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Perkembangan teknologi digital telah merevolusi mekanisme transaksi ekonomi dengan mendorong penggunaan kontrak elektronik sebagai instrumen utama dalam aktivitas e-commerce. Kajian ini menyoroti dominasi klausula baku yang disusun sepihak oleh pelaku usaha, yang mengakibatkan ketimpangan posisi tawar serta berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian sistemik bagi konsumen. Secara empiris, rendahnya literasi hukum masyarakat, kompleksitas bahasa kontrak, serta mekanisme persetujuan instan memperkuat kondisi kerentanan konsumen dalam memahami hak dan kewajibannya. Meskipun kerangka regulasi nasional seperti UUPK dan UU ITE telah memberikan dasar perlindungan, implementasinya masih menghadapi hambatan serius, termasuk lemahnya pengawasan, kesenjangan antara norma dan praktik, serta tantangan yurisdiksi lintas negara dalam transaksi digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif-empiris untuk menganalisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum serta mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab ketidakseimbangan dalam kontrak elektronik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan perlunya rekonstruksi model perlindungan konsumen berbasis keadilan kontraktual yang menekankan transparansi, keseimbangan, dan akuntabilitas dalam penyusunan klausula. Selain itu, integrasi aspek teknologi, desain sistem digital, dan peningkatan literasi konsumen menjadi elemen krusial dalam menciptakan ekosistem transaksi yang adil. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam pengembangan teori hukum digital sekaligus memberikan rekomendasi praktis bagi pembentukan regulasi adaptif guna memperkuat kepercayaan publik terhadap ekonomi digital.

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya minat dan keterampilan membaca interaktif peserta didik pada materi teks hikayat yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan metode pembelajaran yang masih konvensional dan kurangnya media pembelajaran yang menarik. Kondisi tersebut menuntut adanya inovasi media berbasis digital yang mampu meningkatkan keterlibatan dan motivasi belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran scrapbook digital berbasis FLIPHTML5 serta mengetahui keefektifannya dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca interaktif siswa kelas X SMK NJ 01 Jogororto. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian dan pengembangan dengan model ADDIE yang meliputi tahap analisis, perancangan, pengembangan, implementasi, dan evaluasi. Produk yang dihasilkan berupa media scrapbook digital interaktif yang memadukan teks, gambar, dan elemen visual menarik serta dilengkapi fitur latihan dan refleksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media yang dikembangkan memenuhi kriteria valid, praktis, dan efektif berdasarkan hasil validasi ahli, respon guru dan siswa, serta peningkatan aktivitas dan pemahaman belajar siswa. Penggunaan media ini terbukti mampu meningkatkan minat baca, keterlibatan aktif, serta pemahaman siswa terhadap teks hikayat secara lebih optimal. Implikasi penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media scrapbook digital berbasis FLIPHTML5 dapat dijadikan alternatif inovatif dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia, khususnya untuk meningkatkan keterampilan membaca interaktif serta menciptakan pembelajaran yang lebih menarik, kreatif, dan sesuai dengan perkembangan teknologi pendidikan.

Globalization has brought significant impacts across various sectors of life, including language and literature. Rapid flows of information, intercultural interactions, and the dominance of international languages such as English have triggered changes, adaptations, and even identity confusion in the use of local languages and the development of literary works. This paper explores the influence of globalization on the evolution of language and literature, both in the context of preservation and creativity. Language undergoes modifications in structure and vocabulary as a result of cultural interaction and technological advancement, while literature evolves in terms of genres and media, as reflected in the emergence of digital literature and literacy phenomena on social media platforms. On the other hand, globalization also provides opportunities for local literary works to reach international audiences through translation and digital media. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, this paper highlights the challenges and opportunities arising from the intersection of globalization, language, and literature, as well as their significance in formulating strategies to maintain cultural identity through language and literary expression.

Globalization has brought significant impacts across various sectors of life, including language and literature. Rapid flows of information, intercultural interactions, and the dominance of international languages such as English have triggered changes, adaptations, and even identity confusion in the use of local languages and the development of literary works. This paper explores the influence of globalization on the evolution of language and literature, both in the context of preservation and creativity. Language undergoes modifications in structure and vocabulary as a result of cultural interaction and technological advancement, while literature evolves in terms of genres and media, as reflected in the emergence of digital literature and literacy phenomena on social media platforms. On the other hand, globalization also provides opportunities for local literary works to reach international audiences through translation and digital media. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, this paper highlights the challenges and opportunities arising from the intersection of globalization, language, and literature, as well as their significance in formulating strategies to maintain cultural identity through language and literary expression.

The advancement of information technology has increased young children’s exposure to digital devices, which potentially affects language development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between daily screen time duration and language development of children aged 5–6 years in Desa Mendalo Indah, Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. The subjects were six children aged 5–6 years who had more than two hours of daily screen time. Data were collected through observations of children’s language abilities, interviews with parents, and documentation of daily activities, and analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s (2014) interactive model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed variations in children’s language abilities despite having relatively similar screen time durations. Children who received active parental guidance and accessed educational content demonstrated better receptive and expressive language skills, including following sequential instructions, forming simple sentences, and expressing ideas verbally. Conversely, children who used screen time passively without supervision tended to have limitations in vocabulary acquisition, concentration, and verbal interaction. These findings indicate that screen time duration alone is not the sole determinant of children’s language development; it is also influenced by the quality of parental guidance, the type of content accessed, and social interaction experiences. This study is expected to provide guidance for parents, teachers, and early childhood education practitioners in managing digital media use wisely to optimally support children’s language development.

This study is a scholarly work by a student of the Early Childhood Education Teacher Education Program, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, supervised by Dra. Rapi Us. Djuko as the first advisor and Mr. Nunung Suryana Jamin, SE, M.Si as the second advisor. The objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of foreign language development achievements among early childhood learners in Group B at TK Nurul Ilmih. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation as data collection methods. A total of 22 children participated as the primary subjects and were actively involved throughout the observation process. The research focused on several linguistic aspects, including language comprehension, verbal expression, basic vocabulary usage, pronunciation ability, and children's responses to bilingual instructions (in both Indonesian and English). The findings indicate that the children’s foreign language development falls within the "developing as expected" category, although it has not yet reached an optimal level. Some children still encounter difficulties in pronouncing English vocabulary, constructing simple sentences, and understanding verbal commands. Several factors influence the progress of their language development, including family background, parenting style, the intensity of teacher-provided stimulation, and habitual exposure to foreign languages in daily school activities. The study concludes that consistent, engaging, and developmentally appropriate stimulation from both teachers and parents plays a crucial role in fostering bilingual proficiency in early childhood.

Research on the history and development of the Indonesian language has shown a significant increase in recent years, influenced by social dynamics, language policies, and digital transformation. However, systematic mapping of research trends, collaboration patterns, and thematic focus in this field remains limited. This study aims to analyze the development of research on the history of the Indonesian language during the 2023–2025 period using a bibliometric approach. The data were retrieved from the Dimensions database using the keyword History of Indonesian Language and were limited to journal articles published between 2023 and 2025. A total of 889 articles were selected for analysis. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to visualize bibliographic networks, including country, institutional, journal, and author collaborations, as well as keyword co-occurrence. The indicators used in this study include the number of publications, citation counts, and total link strength. The results indicate that 2023 recorded the highest number of publications. Indonesia emerged as the leading country in terms of publication output and citation impact, while China, Germany, and the United States demonstrated strong academic collaboration networks. Keyword analysis revealed dominant themes related to language history, language policy, and linguistic dynamics within global and digital contexts. This study concludes that bibliometric analysis is an effective method for identifying research trends, directions, and collaboration patterns in studies on the history of the Indonesian language. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for future research development and to support evidence-based language policy formulation.

This study aims to examine in depth the learning strategies implemented in the Bilingual-A class to develop early childhood language skills. The development of language skills in early childhood is an important aspect to consider, as language functions as the main medium for children to communicate, think, and express their feelings and ideas. However, language development problems often arise due to a lack of sufficient linguistic stimulation, both at home and in the learning environment. To address this issue, the study employs a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving teachers and children in the Bilingual-A class at RA Masjid Al-Akbar Surabaya. Through this approach, the researcher seeks to obtain a clear picture of how bilingual learning strategies are applied in daily classroom activities. The findings reveal that the applied learning strategies include communicative approaches, the use of enjoyable bilingual songs and games, and various visual media such as pictures, word cards, and teaching aids. The implementation of these strategies has proven effective in enhancing children’s vocabulary mastery, sentence construction ability, and confidence in communicating using two languages. These findings highlight the crucial role of teachers in designing engaging, interactive, and developmentally appropriate learning activities that holistically support children’s language growth.  

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perkembangan pariwisata terhadap pelestarian bahasa dan budaya Batak di TukTuk, Samosir. Dalam konteks pariwisata yang berkembang pesat, penting untuk memahami dampak positif maupun negatif yang ditimbulkan terhadap kelestarian budaya lokal. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi tantangan yang dihadapi dalam melestarikan bahasa dan budaya Batak di tengah pengaruh globalisasi dan dominasi bahasa asing. Di samping itu, penelitian ini mengkaji peran masyarakat lokal dalam menjaga kelestarian budaya Batak. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi langsung, dan studi dokumentasi. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat lokal yang aktif dalam kegiatan budaya dan kepariwisataan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pariwisata memberikan peluang untuk memperkenalkan budaya Batak kepada wisatawan, namun juga memunculkan tantangan serius, seperti komodifikasi budaya dan penurunan penggunaan bahasa Batak. Masyarakat lokal memiliki peran kunci dalam mempertahankan tradisi dan bahasa Batak, meskipun masih menghadapi tekanan budaya luar. Diperlukan kolaborasi antara masyarakat dan pihak terkait untuk menciptakan strategi pelestarian budaya yang berkelanjutan di tengah arus pariwisata yang terus berkembang.

The early childhood period, commonly referred to as the Golden Age, is considered the most critical stage of development, during which rapid advancement in various domains, including language ability, is observed. This study examined how parental communication patterns influence the language development of children in Gla Meunasah Baro Village. Krueng Barona Jaya Subdistrict, Aceh Besar District. An analytic quantitative method was applied, using a cross-sectional design. The study involved a total of 115 parents, and the researcher selected 89 respondents as the sample using purposive sampling. The researcher collected data through questionnaires measured on an ordinal scale and then analyzed the information using univariate and bivariate techniques, including the Chi-Square test. The analysis showed that most respondents, consisting of 85 parents (95.5%), applied good communication patterns, while 3 respondents (3.4%) were classified as moderate, and 1 respondent (1.15%) as poor. In addition, 84 children (94.4%) were identified as not being at risk of language delay, while 5 children (5.6%) were considered potentially at risk. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between parental communication patterns and early childhood language development, as indicated by a ρ value of 0.015 (< α = 0.05). It is suggested that communication with children be carried out in an open, attentive, and reciprocal manner so that their language development can be maximally supported and the risk of delays minimized.

This study aims to examine the importance of environment and social interaction in supporting early childhood language development. The research was conducted on Jalan Perjuangan, Dalan Lidang Subdistrict, using a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving children aged 4–6 years, teachers, and parents. The findings reveal that a linguistically rich environment and active, positive social interactions both at home and in educational settings have a significant impact on children's language skills. Children raised in supportive environments and frequently engaged in conversations, cooperative play, and storytelling activities show better vocabulary growth, sentence structure development, and communication abilities. In conclusion, environment and social interaction play a vital role in shaping early childhood language competence and should be given serious attention by parents, educators, and the surrounding community.  

Language development is one of the main pillars in early childhood growth. Strong language skills are not just about being able to speak, but also include the ability to listen, understand, and use language to think and interact. This ability becomes an important foundation for children's future success, both in formal education and social life. In the early childhood stage, the role of teachers in kindergartens (TK) is very crucial. Teachers are the child's first social environment outside the home, and the interactions they have every day will greatly influence the child's language development. This research will thoroughly explore the various strategic roles played by teachers in stimulating children's language development, and how these roles can be effectively applied in the classroom environment.

Language development is one of the main pillars in early childhood growth. Strong language skills are not just about being able to speak, but also include the ability to listen, understand, and use language to think and interact. This ability becomes an important foundation for children's future success, both in formal education and social life. In the early childhood stage, the role of teachers in kindergartens (TK) is very crucial. Teachers are the child's first social environment outside the home, and the interactions they have every day will greatly influence the child's language development. This research will thoroughly explore the various strategic roles played by teachers in stimulating children's language development, and how these roles can be effectively applied in the classroom environment.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an interactive storytelling method supported by visual media in enhancing young children's language skills and character development. The research employs a qualitative approach, collecting data through observation, interviews, and descriptive analysis of learning practices in early childhood education institutions (PAUD). The findings indicate that the use of visual media and active interaction from parents and teachers significantly enriches vocabulary, improves listening skills, and supports children's social- emotional and overall character development. These results underscore the crucial role of parents and visual media in the language stimulation and character-building process for early childhood, aligning with language development theories and social constructivism as foundational principles for effective learning approaches.

Aktivitas bisnis transaksi kontrak merupakan salah satu penunjang Aktivitas bisnis transaksi kontrak merupakan salah satu penunjang perkembangan ekonomi. Tidaklah mengherankan kontrak yang melibatkan pihak asing dibuat di Indonesia namun ditulis menggunakan bahasa asing atau bahasa Inggris. Dengan perkembangan sebuah teknologi ini harus diiringi dengan berkembangnya peraturan-peraturan yang akan berlaku di masyarakat. Pemerintah perlu mendukung perkembangan teknologi informasi melalui infrastruktur hukum dan pengaturannya, sehingga pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dilakukan secara aman dan mencegah penyalahgunaannya dengan memperhatikan nilai-nilai yang terkandung di Indonesia. Yang kemudian muncul rumusan masalahnya yaitu; 1) Bagaimana bentuk Akta-akta Perjanjian dapat dibuat secara Billingual di Indonesia oleh dua warga negara? 2) Mengapa digital signature dapat digunakan dalam Pembuatan Akta-akta Perjanjian? 3) Bagaimana kekuatan hukum Akta-akta Perjanjian yang dibuat secara Bilingual oleh dua warga negara dengan menggunakan digital signature? Dalam menemukan jawaban atas rumusan masalahnya itu peneliti menggunakan metode pengumpulan data studi kepustakaan (library research) dan riset lapangan (field research). Hasil Penelitiannya yaitu bahwa Akta perjanjian yang dibuat dalam 2 bahasa apabila diterapkan pada Akta Perjanjian di bawah tangan dan akta Notaris kekuatan hukumnya sama dengan akta yang dibuat dalam 1 bahasa, yaitu sah dan mengikat. Dan Akta Perjanjian yang ditanda tangani secara elektronik antara Akta Perjanjian di bawah tangan dan akta Notaris memiliki kekuatan hukum yang berbeda. Kekuatan hukum Akta Perjanjian di bawah tangan yang ditanda tangani secara elektronik adalah sah dan mengikat. Sedangkan Akta Perjanjian yang disebut dengan Akta Otentik, jika ditanda tangani secara elektronik, maka akta Notaris terdegrasi menjadi akta yang dibuat di bawah tangan.

The development of the Indonesian language is very important because communication is also essential for the developmental stages of children. Through language, they communicate and engage in social interaction. One form of stimulation that can be used to enhance language development in early childhood is social interaction. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of social interaction in improving language development in early childhood. The research subjects involved 15 students from TK Negeri Adenium, three of whom exhibited introverted personalities and tended to withdraw from their peers. The research method used included observations and interviews with teachers, as well as direct observation of the students over a certain period. The results of the study showed that social interaction plays a significant role in enhancing language abilities in early childhood.

Language development is a crucial aspect of a child's growth and overall development. This study aims to examine the language skills of third-grade students at SD 02 Cupak Tangah, focusing on listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method through direct observation in the school environment. The findings indicate that both the social environment and peer interactions play a significant role in shaping students' language abilities. Although most students have demonstrated basic reading and writing skills, there are still challenges in using proper and correct Indonesian. Many students tend to use their mother tongue in daily communication and struggle to express ideas effectively during learning activities. Furthermore, there is a notable gap between students who are fluent readers and those who are not, which affects their classroom participation and self-confidence. Based on these findings, it is recommended to implement more contextual learning approaches, apply phonics techniques, and encourage active involvement of both parents and teachers to create a supportive environment for children's optimal language development.

Abstract. Language acquisition and learning are two fundamental processes in the development of individual language skills, where language acquisition occurs naturally from an early age through interaction with the environment, while language learning takes place in a structured manner through formal teaching methods. This article aims to analyze the principles of language learning, age differences in language learning, and supporting factors that influence the effectiveness of language acquisition. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach, and data is obtained from academic journals, research articles, and relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that children are superior in language learning compared to adults, especially in terms of speed and flexibility in absorbing new languages. By understanding the dynamics of language acquisition and learning, teaching methods can be adjusted to increase the effectiveness of language acquisition. Abstrak. Pemerolehan dan pembelajaran bahasa merupakan dua proses fundamental dalam perkembangan kemampuan berbahasa individu, di mana pemerolehan bahasa terjadi secara alami sejak usia dini melalui interaksi dengan lingkungan, sedangkan pembelajaran bahasa berlangsung secara terstruktur melalui metode pengajaran formal. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran bahasa, perbedaan usia dalam pembelajaran bahasa, serta faktor pendukung yang mempengaruhi efektivitas penguasaan bahasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka (library research), dan data diperoleh dari jurnal akademik, artikel penelitian, dan literatur yang relevan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak lebih unggul dalam pembelajaran bahasa dibandingkan orang dewasa, terutama dalam aspek kecepatan dan fleksibilitas dalam menyerap bahasa baru. Dengan memahami dinamika pemerolehan dan pembelajaran bahasa, metode pengajaran dapat disesuaikan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penguasaan bahasa.

Arabic literature has undergone significant development from pre-Islamic times to the modern era, reflecting social, cultural and intellectual changes in Arab civilization. Changes in literary works, whether in the form of poetry, prose, or novels, have also influenced the development of the Arabic language in terms of vocabulary, structure, and style of expression. This study aims to analyze how the evolution of Arabic literature impacts the development of the Arabic language by using qualitative research methods. The approach used is descriptive analysis with library research techniques, where data is collected from various sources, such as classical and modern literary works, academic journals, and previous studies that discuss the relationship between literature and language. The results show that Arabic literature plays a role in the formation of modern Arabic through vocabulary enrichment, syntactic innovation, and the spread of various dialects. In addition, the influence of literature on language is also seen in the context of education and mass media. By understanding the close relationship between literature and language, this research is expected to provide new insights for the study of Arabic linguistics as well as the preservation of literary wealth in language development.