The validation of marriage is an examination of the bond between a man and a woman as life partners that has been carried out in accordance with the teachings of Islam, and the fulfillment of the elements and requirements for the validity of the marriage bond, but has not yet been registered with the relevant authorities. This study focuses on the analysis of the Surabaya Religious Court decision number 2540/Pdt.P2024/PA.Sby. This paper discusses the legal basis and requirements for the validation of marriage that were considered by the judge in making the decision to validate the marriage.

Customary law reform in Indonesia in the context of globalization raises significant challenges and opportunities. The values of Pancasila, as the ideological foundation of the nation, play an important role in ensuring that customary law reform remains relevant, fair and rooted in local culture. Globalization encourages the modernization and homogenization of the legal system, which often contradicts the principles of customary law based on local wisdom. This article examines how Pancasila values, such as humanity, social justice, unity, and deliberation, can be integrated in the process of customary law reform to remain relevant amid global dynamics. This research uses a qualitative approach with the methods of literature study, interviews, and document analysis. Literature study was conducted to understand the theoretical context of customary law reform and Pancasila values, while interviews were conducted with legal experts, academics, and traditional leaders to obtain empirical perspectives on challenges and opportunities in customary law reform. Document analysis was conducted on policies and regulations relating to customary law and the implementation of Pancasila values in Indonesia. The results show that customary law reform based on Pancasila has great potential to deliver a legal system that is more inclusive and responsive to the needs of local communities. Key challenges identified include difficulties in harmonizing customary law with national and international law and homogenizing pressures from global standards. However, opportunities are also found in the ability of updated customary law to provide more culturally and locally relevant dispute resolution alternatives. The integration of Pancasila values is believed to strengthen the position of customary law within national and global legal frameworks.ract

Marriage dispensation is a civil case, namely granting permission to prospective brides and grooms who wish to marry but are prevented by age requirements according to the provisions of Law Number 16 of 2019. Marriage is a sacred thing to form a family. The Religious Court is the place where marriage dispensation cases are filed. Compelling reasons with supporting evidence must accompany the case application. This article is using normative research, and the Statue Approach and Case Approach research types. This research aims to analyze the decision of the Surabaya religious court number 2194/Pdt.P/2024/PA.Sby. This article covers the chronology of the trial, Judge considerations, and factors that influence the judges to rejector grant request for the marriage dispensation.

Marriage is a sacred relationship that occurs between a man and a woman with the aim of building a prosperous family. However, in reality, family life can face various situations that cause unhappiness and lead to the dissolution of a marriage. One example of divorce is when a husband disappears without a trace, leaving his wife behind. This research aims to explain and examine the supernatural divorce case based on decision number 1301/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Sby and analyze the judge's considerations in making decisions regarding the case. This research uses normative legal methods, with data collection techniques through literature review. The judge's reasons in cases of unseen divorce include the absence of the defendant whose whereabouts have not been identified or who have been declared missing, as well as the existence of documents from the sub-district explaining the ignorance of the position of the party concerned. The trial can be terminated in verstek if the defendant, having been legally summoned by the court, is still absent for no apparent reason..
 

This study aims to analyze the influence of financial literacy and lifestyle on the financial management behavior of accounting students at the University of 17 August 1945 Surabaya. The research uses a qualitative approach, collecting data through open-ended questionnaires distributed to five students. The results show that financial literacy plays a significant role in helping students manage their finances, such as prioritizing academic needs and saving. However, a consumptive lifestyle influenced by social media can pose challenges in financial management, especially when students are more influenced by trends than the financial knowledge they possess. This study concludes that the development of financial literacy programs among students is necessary to promote healthy financial habits and achieve better financial well-being.
 

The research discusses the unclear meaning of Article 53 paragraph (2) of Law No. 1 of 2023 which states that "If in upholding law and justice as referred to in paragraph (1) there is a conflict between legal certainty and justice, judges must prioritize justice." Justice is used for judges to adjudicate cases and certain conditions are used as a benchmark for judges in making decisions. However, there are several existing definitions of justice, there are still many views. The norm in the article has a vagueness of meaning, making it difficult for judges to equate commensurate thoughts. The implication of vagueness results in disparity in the use of justice to be used by judges, this potential disparity needs to be prevented by mediating the conflict between justice and certainty and providing guidance for judges in using justice in their decisions. This research uses a normative research approach. The results showed that judges have the authority to choose justice that contains legal certainty because a just decision is a manifestation of legal certainty, justice itself is born with the freedom of judges. The formulation of Article 53 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code needs to be interpreted correctly so that there is no disparity in decisions because justice is what the judge wants based on the law to create justice itself.

The research that has been conducted is entitled "The Effect of the Outdoor Learning Method on the Ability to Write Descriptive Writing of Class IV Students at MIS YPI Batang Kuis" and is based on the phenomenon that the ability to write is still very limited, especially writing descriptive essays. In this case, it can result in student creativity not being able to develop optimally and find it difficult to find new ideas or ideas in the learning process. The research methodology used quantitative research quasi experiment design. The population in this study were all grade IV students of MIS YPI Batang Kuis consisting of IV A and IV B totalling 47 students. The sampling technique was carried out by Non Probability Sampling, through the form of total sampling (Boring Sampling). That is, choosing a sample with all the population being sampled and the population can only be two classes. This research instrument is in the form of a description essay writing test and documentation. Data processing tools use data requirement tests and t tests. The results of the study revealed that (1) the average pre-test of the experimental class was 65.09 while the average pretest of the control class was 64.21, (2) the average posttest of the experimental class after being given treatment in the form of learning using outdoor learning methods was obtained at 83.12 while the average posttest of the control class was given treatment in the form of conventional learning obtained an average of 72.54 Thus it can be concluded that the average posttest of the experimental class is higher than the average posttest of the control class. (3) The results of the t test calculation obtained tcount greater than ttable (2.915> 2.074), so it can be concluded that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. Based on the research findings above, it follows that the use of outdoor learning methods in the learning process has an effect on the ability to write descriptive essays in class IV YPI Batang Kuis School Year 2023/2024.

Corruption in the public sector remains a major obstacle to regional development, threatening the effectiveness of financial management and public services. Gaps in financial supervision and management that are not transparent are the cause of fraud in the use of the budget. The agency theory states that corruption is caused by a conflict of interest between the community as the principal and the government as an agent, with the external auditor as a supervisor to prevent irregularities. The focus of this research is to find out the relationship between corruption in local governments and capital expenditure, local own revenue, audit opinions, and audit findings. This study uses quantitative methods and uses secondary data. The sample consistSed of 250 local governments (districts/cities/provinces) in Indonesia during 2020-2022. The analyst method uses SPSS 27 with multiple linear regression method. The test results showed that capital expenditure had no effect on corruption, local own revenue and audit findings had a positive effect on corruption, and audit opinions had nothing to do with corruption in local governments.

This research aims to identify flexible and dynamic business strategies in adapting to market changes. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with a literature study approach to understand ideas and theories relevant to the research topic. The analysis employed is descriptive analysis, which analyzes the data by describing or presenting the information without attempting to draw broad conclusion or generalization. Furthermore, Flexible and dynamic competitive strategies allow companies to not only adapt to market changes, but also take advantage of these changes to increase intelligence and business efficiency. These constraints include changes in the market, which are often accelerating, and companies respond slowly to market changes, thereby reducing adaptation and competition. A flexible and dynamic competitive strategy in changing markets would demonstrate that companies were able to successfully adapt to market changes, increase their capacity and achieve business success. This research is expected to help society, especially businesses, to determine flexible and dynamic strategies to adapt to changes in a market

In the distribution of bankruptcy assets, sometimes there are creditors who are dissatisfied, giving rise to disputes. One of the disputes regarding the distribution of bankruptcy assets is the distribution of bankruptcy assets at PT. Paper Leces (Persero) which has been decided by Surabaya Commercial Court Decision Number 05/Pdt.Sus-Renvoi Procedure/PKPU/2014 PN. Commerce. Sby. Based on this, the researcher wants to analyze the decision and discuss the legal consequences. So this research is normative juridical research with a case approach, the research specifications are descriptive analytical. The data used is secondary data, which was taken by means of literature study and documentation study. The data was then analyzed qualitatively. The research results show that the Surabaya Commercial Court Decision Number 05/Pdt.Sus-Renvoi Procedure/PKPU/2014 PN. Commerce. Is correct, because in the distribution of bankruptcy assets PT. Paper Leces (Persero), the Curatorial Team provided Ex. Employees as Preferred Creditors are greater than PT. Perusahaan Pengelola Aset and PT. Waskita Karya as Separatist Creditors and Concurrent Creditors, so they have fulfilled the principles of justice as stated in the Preamble to Law Number. 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and PKPU. The legal consequences of this decision are that creditors must submit and accept the list of distributions made by the curator, the debtor is declared bankrupt with all the legal consequences, and the costs of the renvoi procedure are borne by the state.Abstrak Dalam pembagian harta pailit, kadang-kadang ada Kreditor yang tidak puas, sehingga menimbulkan sengketa. Salah satu sengketa pembagian harta pailit tersebut adalah pembagian harta pailit pada PT. Kertas Leces (persero) yang telah diputus dengan Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Surabaya Nomor 05/Pdt.Sus-Renvoi Prosedur/PKPU/2014 PN. Niaga. Sby. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti ingin menganalisis putusan tersebut dan membahas mengenai akibat hukumnya. Sehingga penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus, spesifikasi penelitiannya deskriptif analitis. Data yang dipakai adalah data sekunder, yang diambil dengan cara studi pustaka dan studi dokumentasi. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Surabaya Nomor 05/Pdt.Sus-Renvoi Prosedur/PKPU/2014 PN. Niaga. sudah benar, karena dalam pembagian harta pailit PT. Kertas Leces (persero), Tim Kurator memberikan bagian Ex. Karyawan selaku Kreditor Preferen lebih besar dari PT.Perusahaan Pengelola Aset dan PT.Waskita Karya selaku Kreditor Separatis dan Kreditor Konkuren, sehingga telah memenuhi asas keadilan sebagaimana tertuang dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Nomor. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan PKPU. Akibat hukum dari putusan tersebut yaitu Kreditor harus tunduk dan menerima daftar pembagian yang telah dibuat oleh kurator, pihak Debitor dinyatakan pailit dengan segala akibat hukumnya, dan biaya renvoi prosedur ditanggung oleh negara.