The success of budding is influenced by various factors, including the technique employed and the application of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). This study aimed to determine the most effective budding technique and type of PGR to enhance the success rate and initial growth of Siam Pontianak citrus (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) seedlings. The research was conducted from March to May 2025 in Batu City, East Java, using a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The first factor was the budding technique: patch budding, T-budding, and chip budding. The second factor was the type of PGR: control (water), young coconut water (500 ml/L), and Atonik (1 ml/L). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant interaction between the two factors. However, as independent factors, the chip budding technique resulted in the highest success percentage and number of shoots (P0.05). The application of coconut water led to the fastest sprout emergence, as well as the greatest shoot height and number of leaves compared to the other PGR treatments and the control. It is concluded that chip budding is the superior method for graft union success, while coconut water is the most effective PGR for promoting the initial vegetative growth of the budded seedling.

This article examines the acceleration of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Indonesia through a dual-theoretical lens: Sandra M. Bates’ six-step social innovation framework and Jänicke and Jacob’s diffusion theory of environmental innovation. While Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 formalizes Indonesia’s commitment to electric mobility, its underlying motivations, coherence, and systemic impact remain contested. Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from civil society, policy networks, and EV user groups, as well as policy document analysis. The findings reveal that although the policy sequence aligns with Bates’ innovation stages—problem identification, prioritization, solution exploration, implementation, business model development, and diffusion—it does so within a fragmented governance context marked by coal-powered electricity, elite-focused infrastructure, and weak coordination across sectors. From the perspective of Jänicke and Jacob’s diffusion model, Indonesia’s trajectory reflects a technological initiative pathway, where global technological developments precede and shape reactive domestic policy. Rather than an internally driven transformation, BEV policy in Indonesia appears influenced by external climate obligations and domestic electricity surplus management, highlighting the role of structural dependency in shaping sustainability transitions. This study contributes to debates in International Relations and climate governance by showing how countries in the Global South navigate externally generated innovations within domestic constraints. It also proposes the need to adapt prevailing innovation frameworks to better capture asymmetric power relations and the contested nature of environmental transitions in developing contexts.Artikel ini mengkaji percepatan adopsi Kendaraan Listrik Berbasis Baterai di Indonesia melalui dua pendekatan teoretis: kerangka enam langkah inovasi sosial Sandra M. Bates dan teori difusi inovasi lingkungan Jänicke Jacob. Meskipun Peraturan Presiden Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 memformalkan komitmen Indonesia terhadap mobilitas listrik, motivasi mendasar, koherensi, dan dampak sistemiknya masih diperdebatkan. Dengan menggunakan metodologi studi kasus kualitatif, penelitian ini bersandar pada wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan pemangku kepentingan dari masyarakat sipil, jaringan kebijakan, dan kelompok pengguna EV, serta analisis dokumen kebijakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, meski urutan kebijakan selaras dengan tahapan inovasi Bates- (1) identifikasi masalah, (2) prioritisasi, (3) eksplorasi solusi, (4) implementasi, (5) pengembangan model bisnis, dan (6) difusi—proses tersebut berjalan dalam konteks tata kelola terfragmentasi, yang ditandai oleh penggunaan listrik berbasis batubara, infrastruktur yang terpusat pada elit, dan koordinasi antarsektor yang lemah. Dari perspektif model difusi Jänicke Jacob, trajektori Indonesia mencerminkan jalur inisiatif teknologi, di mana perkembangan teknologi global mendahului dan membentuk kebijakan domestik yang bersifat reaktif. Alih‑alih merupakan transformasi yang digerakkan dari dalam, kebijakan BEV di Indonesia tampak dipengaruhi oleh kewajiban iklim eksternal dan upaya pengelolaan surplus listrik domestik, menggarisbawahi peran ketergantungan struktural dalam menuntun transisi keberlanjutan. Studi ini berkontribusi pada wacana Hubungan Internasional dan tata kelola iklim dengan menunjukkan bagaimana negara‑negara Global South menavigasi inovasi eksternal dalam kerangka domestik yang terbatas. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengusulkan perlunya adaptasi kerangka inovasi yang ada agar lebih mampu menangkap relasi kekuasaan asimetris dan sifat kontestasi transisi lingkungan di negara berkembang.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Think Pair Share (TPS) learning model in improving problem solving skills in fractional materials for grade V students at SD Negeri 3 Mantingan. The background of this research is the low ability of students to solve fractional problems, mainly due to procedural misconceptions and lack of opportunities to discuss and construct understanding collaboratively. The method used is the Kemmis and McTaggart model Class Action Research (PTK), which consists of four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research was conducted in one cycle, involving 28 students as subjects. Data collection was carried out through evaluation tests (pre-cycle and cycle I) as well as observation of student learning activities. The results of the study showed a significant increase in problem solving ability. The average score of students increased from 36.43 in the pre-cycle to 93.21 in the first cycle, with a t-test of 25.18 and a p< value of 0.001, indicating a high significance. Learning completeness increased from 0% to 100%. The TPS model has been proven to be able to overcome misconceptions, especially through the peer scaffolding process in the "pair" stage, which helps students in identifying variables and choosing the right calculation operations. In addition, there was an increase in students' collaborative skills in terms of expressing opinions and asking questions, with an achievement range between 68% to 75%. The main obstacles faced in the implementation of polling stations are the management of discussion time and class noise. However, this was successfully overcome through the use of timers and Student Worksheets (LKPD) equipped with scaffolding questions. It can be concluded that the TPS model is an innovative and effective approach in improving mathematical problem solving skills contextually, in line with the principles of the Independent Curriculum.

Dysmenorrhea is pain that a person feels during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea in adolescent females can adversely affect the learning process, as menstrual discomfort often impairs concentration and cognitive engagement. In more severe cases, the intensity of pain may necessitate rest, resulting in school absenteeism. Consequently, effective management of menstrual pain is essential to minimize its impact on daily functioning and to support the academic and psychosocial well-being of affected adolescents. This study aims to find out the difference between the administration of tamarind turmeric and red ginger decoctions on menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in adolescent girls. The design of the study used a quasi-experiment with two group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was adolescents girl of classes VII, VIII, and IX, of 115 people. The total sample of this study was 40 people, consisting of two groups of 20 people in the tamarind turmeric group and 20 in the red-ginger group. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. This research instrument used the Numeric Rating Scale questionnaire (NRS). Statistical test using independent t test, with p value: 0,397, indicating that there was no significant difference in dysmenorrhea after the intervention between the turmeric-tamarind group and the red ginger group. Both turmeric-tamarind and red ginger decoctions can be one of the non-pharmacological therapies to help reduce menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). 

The rapid expansion of fintech lending services, particularly cross-border peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, has created significant legal challenges concerning consumer protection. This study examines whether existing legal frameworks adequately safeguard consumer rights within the borderless digital lending environment. Utilizing a normative-juridical method combined with a comparative approach, the research analyzes Indonesia’s regulatory structure alongside selected international frameworks. The findings reveal substantial gaps in consumer protection, exacerbated by the proliferation of illegal online lending platforms, regulatory fragmentation across jurisdictions, and the misuse of personal data. National regulations often prove insufficient to address complex cross-border legal issues. This study underscores the urgency of global regulatory harmonization, enhanced national oversight mechanisms, and improved digital literacy among consumers. It concludes with recommendations for regulatory reform, the establishment of international supervisory cooperation, and the strengthening of institutional roles, particularly by financial and communication authorities, to ensure robust consumer protection in the evolving fintech lending ecosystem.

This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability, solvency, and liquidity on the stock prices of food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2022–2024, with company size as a moderating variable. This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis methods. The data used are secondary data in the form of annual financial reports from 40 companies selected through a purposive sampling method for three years, so that the total observation is 120 data. The independent variables studied include Return on Assets (ROA) as a proxy for profitability, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) for solvency, and Current Ratio (CR) for liquidity. Company size is measured using the natural logarithm of total assets as a moderating variable, while stock price is the dependent variable. Before the regression analysis was carried out, the data were tested using the classical assumption test which includes the normality test (with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, histogram, and P-Plot), multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test (run test), and heteroscedasticity test (scatter plot). After the data meets the normality assumption and all classical assumptions are met. The results of the regression test show that: (1) profitability has a positive and significant effect on stock prices; (2) solvency does not have a significant effect on stock prices; (3) liquidity has a positive and significant effect on stock prices. In addition, the company size variable is able to significantly moderate the effect of profitability and liquidity on stock prices, but does not moderate the effect of solvency. This study contributes to investors in assessing financial performance as a basis for making investment decisions, as well as for companies in developing financial strategies to increase stock value.

The People’s Palm Oil Replanting Program (PSR) is a national policy aimed at improving the productivity of smallholder plantations through the replanting of aging and unproductive oil palm trees. This study reviews the implementation of PSR in Indonesia by analyzing ten scholarly articles through a literature study approach. The findings indicate that program effectiveness is significantly influenced by technical support such as training, mentoring, the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), and strategic partnerships for harvest absorption. However, implementation faces several challenges, including limited human resources, damaged equipment, inadequate funding, prolonged replanting periods, weak coordination among stakeholders, and lack of policy dissemination. Local institutions such as cooperatives (KUD) and farmer groups (Gapoktan) play crucial roles in ensuring program sustainability and inclusiveness by acting as managers and conflict mediators. Although farmers are generally ready and actively participate, regulatory constraints—particularly the requirement of financial guarantors—remain a barrier. The study recommends strengthening local institutional capacity, enhancing stakeholder synergy, and simplifying financial schemes as strategic steps to improve the long-term effectiveness of the PSR program.

This study discusses the use of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) as a cashless digital payment tool from the perspective of Islamic commercial jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah). QRIS is an electronic payment system recognized by Bank Indonesia to facilitate non-cash transactions in the country. From an Islamic legal standpoint, it is essential to analyze the validity of transactions and the underlying akad (contracts), as sharia principles require clarity (bayyinah), mutual consent (ridha), and the lack of riba (usury), gharar (uncertainty), and maisir (gambling). This research adopts a descriptive quantitative approach and literature study method to examine QRIS in the context of fiqh muamalah, particularly focusing on the validity and contracts involved in non-cash payments. The findings of this study indicate that the use of QRIS in financial transactions can be considered valid under Islamic law, provided it fulfills the essential elements and conditions of a valid contract, such as price clarity, transaction object, and mutual consent.Keywords : QRIS, Fiqh Muamalah, Non-Cash Transaction, Akad Islamic Economics

This article discusses the development of an e-commerce website for a batik store as an effort to digitize marketing and improve operational efficiency. The study focuses on system development strategies, integration of essential features such as product catalogs, shopping carts, digital payment methods, and their impact on customer accessibility. A descriptive qualitative approach was used, employing observation, interviews with the store owner, and a literature review related to e-commerce and digital marketing for MSMEs. The analysis results show that the implementation of a web-based digital platform can expand market reach, enhance customer convenience in shopping, and support more organized and structured transaction recording. The website development was carried out using the Waterfall method to ensure a step-by-step and structured process. These findings indicate that digital transformation through an e-commerce website is a strategic solution for batik MSMEs in facing modern market challenges.

Force is one of the most fundamental concepts in physics, used to describe and explain a wide range of phenomena. Students can use force diagrams to learn about fundamental force concepts and solve problems related to forces. However, a limited study has focused on students’ views in drawing force diagrams. This study aims to explore students’ views about force diagrams while solving physics problems. A qualitative study was conducted to explore students’ views on drawing and using force diagrams when solving force problems, involving 18 physics education students. Before the semi-structured interviews were conducted, the students were given two force problems to solve. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded for analysis. Data from the interview was analyzed using NVivo software. This study identified five themes related to students’ views on force diagrams: purposes, conventions, physics concepts, mathematical concepts, and incomplete diagrams. The most frequently mentioned theme by students was the purpose of drawing force diagrams. Students’ knowledge about force concepts and trigonometry also affected their diagrams. Students had different ways to draw diagrams, either on the dot or on the object, and had reasons for drawing the incomplete force diagrams. These findings suggest that students should possess sufficient knowledge of physics and mathematics to draw force diagrams effectively. Students should also understand when force diagrams are applicable and recognize the advantages of drawing them. This study suggests that to support students' effective understanding of force diagrams, educators should employ appropriate strategies and equip students with the skills to create and utilize force diagrams while learning about force concepts and solving problems.