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Rainfall plays a crucial role in determining flood risk, particularly in regions with high precipitation intensity and limited drainage capacity. Langkat Regency in North Sumatra is one of the areas frequently affected by seasonal flooding. This study aims to model the spatial distribution of rainfall and estimate the rainwater volume using the double integral approach as a basis for flood mitigation planning. Monthly rainfall data from various observation stations in 2024 were processed to obtain the average rainfall intensity, which was then converted into meters and multiplied by the total area of Langkat Regency to compute the rainwater volume. The results indicate that the total estimated rainwater volume throughout 2024 reached 16,409,819,800 m³, with peak precipitation occurring from September to November, contributing significantly to the increasing flood risk in low‐lying zones and riverine areas. These findings demonstrate that the use of double integrals is an effective quantitative method for predicting potential flood volume based on rainfall distribution. The outcomes of this study are expected to serve as a scientific reference for local governments in developing data-driven flood mitigation strategies, such as improving drainage capacity, constructing retention basins, and strengthening watershed management.

This study aims to understand how the spirit of innovation and the meaning of entrepreneurship are constructed through the lived experiences of startup business actors in the digital economy era. Using a qualitative narrative inquiry approach within the social constructivist paradigm, this research explores how startup entrepreneurs interpret innovation, resilience in the face of failure, and social responsibility as integral parts of their entrepreneurial identity. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis of startups in the technology, education, and creative economy sectors in Indonesia. Narrative thematic analysis reveals that innovation is understood not merely as a business strategy but also as a form of self-expression and the construction of entrepreneurial identity. Failure is perceived as a reflective learning process that shapes resilience and generates new meaning in the entrepreneurial journey. Moreover, entrepreneurship is interpreted as a meaningful journey that integrates economic goals with social and moral values. The digital ecosystem functions as a social space where entrepreneurial values are negotiated, shared, and reinforced through interaction and collaboration. These findings affirm that entrepreneurship in the digital era is a social process involving creativity, ethical reflection, and sustainable innovation. Theoretically, this study contributes to expanding the understanding of entrepreneurship as a social practice, while practically emphasizing the importance of reflective learning and value awareness in building a sustainable and meaningful startup ecosystem for society.

This study examines the application of double integrals in calculating the volume of cylindrical concrete piles as a basis for estimating material requirements in building foundation structures. The volume calculation was carried out using a double-integral approach in polar coordinates for three pile segments with lengths of 4 m, 3.9 m, and 4 m, each having a diameter of 60 cm. The results were then validated using the standard geometric formula to ensure consistency and mathematical reliability. The obtained concrete volume was subsequently used to estimate material needs based on a 1:1.5:3 mix proportion consisting of cement, sand, and gravel. The findings indicate that double integrals can be effectively applied to generate accurate estimations of both volume and material requirements, supporting logistical planning in construction. This approach also highlights the strong connection between mathematical concepts—particularly multivariable calculus—and practical applications in civil engineering. Furthermore, the study emphasizes that double integrals may serve as a relevant alternative when structural modeling requires deeper analytical exploration or validation beyond conventional geometry. Therefore, the implementation of double integrals not only reinforces theoretical understanding but also enhances precision in evaluating structural components within building foundation planning.

Tebing Tinggi City, which has a strategic position in North Sumatra, is experiencing changes in population growth that need to be predicted for development planning purposes. The purpose of this study is to forecast the population of Tebing Tinggi City in 2030 by applying the Double Integral method, and visualize the results in 3D using GeoGebra. The method used is a quantitative approach with a case study, where the population density function is created based on secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Tebing Tinggi City for the period 2010 to 2024. Data on area and population per sub-district are used to develop a population growth model calculated using the double integral. The forecast results show that the population of Tebing Tinggi City is estimated to reach 26,038 people in 2030, with varying growth rates in each sub-district. 3D visualization through GeoGebra is able to depict the distribution of population density in an interactive geometric form, thus facilitating the understanding of complex mathematical concepts. The conclusion of this study is that double integrals can be applied effectively to predict population size, and GeoGebra serves as a very useful visual aid in presenting the results of multivariable calculus analysis.

This study aims to determine the ideal stocking density of catfish using the triple integral method. This mathematical method is applied to accurately calculate the volume of the cultivation pond and analyze the stocking amount and biomass projection at three different density levels, namely 50, 75, and 100 fish/m³. The calculation of the volume of the pond measuring 27 m x 11 m x 1.5 m produces a value of 445.5 m³. Based on the integral calculation, the optimal stocking amount is 22,275 fish, 33,413 fish, and 44,550 fish for each density, with the final biomass projection reaching 300.7 kg, 451.1 kg, and 600.4 kg, respectively. The analysis shows that the density of 100 fish/m³ produces the highest biomass, but its application must consider technical factors such as water quality, oxygen availability, and food competition. This method provides a solid and practical mathematical foundation for more efficient, scalable, and sustainable aquaculture planning.

The evolution of modern civil procedural law demands dispute resolution mechanisms that are responsive, efficient, and substantively just. In this context, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) particularly mediation and arbitration has transformed from a supplementary option into a central instrument within Indonesia’s dispute resolution architecture. This study aims to analyze the development of ADR from the perspective of modern civil procedural law, focusing on the normative status and practical efficiency of mediation and arbitration as pre-litigation mechanisms. The research employs a normative-juridical approach, analyzing primary legal sources (legislation, Supreme Court Regulations [PERMA], court decisions) and secondary sources (scholarly journals, books, policy documents). The findings indicate that mediation has been mandatorily integrated into civil procedure through PERMA No. 1 of 2016, functioning as a court-facilitated pre-litigation stage, while arbitration operates as a consensual out-of-court mechanism under Law No. 30 of 1999. Both mechanisms demonstrate clear efficiency in terms of time (resolution within weeks to months), cost (minimal to predictable), and the ability to preserve parties’ relationships through collaborative processes and procedural confidentiality. Nevertheless, implementation challenges remain, particularly concerning the availability of qualified mediators and public perception of ADR. The study concludes that ADR is no longer a marginal alternative but an integral pillar of modern civil justice, aligning with principles of procedural efficiency and substantive justice.

Physical fitness is a fundamental determinant of athletic performance and is strongly influenced by dietary intake and lifestyle behaviors. Adequate protein consumption is essential for muscle development and energy metabolism, whereas smoking has detrimental effects on lung function and aerobic capacity. This study aimed to explore the relationship between protein intake and smoking habits with physical fitness, measured by maximal oxygen uptake, among athletes of Persela Football Academy under-eighteen. A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design was applied, involving adolescent male athletes. Protein intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, smoking habits were obtained through structured interviews, and maximal oxygen uptake was measured using the multistage fitness test. Findings revealed that the average daily protein intake of athletes was relatively high, while the mean maximal oxygen uptake score fell within the good category. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association between protein intake and aerobic fitness, as well as between smoking habits and aerobic fitness. The results indicate that lower protein intake and higher smoking frequency are linked to reduced physical fitness capacity. This study highlights the importance of nutritional interventions and healthy lifestyle promotion as integral components in the development of youth athletes to optimize performance and prevent decline in fitness.

In the context of modernity, characterized by secularization and existential anxiety, traditional models of Christian faith formation often appear disconnected from the lived reality of believers, particularly regarding the doctrines of salvation and eschatology. This study investigates the crucial role of the church in bridging this gap by developing a pedagogical approach that integrally links ecclesial education with eschatological hope. Employing a qualitative descriptive analysis method, this research examines theological literature, contemporary church documents, and case studies of Christian formation programs. The analysis reveals that a robust eschatological perspective oriented towards the hope of salvation, resurrection, and the renewal of all things is not merely a final chapter of doctrine but an essential, transformative framework for all faith education. It shapes Christian identity, ethics, and mission in the present. The study concludes that for faith formation to be salvific and relevant today, the church must intentionally reconfigure its educational praxis. This reconfiguration involves moving from a compartmentalized teaching of "last things" to fostering an eschatological imagination that informs discipleship, worship, and social engagement, thereby presenting salvation as a comprehensive hope actively shaping Christian life in the modern world.

In today's digital era, recommendation systems have become an integral part of supporting consumer purchasing decisions, including in the food and beverage industry. This study aims to develop a product recommendation system for snacks and beverages using the item-based collaborative filtering method. This method was chosen due to its ability to handle large-scale user and product data, as well as its efficiency in providing relevant recommendations based on user consumption patterns. In this study, the system calculates the average user rating and implements   Cosine Similarity to measure the similarity between products, resulting in more accurate recommendations. The system also evaluates the accuracy of recommendations using the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) metric. Based on the results obtained, which is 0.285403 for the average error on 17 items, the developed recommendation system can improve consumers' shopping experience, help them find products that suit their tastes, and support the sales of snacks and beverages products in the market

The banking sector is a strategic pillar that supports national economic stability and relies heavily on public trust. To maintain this legitimacy, banks are required to implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is not only a moral obligation but also a legal duty as regulated in several laws such as Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and Law No. 21 of 2011 on the Financial Services Authority (OJK). This study aims to analyze the responsibility of OJK in managing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds based on the principles of Good Governance and to examine the role of banking institutions in maintaining public trust through transparent and accountable Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. This research employs a normative juridical approach by reviewing relevant legislation, literature, and regulatory documents. The results show that OJK holds normative, institutional, and legal responsibilities in supervising Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implementation to ensure compliance with the principles of transparency, accountability, independence, responsibility, and fairness. Meanwhile, banking institutions play a crucial role in ensuring that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) becomes an integral part of their sustainability strategy rather than a mere administrative formality. The application of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) has a positive impact on increasing public trust, as transparency and accountability in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) management strengthen the social legitimacy of banking institutions. Therefore, synergy between OJK and the banking sector in enhancing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) governance is the key to achieving an ethical and sustainable financial system.

One of Indonesia’s key strategies for generating foreign exchange is the development of Tourism Villages. A Tourism Village refers to a rural area that is utilized as a recreational destination due to its natural beauty, cultural uniqueness, and local attractions that appeal to tourists. The development of Tourism Villages inevitably involves the Village Government as the main authority in village administration. Tourism Village development is an integral part of community empowerment, as it encourages local residents to actively participate in village development activities. Through effective empowerment programs, the Village Government can enhance community capacity, increase economic opportunities, and strengthen local potential in a sustainable manner. This study employs a qualitative research approach. The qualitative research process involves several important stages, including formulating research questions, applying appropriate research procedures, collecting specific data from participants, analyzing data inductively from particular themes to broader patterns, and interpreting the meaning of the findings. Using this approach, the study reveals that the role of the Village Government is crucial in planning, managing, and supporting Tourism Village development. Strong leadership, community involvement, and strategic empowerment initiatives are essential factors in ensuring the successful and sustainable development of Tourism Villages in Indonesia.

Social media has become an integral part of adolescent life, including that of junior high school students. While it offers benefits in terms of communication and access to information, social media also brings negative impacts on students’ ethical development, such as impolite behavior, the spread of hoaxes, and cyberbullying. This study aims to describe the strategies implemented by SMP Negeri 05 Kota Bengkulu in addressing the negative effects of social media on student ethics. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that the school implements five main strategies: (1) internal policies such as prohibiting the use of mobile phones during class hours, (2) integration of character education into the curriculum, (3) implementation of digital literacy programs, (4) collaboration with parents in monitoring social media use at home, and (5) positive utilization of social media for publishing student work and promoting digital ethics campaigns. These strategies have proven effective in shaping responsible digital behavior and reinforcing students’ ethical values. These findings align with previous studies that emphasize the importance of character education, digital literacy , and school–parent collaboration in fostering students’ digital ethics. Through an educational and preventive approach, school strategies can serve as an effective solution in addressing ethical challenges in the digital era.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

This study aims to analyze Article 445 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) Number 1 of 2023, which regulates the criminal act of eloping with a young woman. The provision is considered to be in tension with the social and cultural realities of Indonesian society, particularly the people of Lombok who practice the merariq tradition. Merariq is an ancestral customary practice within marriage rituals involving the consensual elopement of the prospective bride as an integral part of the marriage process. This research uses Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory, which examines three main components of law: (1) the substance of law—normative provisions contained in legislation; (2) the structure of law institutions and law enforcement agencies; and (3) the legal culture values, attitudes, and behavior of society toward law. This study is a normative legal research that treats law as norms, principles, doctrines, and rules. The primary legal material is Article 445 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code. The findings indicate that, from the perspective of legal substance, the article remains ambiguous. Its formulation potentially conflicts with Indonesia’s legal culture, which in practice prioritizes familial and traditional mechanisms for resolving private conflicts. Based on these findings, this study recommends a reformulation of the legal substance to make it more responsive to the socio-cultural context. The reformulation should be grounded in the principles of ultimum remedium and restorative justice, providing space for customary law and local culture as legitimate mechanisms to resolve private disputes. This approach is expected to reduce the disproportionate use of imprisonment and position criminal sanctions as a last resort in law enforcement.

The Hartley transform provides a real-valued alternative to the classical Fourier transform, offering structural advantages for the analysis of real-valued signals. This paper presents a systematic study of the continuous Hartley transform, including its definition, inversion formula, Plancherel identity, and core operational properties such as shifting, modulation, and convolution. The analytical framework is developed in parallel with the classical Fourier theory to highlight structural similarities and distinctions between the two transforms. Furthermore, we establish a Hartley-type Heisenberg uncertainty principle using two complementary approaches: a direct method based on intrinsic properties of the Hartley kernel, and a Fourier-based method that exploits the algebraic relationship between the Hartley and Fourier transforms. These results provide a unified and rigorous foundation for understanding uncertainty relations within real-valued transform frameworks, and they demonstrate the continued relevance of the Hartley transform in harmonic analysis, integral transforms, and modern signal processing.

Counseling is an essential service for helping students overcome academic and non-academic challenges and preparing them for future challenges. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of counseling services at SMAN 3 Karawang, focusing on the role of counselors in providing individual and group counseling services, as well as counseling activities. Furthermore, it explores factors influencing the success of counseling services, such as school support and student participation in the program. Through interviews with counselors, observations of service implementation, and documentation of counseling activities, the results indicate that the effectiveness of counseling in schools is strongly influenced by active student involvement and counselor competence in delivering materials. Optimal counseling services can improve students' psychological well-being, social skills, and academic achievement. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of counseling as an integral part of holistic education.

This study examines the increasing prevalence of premarital sexual behavior among Indonesian adolescents, including Catholic youths, which poses a significant challenge to the moral formation and faith development promoted by the Catholic Church. Using a qualitative method with a literature study approach, this research analyzes the phenomenon of adolescent free sex from the perspective of Catholic moral theology and family pastoral care. The findings reveal that the rise of free sexual behavior among adolescents is strongly influenced by curiosity, fragmented family structures, weak value-based sexual education, and the unregulated use of digital media. Moral theology views sexuality as a divine gift whose authentic meaning is realized only within the sacramental bond of marriage; therefore, premarital sex is considered a deviation from human dignity and the true nature of love. The study also highlights the essential role of the family as the Domestic Church in shaping conscience, character, and responsible sexual attitudes among youths. Pastoral strategies proposed include integral sexual education, strengthening parent–child communication in the digital age, and contextual pastoral accompaniment rooted in compassion, as emphasized in Amoris Laetitia. This research underscores the need for collaborative efforts between families, the Church, and educational institutions to guide young people toward a holistic understanding of sexuality, authentic love, and their Christian vocation in contemporary society.  

This study aims to identify various aspects that pose obstacles or difficulties for students in learning Mechanics. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach that focuses on describing the types of difficulties students encounter in solving mechanics problems. The research subjects were first-semester students of the Science Education Study Program at KH. Mukhtar Syafaat University (UIMSYA) Blokagung Banyuwangi who were taking Basic Physics courses on Mechanics material. Data collection was carried out through diagnostic tests and interviews with students. The instruments used were diagnostic tests and interview guidelines. The location of students' learning difficultdiies was analyzed based on the errors that appeared in the completion of the diagnostic test. The results showed that the main difficulty students had in learning mechanics was in mastering basic mathematical skills, particularly in differential and integral material. Therefore, lecturers or teachers need to design and develop more appropriate learning strategies so that students' problem-solving skills can improve.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

Goals – Goals from studies This is For explore approach strategic in development System Information Management (SIM) as integral part in support digital transformation of modern organizations. Study This emphasize importance integration technology information , effective data management as well as improvement digital competence resources Power man in operation system. Design/ methodology / approach – Conceptual article This use method review library with analyze various work relevant academic and technical manuals , in particular related implementation of SIM in the sector public and private . Study This referring to the works Jatnika et al. (2022–2024), including utilization Microsoft Office applications as skills supporting basis​ organizational digital literacy . Findings – Findings studies This show that SIM development is not just effort technical , but rather need strategic in support digital transformation . Key strategies covers design modular systems , data mining integration , training programs based users , and evaluation system in a way periodic . Components This allows organization build responsive and adaptive SIM ecosystem . Implications practical – Organizations that want to do digital transformation is necessary invest in development digital capabilities of sources Power the human as well as ensure effectiveness use developed SIM system in a way strategic can become driving force main in increase efficiency , accuracy , and capability taking decision across work units . Originality / value – Study This offers a conceptual model structured about development of SIM in context digital transformation , based on literature applications and needs organizations in the real world . This article give outlook practical for taker policy , IT managers , and HR developers .