The defence and security of the Indonesian state is a very crucial thing in the practice of the state so that it requires a component of citizens to participate in efforts to maintain state security in addition to the Indonesian National Army (TNI) and the Indonesian National Police (Polri), the Supporting Component is needed in efforts to defend and secure the state but in practice the community thinks that it is contrary to Human Rights (HAM). The purpose of this study is to carefully examine and analyse the Establishment of the Reserve Component as a State Supporting Defence Viewed from a Human Rights Perspective. The legal research method used is normative juridical legal research method by conducting research on library materials and using a statute approach. The results of the research are that in the Indonesian constitution, the rights and obligations to defend the country by citizens have been regulated through the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law No. 3 of 2023 concerning State Defence, Law No. 23 of 2019 concerning Management of National Resources for State Defence, as well as the embodiment of patriotism in the state that can be carried out by a citizen who is then made by the Indonesian Government a state defence system in order to support national defence, namely by implementing a Reserve Component system stipulated in the PSDN Law and the formation of the Reserve Component is not an element of coercion or a form of human rights violation.

The Constitutional Court is a judicial institution in Indonesia which was established on August 13, 2003. The Constitutional Court has the authority regulated in article 24C of the 1945 Constitution and Law Number 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court which was later updated to Law Number 8 of 2011. The Constitutional Court has a principle in making a decision on the material test of the law against the Constitution, which applies to everyone, final, independent and impartial. The Constitutional Court's (MK) decision regarding the age limit for presidential and vice presidential candidates (presidential and vice presidential candidates) in Case Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 continues to reap pros and cons. In the decision, the Constitutional Court granted part of the application that tested Article 169 letter q of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. This study aims to identify and analyze disputes over the Constitutional Court Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 concerning the material test of article 169 letter q of Law number 7 of 2017 concerning general elections in terms of juridical aspects. The research method used is a literature study of the Constitutional Court decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 with a focus on normative legal analysis. The results of the study show that the Constitutional Court's decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 is formally inconsistent with Law Number 49 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power and Constitutional Court Regulation No. 2/PMK/2021.

This research analyzes the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 14 of 2023 concerning Carbon Trading through the Carbon Exchange, particularly related to the implementation of the principle of efficiency in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The methodology employed is normative research with legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches, along with the analysis of primary and secondary legal materials through literature study and syllogistic methods. The findings indicate that the principles of good legislative regulation and the principle of legality have not been optimally implemented, hindering the efficiency of carbon trading. Identified obstacles include the type, hierarchy, and substance of the regulation, the institutional framework governing carbon trading, and contradictions within the regulation. The research recommends that carbon trading be regulated under a specific law with a dedicated body focusing on this issue, along with adherence to the principles of good legislative formation. The author advises the government, through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Financial Services Authority, to review carbon trading regulations, optimize the authority of the governing body, and ensure that the principle of efficiency is fulfilled.
 
 

More and more BPRs have had their operational permits revoked by the OJK. The revocation of a BPR license is due to the bank's unhealthy financial condition, which has the potential to threaten the banking system and harm various parties. Therefore, the bank must have its business license revoked with several previously determined considerations. One of the BPRs whose business license was revoked was BPR Persada Guna Pasuruan. This research aims to analyze the forms of legal violations in the case of revocation of BPR Persada Guna's business license and find out the follow-up given by the authorities in the case of BPR Persada Guna Pasuruan. This research uses a normative juridical approach. The research results show that the forms of legal violations include credit violations, capital insufficiency, and violations of bank governance. Meanwhile, the follow-up provided is through the Decree of the Members of the Board of Commissioners of the Financial Services Authority Number KEP-84/D.03/2023 dated 4 December 2023 regarding the Revocation of the Business License of PT Bank Kredit Kredit Rakyat Persada Guna.

Candi Sumberawan adalah salah satu cagar budaya di Kabupaten Malang. Terletak di tengah hutan pinus, candi ini dikelola oleh Perum Perhutani KPH Malang. Sebagai cagar budaya, sudah semestinya candi ini dikelola oleh Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Malang. Namun, status quo menunjukkan sebaliknya, terdapat tumpang tindih kewenangan antara Perum Perhutani KPH Malang dan Disparbud Kabupaten Malang. Regulasi pengelolaan cagar budaya di Kabupaten Malang telah diatur dalam Peraturan Bupati Nomor 49 Tahun 2016 tentang Kedudukan, Susunan, Organisasi, Tugas dan Fungsi, Serta Tata Kerja Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Malang. Dalam Perbup tersebut, diatur kewenangan Disparbud Kabupaten Malang untuk menjalankan fungsi pengelolaan cagar budaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kewenangan Perum Perhutani KPH Malang, Disparbud Kabupaten Malang, dan mengetahui perbandingan kewenangan kedua lembaga tersebut dalam mengelola cagar budaya, serta menganalisis pergeseran fungsi Perum Perhutani KPH Malang melalui regulasi a quo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan bahan analisis berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Bahan hukum primer yang digunakan adalah regulasi yang mengatur tentang kewenangan pengelolaan cagar budaya. Kemudian, bahan hukum sekunder yang digunakan adalah buku, jurnal, artikel, hasil penelitian sebelumnya, dan pendapat ahli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pergeseran fungsi dan kewenangan dalam pengelolaan Candi Sumberawan. Pergeseran tersebut ditunjukkan dengan dikelolanya Candi Sumberawan oleh Perum Perhutani KPH Malang, padahal secara yuridis sebagai cagar budaya seharusnya Candi tersebut dikelola Disparbud Kabupaten Malang. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan adanya harmonisasi peraturan terkait kewenangan dalam pengelolaan Candi Sumberawan antara Perum Perhutani KPH Malang dengan Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Malang.

Perkembangan teknologi digital di Indonesia telah memberikan banyak manfaat dalam berbagai sektor seperti pemerintahan, keuangan, pendidikan, dan kesehatan. Namun, kemajuan ini juga diiringi dengan peningkatan kejahatan siber, seperti peretasan, penipuan digital, pencurian identitas, dan ransomware, yang mengancam keamanan nasional dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Regulasi seperti UU ITE dan UU PDP telah diterapkan, tetapi tantangan dalam implementasi dan adaptasi terhadap dinamika teknologi tetap signifikan. Indonesia menghadapi kesenjangan dalam penegakan hukum siber, termasuk kurangnya kapasitas teknis aparat hukum, rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat tentang keamanan digital, serta keterbatasan kerjasama internasional untuk menangani kejahatan siber lintas batas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif. Data diperoleh dari dokumen hukum, laporan pemerintah, studi kasus, artikel jurnal, dan literatur akademik. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola, tantangan, dan efektivitas kebijakan kriminal terkait kejahatan siber. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan siber di Indonesia memerlukan penguatan, terutama dalam hal implementasi, edukasi publik, dan adaptasi teknologi. Contoh dari Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa menunjukkan bahwa kolaborasi antara pemerintah dan sektor swasta, regulasi perlindungan data yang ketat, dan kampanye edukasi dapat meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap ancaman siber. Penelitian ini menyarankan penguatan UU ITE dan UU PDP, literasi digital bagi masyarakat, peningkatan kompetensi aparat hukum, kerjasama internasional, serta pembentukan jaringan pertukaran informasi siber untuk menciptakan ekosistem keamanan digital yang tangguh, efektif, dan responsif terhadap perkembangan teknologi.

Ethics is a field of philosophy that discusses the moral principles that govern humanbehavior, while politics deals with decision-making and the management of power in society. In Islam, political ethics is a concept that regulates human relationships in the political world.Islamic political ethics consists of a collection of moral values and principles that should guide everyone involved in political activities, both as citizens and leaders. Islamic political ethics has a strong relevance in the context of politics and governance. The moral values in Islam can serve as guidelines for leaders and citizens in building a better society. Despite the challenges faced, ongoing efforts to implement Islamic political ethics are considered essential in building an ideal and ethical government. It is important to build a just, prosperous, and moral society through the application of Islamic political ethics, which includes principles such as justice,equality, democracy, deliberation, freedom, and respect for the rights of others. In addition, this journal reviews the methods Ali Shari'ati used to make his assertions about the importance of Islam as a basic political ethic. A just, moral, and prosperous government can be achieved through the application of Islamic political ethics. Political ethics is not a convoluted system, but rather a number of noble values that are in line with the principles of Islam.

Renewable energy systems, particularly those incorporating solar and wind power, are prone to stability issues due to the intermittent and fluctuating nature of these energy sources. This paper investigates several nonlinear control techniques—namely, adaptive control, sliding mode control, and fuzzy logic control—that are designed to improve stability in renewable energy systems. Through simulations, we demonstrate how these methods can effectively reduce fluctuations and maintain stable energy output, offering a robust approach to enhancing the reliability of renewable energy systems.

This research employs qualitative approaches to investigate how women contribute to enhancing the family's financial situation within Islamic frameworks. It delves into the factors impacting their roles and examines their involvement in household duties, empowerment initiatives, and managing various responsibilities. The findings highlight that women primarily contribute to the family economy by engaging in daily household tasks, participating in empowerment programs, and managing their time across different roles. Additionally, their earnings are crucial in financially supporting the family's needs.

Era 5.0 marks a societal shift towards deeper integration between humans and advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, and cloud computing. This article investigates recent developments in digital technology supporting Era 5.0, its impact on the business world, case studies of technology implementation, and challenges faced in transitioning towards this more connected era. Technologies like AI have transformed business operations by enhancing efficiency, personalizing services, and enabling more precise decision-making. Case studies from various sectors such as automotive, healthcare, and agriculture illustrate how companies adopt and integrate Era 5.0 technologies to create added value and maintain competitiveness. Despite the immense potential of Era 5.0, challenges such as data security, implementation costs, and organizational adaptation remain key focal points in executing this transformation. By considering these factors, the article underscores the importance of cross-sector collaboration, investment in skilled human resources, and awareness of ethical considerations in addressing challenges towards a more technologically connected society.