, especially related to business legality, sales location, and operational costs, which have the potential to affect business effectiveness and the economic welfare of the actors. The comparative quantitative method was used to collect data through questionnaires and Simple Random Sampling sampling techniques on 45 respondents, consisting of 30 market traders and 15 street vendors. The collected data were then analyzed using statistical inference techniques to obtain accurate and reliable parameter estimates. The results of the study show that market traders have an average income of IDR 9.37 million with expenses of IDR 6.7 million per month, so that the net profit obtained reaches IDR 2.67 million. Meanwhile, street vendors have an average income of IDR 7.2 million and expenses of IDR 5.53 million, so that their net profit is around IDR 1.67 million. Although market traders' expenses are higher, they still get a greater net profit. This study confirms that business location, legality, and management system factors significantly affect the efficiency and economic success of traders. This finding is very relevant as a basis for formulating fair and sustainable policies for empowering the informal sector, especially for small and micro traders in urban areas, in order to optimally improve their economic welfare.

Social media has increasingly become a driving force for community innovation in cyberspace. Platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and TikTok have empowered individuals and groups worldwide to collaborate, share ideas, and innovate collectively. However, despite these opportunities, social media also presents significant challenges, including misinformation, algorithmic bias, and issues surrounding trust and privacy. Utilizing a mixed- methods research approach, this study combines quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to assess the impact of social media on community innovation. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to understand engagement, collaboration patterns, and the challenges faced by users. The study aims to contribute to existing research by providing insights into how social media platforms can be optimized for innovation and what strategies can be employed to overcome the digital divide and algorithmic biases. This study finds social media significantly enhances community innovation, with surveys indicating 95% faster collaboration, 100% idea generation efficiency, and 90% solution implementation post- adoption. Persistent challenges include misinformation (84% agreement), algorithmic bias limiting diversity (90%), and access gaps excluding marginalized groups (87%). Mixed- methods data reveal a paradox: platforms democratize innovation yet perpetuate inequities. Opportunities emerge in algorithmic transparency (80% agreement) and policy-driven digital inclusion (78%). Reforms prioritizing ethical governance, transparent AI, and inclusive infrastructure are critical to equitably harness social media’s potential as a global innovation catalyst.

The purpose of the research is to study and analyze the steps for resolving overlapping land certificate disputes at the State Administrative Court (PTUN), and the problems involved in realizing legal certainty for land rights owners. Ownership of land rights is proven by a land certificate. The facts on the ground are that there is overlapping land certificates. Settlement through PTUN must accept disappointment considering that there are many problems in the execution carried out by State Administrative Bodies/Officials who experience many obstacles. The urgency of this research is that in order to realize legal certainty for society, it is important to carry out this research. The method in this research is sociological juridical, with descriptive analysis specifications. The data used is primary data and is supported by secondary data with qualitative data analysis. The research results show that overlapping certificates can be resolved by filing a lawsuit with the PTUN, with a request to cancel one of the certificates. PTUN is one of the judicial authorities located under the Supreme Court, which has the authority to examine, decide and resolve state administration disputes, including disputes over overlapping land rights certificates. Bearing in mind that a land certificate is a decision of a state administrative body/official, namely the National Land Agency (BPN). The problems faced by BPN when carrying out the execution include 3 things, namely: First, it is hampered by the process of releasing the rights of the intervention defendant; Second, the process of releasing assets from the intervening defendant is hampered, and third, there has been a change in the object of the dispute due to the sale and purchase. The problems that occur are an obstacle for the government to guarantee legal certainty for land rights owners.
 
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis langkah penyelesaian sengketa sertifikat tanah yang overlapping di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (PTUN), dan problematikanya dalam rangka mewujudkan kepastian hukum bagi pemilik hak atas tanah. Kepemilikan hak atas  tanah dibuktikan dengan sertifikat tanah. Fakta di lapangan terdapat overlapping sertifikat tanah. Penyelesaian melalui PTUN harus menerima kekecewaan  mengingat banyak problematika dalam eksekusi yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan/Pejabat TUN yang  mengalami banyak hambatan. Urgensi penelitian ini bahwa untuk mewujudkan kepastian hukum bagi masyarakat, maka penelitian ini menjadi penting untuk  dilakukan. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis sosiologis, dengan spesifikasi deskriptif analisis. Data yang dipergunakan adalah data primer dan didukung denga data sekunder dengan analisa data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penyelesaian overlapping sertifikat dapat dilakukan dengan mengajukan Gugatan ke PTUN, dengan permohonan pembatalan terhadap salah satu sertifikat. PTUN merupakan salah satu pelaku kekuasaan kehakiman berkedudukan di bawah Mahkamah Agung, yang mempunyai kewenangan untuk memeriksa, memutus dan menyelesaikan sengketa tata usaha negara termasuk di dalamnya adalah sengketa overlapping sertifikat hak atas tanah. Mengingat sertifikat tanah merupakan suatu keputusan Badan/Pejabat TUN yaitu Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN). Adapun problematika yang dihadapi oleh BPN ketika melaksanakan eksekusi meliputi 3 hal, yaitu: Pertama, terhambat dengan proses pelepasan hak dari tergugat intervensi; Kedua, terhambat dengan proses pelepasan aset dari tergugat intervensi, dan Ketiga, telah terjadi perubbahan objek sengketa karena jual beli. Problematika yang terjadi menjadi penghalang bagi pemerintah untuk mewujudkan jamninan kepastian hukum bagi pemilik hak atas tanah.

The Protestant Reformation had a significant impact on the development of Christian theology, especially in the field of Christology. This study aims to examine the thoughts of Martin Luther and John Calvin regarding the role of Christ in the process of human salvation. The method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study technique, which examines the theological works of the two Reformers. The results of the study show that Luther emphasized the personal relationship between humans and Christ as savings, as well as the real presence of Christ in the sacrament as a form of God's grace that can be experienced personally. Meanwhile, Calvin developed the concept of three placements of Christ as prophet, priest, and king which emphasized the overall role of Christ in salvation, and viewed the sacrament as a spiritual means to strengthen the faith of believers. Through this study, it can be concluded that Christology in the Reformation tradition provides a strong, systematic, and relevant theological basis for the development of contemporary Protestant teachings, both in doctrinal aspects and the practice of life of faith.

Elementary School Students' Misconceptions about Science Concepts: Case Study in Grade VI of SDN 024755 This study aims to identify and analyze the misconceptions held by sixth-grade students at SDN 024755 regarding basic science concepts. The research method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and diagnostic tests specifically designed to reveal students' misconceptions. The results show that most students struggle with understanding certain science concepts, such as the water cycle, photosynthesis, and gravity. The misconceptions found include incorrect understandings of the processes of evaporation and condensation, the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis, and the concepts of force and motion. These findings highlight the need for more effective teaching approaches in introducing and reinforcing science concepts at the elementary school level. Recommendations from this study include developing more interactive and contextual learning strategies to address students' misconceptions, as well as improving the quality of teacher training in science education.

The aim of this research is to analyze the validity of gift deeds made by taxpayers with the aim of avoiding tax, by reviewing the role of Notaries in ensuring the legality of gift deeds as well as the relevance of tax provisions related to gifts of property which are part of the Notary's duties and responsibilities. The background of this research is based on several cases that occurred, namely related to the transfer of assets through gifts which are often used to avoid tax obligations. One of the prominent cases is the manipulation of gifts by a taxpayer with the initials TY, a Supreme Court judge, who during the investigation found that the addition of assets was not reasonable and many were made through gifts. The urgency of this writing lies in the importance of ensuring that the gift deed made by the Notary does not violate the law, considering that the Notary is a public official who is responsible for compiling and making authentic deeds. The research method used is normative juridical, with an analytical approach to applicable legal regulations. The research results show that gifts from equal family members who are not related to business are not subject to tax, considering that the practice of giving is often used for tax avoidance, the Notary needs to understand the tax rules related to gifts and sanctions for violations so that the gift deed prepared can be legally accounted for. The novelty of this research is that it identifies notary’s role and analyzes loopholes in regulations that allow taxpayers to take advantage of gift deeds to avoid tax obligations considering that familial grant transactions are often difficult to verify, thereby allowing for misuse by taxpayers.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis keabsahan akta hibah yang dibuat oleh wajib pajak dengan tujuan menghindari pajak, dengan meninjau peran Notaris dalam memastikan legalitas akta hibah serta relevansi ketentuan perpajakan terkait hibah harta yang menjadi bagian dari tugas dan tanggung jawab Notaris.  Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada beberapa kasus yang terjadi yaitu terkait pengalihan harta melalui hibah yang kerap digunakan untuk menghindari kewajiban pajak. Salah satu kasus yang menonjol adalah manipulasi hibah oleh wajib pajak berinisial TY seorang hakim agung yang dalam pemeriksaan ditemukan penambahan harta yang tidak wajar dan banyak dilakukan melalui hibah. Urgensi penulisan ini terletak pada pentingnya memastikan akta hibah yang dibuat oleh Notaris tidak melanggar hukum, mengingat Notaris adalah pejabat umum yang bertanggung jawab untuk menyusun dan membuat akta autentik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, dengan pendekatan analisis peraturan hukum yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hibah dari anggota keluarga yang setara dan tidak terkait bisnis bukan merupakan subjek pajak, mengingat praktik hibah sering kali dimanfaatkan untuk penghindaran pajak maka Notaris perlu memahami aturan perpajakan terkait hibah dan sanksi atas pelanggaran agar akta hibah yang disusun dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum. Kebaruan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi peran Notaris dan menganalisis celah-celah dalam regulasi yang memungkinkan wajib pajak memanfaatkan akta hibah untuk menghindari kewajiban perpajakan mengingat transaksi hibah yang bersifat familial sering kali sulit diverifikasi sehingga memungkinkan penyalahgunaan oleh wajib pajak.

This study aims to determine the composition and structure of vegetation and estimate the potential for carbon dioxide absorption in the Tangale Nature Reserve Area, Gorontalo Regency. The method used in this study is the determination of sampling locations carried out by purposive sampling, making multilevel plots, analyzing vegetation structure, and estimating tree biomass is done non-destructively based on measuring the height and diameter of trees at breast height (DBH), while for lower plants it is done destructively and litter is taken all in the plot area to be weighed wet and dry weight and then estimating biomass, C reserves, and CO2 uptake. The results showed that the vegetation composition consisted of 18 species dominated by the Magnoliopsida class. The highest Important Value Index is found at each observation station. Calculation of biomass value, C reserves, and CO2 uptake at each observation station showed varying results because they were influenced by vegetation type, vegetation density, vegetation composition and structure, and environmental factors. The total value of CO2 uptake by vegetation in the Tangale Nature Reserve Area is 5,304.393 tons of CO2/ha. This research provides a better understanding of carbon sequestration potential in conservation areas to support environmental conservation and climate change mitigation efforts.
 

Analyzing the policies for the achievement sports development program in Papua after the XX National Sports Week (PON) based on KONI Papua's perception is something that must be done because achievement sports development must be carried out in a planned, systematic, measurable and sustainable manner. This research aims to analyze the policy of the achievement sports development program in Papua after the XX PON based on the perception of KONI Papua. Using qualitative methods with interview, observation and documentation data collection techniques. With the policy analysis methodology used in problem solving: problem formulation, forecasting, recommendations, monitoring and evaluation. The participants were the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) Papua, numbering 1 person.In generalpolicy for sports achievement development programs in Papua after the national sports week(PON) XX based on KONI Papua's perceptionnot yet integrated well due to internal factors in sports coaching such as the very limited sports coaching budget.

Trains are a means of mass transportation that may be familiar to the wider community. This mode is a means of transportation that is often chosen by many people to travel somewhere. The construction of rails which are part of the foundation on which train wheels stand in Indonesia has been carried out since the colonial era, pioneered by the Naamloze Venootschap Nederlandsch Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NV.NISM). The railway network was built based on the abundance of agricultural products since the implementation of the forced cultivation system, requiring transportation equipment that is strong and fast to carry heavy loads. The city of Magelang, as part of the Kedu Residency area, is the intersection of several cities which were planting areas for various colonial trade commodities.  This research focuses on how the station in Magelang functions, which is connected to various cities, and how the lives of the people around the Magelang station will be after the network operates in the area. The aim of this research is to determine the sustainability of the station in Magelang and the impact it has on the lives of the surrounding community. The method used is the historical research method, including source collection (heuristics), source criticism (verification), interpretation (tafsir), and also historiography. The research results show that train stations, especially market stations in Magelang played an important role in the development of the local economy during the colonial period. Pasar Station is a symbol of long-standing socio-economic development. The emergence of economic activity around these stations is driven by several key factors, including increased mobility, goods transportation, and social interaction.