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The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and tools like Canva has revolutionized English Language Teaching (ELT) in Indonesia, shifting from traditional methods to interactive, student-centered approaches. This study aims to explore the benefits and challenges of incorporating these technologies into ELT practices. Employing a qualitative literature review methodology, the research analyzed over 20 empirical studies from 2020 to 2023 on Canva and ICT in Indonesian ELT, supplemented by global Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) frameworks. Key findings reveal that ICT and Canva enhance student motivation, creativity, and communicative skills through multimodal and constructivist learning, while fostering authentic language exposure and collaboration. However, challenges include inadequate infrastructure, limited teacher training, digital inequities between urban and rural areas, ethical issues such as copyright infringement, and increased teacher workload. The implications underscore the need for systematic professional development, institutional support, curriculum alignment, and policies promoting equitable access to ensure transformative and sustainable technology integration in Indonesian ELT.  

The development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 to the Society 5.0 era presents new challenges for education, including Islamic Religious Education (PAI). PAI is required not only to transfer religious knowledge but also to shape character, morality, and 21st-century competencies. This study aims to examine the philosophical foundations, characteristics, and application of PAI learning models to ensure their relevance in modern education. The research employed a qualitative approach with a library research design, involving the exploration of primary and secondary literature, critical reading, systematic note-taking, and content analysis validated through triangulation of classical and contemporary sources. The findings indicate that PAI learning models are conceptual, theoretical, systematic, and rooted in religious, philosophical, psychological, and sociological foundations. Four main models behavioristic, information processing, social, and humanistic each have strengths and limitations, yet their integration is relevant to forming insan kamil, a holistic human being balanced in cognitive, affective, psychomotor, spiritual, and social aspects. Therefore, developing PAI learning models based on Islamic philosophy and adaptive to technological advancements is a strategic necessity to face global challenges.

In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, Islamic Religious Education (PAI) must emphasize not only memorizing religious content, but also fostering advanced thinking skills such as analysis, evaluation, and creativity through the Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) method. This study aims to describe the implementation of HOTS-oriented Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning at SMAN 2 Banjit, focusing on implementation methods, supporting and inhibiting factors, and their influence on students. This study uses a qualitative descriptive methodology with data collection methods such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects of the study were Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers. Data analysis was carried out by means of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers at SMAN 2 Banjit have implemented host-based Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teaching methods. HOTS-based learning through discussion methods, advanced question and answer, and problem-based learning, but the implementation has not been evenly distributed across classes. Teachers understand the basic concepts of HOTS, but still face obstacles in preparing HOTS-based learning devices and assessment instruments. Supporting factors for implementation are the support of the principal, technological facilities, and the enthusiasm of some students. Meanwhile, emerging obstacles include a rote-oriented learning culture, unequal distribution of learning facilities, and teacher administrative burdens. The implementation of HOTS has a positive impact on improving students' critical thinking skills and argumentative skills, as well as helping them understand Islamic values ​​more contextually.

The development of artificial intelligence has revolutionized higher education by increasing the efficiency and personalization of learning, but it has also posed a major challenge in the form of a decline in students' critical thinking skills due to their dependence on technology. Therefore, an in-depth philosophical study through the post-positivism, critical theory, and constructivism paradigms is needed to understand its impact on cognitive and epistemological processes. This study aims to analyze how these three paradigms guide the development of critical thinking in the context of AI. It uses a descriptive-analytical method based on secondary data from academic literature such as journals and books that have been critically synthesized. The findings show that post-positivism views AI as a tentative critical realism tool for empirical verification. Critical theory critiques power relations, ideology, and the ethics of technological domination. Constructivism emphasizes the construction of social knowledge through human-centered design that supports creativity and collaboration. The positive impacts of AI include instant feedback and content adaptation, while the negative impacts include social isolation, weak digital literacy, and data privacy. Therefore, the implication is the wise use of AI with the assistance of teaching staff to strengthen reflective analysis, ethical literacy, and paradigm adjustments in accordance with the exact or social sciences to create multidimensional learning in the digital era.

The patent dispute between Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is one of the largest Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) conflicts in the modern technology industry. This case began in 2007, when Apple launched the first-generation iPhone, revolutionizing the smartphone market with its minimalist design, full-touch screen, and intuitive interface. The success of the iPhone opened new markets and positioned Apple as an innovation leader. Samsung, as the largest electronics manufacturer in Asia, then produced the Android-based Samsung Galaxy smartphone, which quickly became the iPhone's main competitor. This business competition then turned into a legal dispute when Apple considered Samsung's products too similar to its products. This case involves claims of infringement of design patents and utility patents filed in various jurisdictions such as the United States, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This article uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach. The analysis shows that the patent dispute between Apple and Samsung cannot be resolved through a single international forum due to the territorial nature of the patent system. Therefore, litigation takes place in several countries and results in varying decisions.

General education at Islamic Religious Higher Education Institutions (PTKI) plays an important role in developing students’ critical thinking skills so they can analyze religious and social issues reflectively and contextually. However, learning practices in PTKI are still dominated by teacher-centered approaches and low cognitive achievement, which limits the development of analytical, evaluative, and problem-solving abilities. Meanwhile, studies show that integrating digital media, particularly video, can improve conceptual understanding, motivation, and cognitive engagement, yet a digital video-based meaningful learning model specifically designed for the PTKI context remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to formulate a Digital Video-Based Meaningful Learning Model (MPBBVD) to enhance students’ critical thinking skills. This research employed a literature review method by analyzing books, scientific articles, research reports, and digital sources related to meaningful learning, constructivism, multimedia learning, digital video use, and critical thinking development. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively to identify the theoretical foundations, learning syntax, and design principles of the model. The findings indicate that MPBBVD integrates Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning theory, constructivist perspectives from Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bruner, Mayer’s Multimedia Learning theory, and the critical thinking framework of Facione and Ennis. The model uses digital video as the main learning medium and applies the ACTIVE stages (Attend, Connect, Think, Interpret, Verify, Evaluate) to promote contextual and interactive learning. Integrating pre-, during-, and post-video activities supports knowledge construction, reduces cognitive load, and increases student engagement, contributing theoretically and practically to improving critical thinking in PTKI in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era.

Educational transformation in the era of globalization and the Industrial Revolution 4.0 requires educational institutions not only to produce academically competent graduates but also individuals with entrepreneurial spirit, creativity, and adaptability. The high rate of educated unemployment indicates the need for alternative approaches, one of which is the implementation of an edupreneurial business model. This concept integrates entrepreneurial principles into educational management, emphasizing innovation, value creation, and sustainability. This study analyzes the application of business models in edupreneurship within formal educational institutions, covering conventional, digital, and social models. The findings indicate that edupreneurship enhances educational relevance, expands accessibility, and supports financial independence of institutions. Social edupreneurship is considered effective in promoting educational equity through socially impactful business models. The success of implementing an edupreneurial business model depends on continuous innovation, technological utilization, strategic partnerships, and diversification of funding sources. Therefore, edupreneurship is recommended as a visionary, adaptive, and sustainable strategy for educational transformation.

The development of digital technology has changed the paradigm of MSME businesses, including in building brand image. This study analyzes strategies for enhancing brand image through digital business at Ayam Celup Juaro’s MSMEs in Medan City. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. The results show that multi-platform digital integration (Instagram, TikTok, WhatsApp) is effective in building brand image. Instagram serves as a medium for visual representation of the brand, TikTok as a driver for acquiring new customers through viral content, and WhatsApp as a means of personal communication to maintain customer loyalty. The key factors for success are content consistency and timely service. The main obstacles faced are budget constraints and challenges in maintaining content consistency. This research provides practical contributions for SMEs in developing integrated digital strategies to enhance brand image in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution.

This abstract discusses the relevance of various 21st-century learning approaches in meeting the needs of students in the era of the digital revolution. The approaches discussed include collaborative learning, project-based learning, problem-based learning, discovery learning, inquiry-based learning, and contextual approaches. Each approach plays a crucial role in enhancing the understanding of academic content and developing much-needed 21st-century skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, digital literacy, problem-solving, and independent learning. In the context of history learning, the application of these approaches provides opportunities for students to learn actively through various methods, such as digital simulations, virtual history exhibitions, and digital document analysis. Furthermore, these approaches enable students to gain deeper and more contextual learning experiences, which are beneficial not only for understanding historical material but also for honing skills relevant to the demands of the modern world. The results of this study indicate that the integration of 21st-century learning approaches is highly relevant in preparing students to become an adaptive, innovative, and competent generation in facing the challenges faced in a world increasingly filled with technology and information.

Purpose – Purpose study This is For explore How management source Power human (HR) functions as a strategic pillar in develop economy resilient and adaptive defense in the global era . Research This integrate policy national , power competition industry defense , and work The same international through HR- based approach global competence . Design/ methodology / approach – Research This use method review library systematic (Systematic Literature Review/SLR), analyzing more of 50 peer-reviewed articles from journal published Scopus / WoS indexed between 2021–2025 . Research This synthesize framework Work from strategic human resources , economics defense , and global collaboration . Findings – Research This find that HR is not just function administrative , but play role strategic in form strength defense through development source Power people , digital literacy , and work The same cross- country research this also reveals that success synergy industry defense is greatly influenced by the readiness of human resource actors to integrate innovation , diplomacy , and knowledge transnational . Implications practical – For operationalize findings this , policy defense national must invest in centers featured human resource development , design repeat curriculum aligned defense​ with global threats and technologies , as well as build partnership strategic HR with actors​ defense international . Originality / Value – Study This was the first to conceptualize framework Work integrative which places HR as the core of transformation economy defense in a post-pandemic global landscape driven by digitally . Study This offer novelty theoretical with connect economy defense with strategic HR practices , as well as relevance practical for the makers policy and educators defense .

The usage of blockchain has increased around the world over the years. It has become widely used in various sectors that need transparency, such as accounting, business, and auditing. Blockchains are gaining more popularity after being applied as a system for digital asset ownership, such as cryptocurrency and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens). This growing trend of blockchain is followed by the increasing trend of research regarding it in the last decade. Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the auditing sector and enhance economic accountability due to its decentralized system. Therefore, research regarding blockchain applications in auditing is becoming an important topic. This study adopts a qualitative approach by using datasets retrieved from the Scopus website, from the search result of blockchain auditing, with a total of 1228 articles that were published in the last decade (2015-2025). Furthermore, this study also uses several software programs as data processing tools, such as R Studio, VOSViewer, and Publish or Perish. This study aims to understand the research trend regarding blockchain auditing in the last decade and highlight its implications for the auditing and economic sectors.

The development of information technology in the era of the Industrial Revolution 5.0 has brought significant changes to the world of education, including guidance and counseling services in schools. The use of artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbots is an innovation that can improve the effectiveness, accessibility, and interactivity of services for students. However, on the other hand, the use of this technology also raises challenges related to ethics, privacy, and the decline of humanistic values in counseling interactions. Based on this, this study aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of chatbots on the effectiveness of guidance and counseling services in schools. This study uses library research. Data were collected from various sources, such as books and journals related to the impact and role of chatbot use in guidance and counseling services. The results of the study show that the use of chatbots has negative and positive impacts that are very helpful and beneficial in guidance and counseling services in the current digital era, but they only function as a supporting tool and cannot replace the role of human counselors.

Digital transformation in public services is an absolute necessity in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, including in local government personnel management. This research analyses the digital transformation of civil servants’ (ASN) promotion services through the implementation of the Promotion Management System (SIPEKAT) at the Regional Personnel Agency of Sidoarjo Regency. Employing a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation study, this research explores the transformation process from a manual to a digital system, the implementation challenges, and its impact on service effectiveness and efficiency. The results indicate that the digital transformation via SIPEKAT successfully increased processing time efficiency by up to 60%, reduced the use of physical documents by up to 85%, and improved the transparency and accountability of the services. However, challenges were found, including a digital competence gap among employees, limitations in technological infrastructure in several Regional Government Work Units, and resistance to change from some stakeholders. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the digital transformation ecosystem of personnel services, integrating technological, organisational, and user behaviour perspectives, whilst producing an e-government implementation model for personnel services that can be adopted by other local.

The rapid growth of digital technology has revolutionized marketing practices, with social media becoming a primary platform for brand communication and audience engagement. Shopee Indonesia, as one of the leading e-commerce platforms in Southeast Asia, leverages various social media channels to strengthen its brand presence and connect with consumers. This study examines Shopee's digital marketing strategy through the management of the @notapprovedyet social media account, which creatively promotes Shopee products based on current social trends. The main focus of this study is to explain the content creation process and analyze the performance of accounts on Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube managed by Shopee Indonesia's Content Marketing Division. Using a creative marketing approach, this study aims to provide insights into effective social media management. The research findings are expected to contribute to understanding how the right social media strategy can increase audience engagement and brand awareness, especially in the highly competitive e-commerce industry.

Advances in information and communication technology (ICT) have revolutionized various aspects of life, including the education sector. The application of technology in education enables more flexible, interactive, and personalized learning, as well as expanding access for students in various regions, including remote areas. SMK Negeri 2 Binjai is one of the vocational education institutions in Binjai City that is currently facing challenges in the process of determining recipients of educational assistance, particularly the Indonesia Pintar (PIP) Program, which is intended for underprivileged students. Until now, the selection mechanism for PIP recipients has been carried out manually, making it prone to subjectivity, lack of transparency, and limited integrated data. To overcome this problem, a decision support system is needed to help schools determine the recipients of educational assistance objectively and structurally using the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method, which is an effective multi-criteria decision-making technique for processing various assessment criteria to produce the best alternative ranking. The results of the calculation using the WASPAS method produced different preference values (Qi) for each student alternative. The highest score was obtained by Ilyas Ramadhanu with a Qi of 0.6899, followed by Binar Sembiring with a Qi of 0.5963, and Dimas Dwi Andika with a Qi of 0.5790. The lowest value was obtained by Adit Rahmazi with a Qi of 0.3852.

The development of information technology and digitalization has transformed almost all aspects of human life, including the world of education. The era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 to Society 5.0 has given rise to new demands on the education system, including in the field of Islamic Religious Education (PAI). In PAI learning can no longer be maintained with a traditional approach that only focuses on lectures and memorization. Along with technological developments and changing demands of the times, especially the era of Society 5.0, PAI learning faces new challenges that require innovation and adaptation in learning approaches. Within this framework, the deep learning approach or in-depth learning is one strategy that can improve the quality of learning (Suwandi et al., 2024) including in the field of Islamic Religious Education (PAI). This study aims to describe the basic concepts and principles of deep learning in PAI learning, describe the transformation of PAI learning based on deep learning, describe the benefits, opportunities, and challenges faced in implementing deep learning in PAI learning and describe a PAI learning model based on deep learning that can improve students' 21st-century competencies without eliminating Islamic spiritual values. This study employed a library research method to analyze and understand the transformation of deep learning-based Islamic education in the digital era, based on relevant literature sources. The study results indicate that the Deep Learning Approach to Islamic Religious Education (PAI) offers significant potential as a learning innovation relevant to the digital age. With a model that incorporates mindful, meaningful, and joyful learning, Islamic Religious Education (PAI) can be a lesson that is not boring but transformative, developing students' intellectual and spiritual well-being. Successful implementation depends heavily on teacher preparedness, a flexible and relevant curriculum, technological support, and a school culture that encourages active participation and reflection.

The use of digital-based learning media has revolutionized the way we learn and teach. Particularly in teaching science at the elementary school level, the application of this type of media stands out as a relevant and interesting topic. This media can significantly improve the quality of science learning, while providing a more interactive and enjoyable learning experience for students. This study aims to review the literature related to the use of digital learning media in the context of science teaching. The approach used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The data collection process involved compiling and analyzing articles discussing digital learning media in science learning, focusing on publications from 2021 to 2023. A total of six articles from journals available on Google Scholar were collected by the researcher. From a systematic review of various published studies, it can be summarized that various types of digital media can be applied in the science learning process. The most commonly used media include digital elements such as images, videos, simulations, and interactive games, as these tools can motivate students to learn and strengthen their curiosity about the material being studied.

The Da’wah Institution of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), as part of Indonesia's largest Islamic organization, faces challenges in adapting to social dynamics, the digital revolution, and the rise of radicalism. In an increasingly diverse and fast-changing society, NU must develop da’wah strategies that are not only moderate and contextual but also adaptable to contemporary shifts. This study aims to explore how NU's social construction of da’wah is structured epistemologically, ontologically, and strategically to strengthen Islam’s role as rahmatan lil 'alamin, promoting social harmony and national unity. The research adopts a multisite case study approach at the Da’wah Institution of the NU Executive Board, employing qualitative methods through document analysis and in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that NU’s da’wah social construction integrates three main dimensions. Epistemologically, NU’s da’wah is grounded in authentic and contextual knowledge, allowing the dissemination of Islamic values in a peaceful, moderate, and inclusive way. Ontologically, the Da’wah Institution acts not only as a formal structure but as a representation of Islam Nusantara, reinforcing Islamic and national identity within a unified da’wah narrative. Strategically, NU’s da’wah is designed to adapt to shifting social, cultural, and technological landscapes by emphasizing participatory methods, utilizing digital media, and incorporating local cultural elements. These three dimensions work together to form a da’wah model that is responsive to contemporary challenges while deeply rooted in the Ahlussunnah wal Jama’ah tradition.

The integration of blockchain technology with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) presents a promising solution for optimizing resource allocation and ensuring security in decentralized network environments, particularly in 5G and 6G network slicing. This research proposes a model that combines the security features of blockchain with the adaptive, decentralized decision-making capabilities of MARL. Blockchain ensures the integrity and transparency of resource allocation by providing a secure, tamper-proof ledger for transaction validation, while MARL allows agents to dynamically allocate resources based on real-time network conditions. The simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in resource allocation efficiency, fairness among users, and resilience to cyberattacks. By combining these two technologies, the proposed model overcomes many of the challenges posed by traditional centralized systems and offers an enhanced, secure, and fair solution for resource distribution in future mobile networks. However, scalability remains a challenge, especially in large-scale networks where transaction processing and consensus overhead can create bottlenecks. Additionally, training complexity in MARL models presents computational challenges, particularly in highly dynamic network environments. The model's performance trade-offs, including the balance between high security and system overhead, are also discussed. Future research should focus on optimizing blockchain consensus mechanisms to improve scalability and enhancing MARL model training techniques to reduce computational costs and improve real-time decision-making. This integration holds significant potential for revolutionizing resource allocation in 5G and 6G networks, enabling more efficient, secure, and fair management of network resources in the increasingly complex and decentralized digital ecosystem

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with cloud computing has revolutionized healthcare systems, offering scalable and real-time patient monitoring. However, optimizing response times and energy consumption remains crucial for efficient healthcare delivery. This research evaluates various algorithmic approaches for workload migration and resource management within IoT cloud-based healthcare systems. The performance of the implemented algorithm in this research, Hybrid Dynamic Programming and Long Short-Term Memory (Hybrid DP+LSTM), was analyzed against other six key algorithms, namely Gradient Optimization with Back Propagation to Input (GOBI), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), improved GOBI (GOBI2), Predictive Offloading for Network Devices (POND), Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on their average response time and energy consumption. Hybrid DP+LSTM achieves the lowest response time (82.91ms) with an energy consumption of 2,835,048 joules per container. The outcome of the analysis showed that Hybrid DP+LSTM have significant response times improvement, with percentage increases of 89.3%, 79.0%, 83.8%, 97.0%, 99.8%, and 99.94% against GOBI, GOBI2, DRL, POND, MILP, and GA, respectively. In terms of energy consumption, Hybrid DP+LSTM outperforms other approaches, with GOBI2 (3,664,337 joules) consuming 29.3% more energy, DRL (2,973,238 joules) consuming 4.9% more, GOBI (4,463,010 joules) consuming 57.4% more, POND (3,310,966 joules) consuming 16.8% more, MILP (3,005,498 joules) consuming 6.0% more, and the GA (3,959,935 joules) consuming 39.7% more. The result of ablation of the Hybrid DP+LSTM model achieves a 47.05% improvement over DP-only (156.57ms) and a 70.64% improvement over LSTM-only (282.41ms) in response time. On the energy efficiency side, Hybrid DP+LSTM shows 22.80% improvement over LSTM-only (3,671,51 joules), but 7.34% underperformance compared to DP-only (2,640,93). These research findings indicate that the Hybrid DP+LSTM technique provides the best trade-off between response time and energy efficiency. Future research should further explore hybrid approaches to optimize these metrics in IoT cloud-based healthcare systems.