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This study investigates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing language learning, with a focus on five key applications: automatic text analysis, personalized learning, adaptive feedback, language error detection, and automatic translation. The study addresses the challenge of integrating AI effectively in educational contexts while balancing technological potential with pedagogical guidance. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how AI tools contribute to more adaptive, efficient, and engaging language learning experiences. A systematic literature review method was employed, selecting and critically analyzing studies published between 2020 and 2025 that examined AI-assisted language learning strategies. The findings indicate that automatic text analysis supports comprehension monitoring and guided learning, while personalized learning adapts content to individual learner needs, enhancing motivation and retention. Adaptive feedback delivers immediate, targeted guidance that fosters accuracy and self-regulated learning, and language error detection tools enable learners to identify and correct grammatical and lexical mistakes, promoting metalinguistic awareness. Automatic translation broadens access to authentic texts and cross-cultural materials, supporting comprehension and independent learning. Synthesizing these findings highlights the transformative potential of AI to improve learning outcomes while also revealing challenges such as tool reliability, ethical considerations, and the need for teacher oversight. The study concludes that AI, when thoughtfully integrated, complements instruction, enhances learner engagement, and supports differentiated and data-driven teaching strategies, providing valuable insights for language educators and guiding future research on AI-enabled language learning.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in third-grade students at Al-Munawarah Elementary School, Sentani, Jayapura Regency. Using a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation, this study evaluated three main aspects: planning, implementation, and evaluation of learning. The results showed that during the planning stage, teachers developed teaching modules that referred to Learning Outcomes (CP) and prepared assessment instruments in the form of projects and prompt questions. During the implementation stage, teachers implemented an inquiry-based learning model to encourage student engagement and utilized various media, from printed books to digital devices, which positively impacted student engagement in class. During the evaluation stage, teachers used cultural project assessments and Student Worksheets (LKPD), accompanied by positive feedback to motivate students. Although implementation generally proceeded according to the curriculum framework, obstacles were still encountered in the application of differentiated learning because teachers tended to use lecture methods and generalize the abilities of all students. Therefore, continuous improvement is needed so that learning planning can be more aligned with the characteristics and individual needs of each student.

This study aims to analyze the improvement of students’ knowledge and the alignment of the Civic Education learning model with the characteristics of third-grade students at SDN Kadipiro. The research problem arises from the tendency of Civic Education in elementary schools to rely heavily on lecture-based instruction, which results in low student engagement and limited comprehension of abstract concepts such as rights and obligations. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through observations, interviews, and documentation to obtain a comprehensive picture of the learning process, the instructional model applied, and classroom dynamics. The findings reveal that the teacher implemented a game-based Discovery Learning model that emphasizes exploration, categorization, verification, and independent conclusion-making by students. This model proved effective, as evidenced by 85% of students being able to understand and distinguish examples of rights and obligations in accordance with the Civic Education learning outcomes. The study also indicates that game-based learning is more compatible with the students’ predominant visual and kinesthetic learning tendencies, enabling them to maintain focus more effectively than when using traditional lecture methods. However, several challenges emerged, including variations in students’ writing literacy skills and the absence of a structured assessment rubric. These findings underscore the need for flexible instructional design, the integration of concrete learning media, and the implementation of more systematic formative assessment practices. Future research is recommended to develop differentiated instructional strategies and to utilize more diverse media to accommodate the needs of heterogeneous classrooms.

This study was motivated by the importance of dance in fostering aesthetic sensitivity, discipline, and cultural character in the younger generation. However, dance teaching practices in Indonesia are generally uniform and do not take into account the age and developmental stages of students, resulting in suboptimal learning outcomes. Several previous studies (Budiman et al., 2022; Da Ary & Markamah, 2024; Yuliyanti & Budiman, 2023) have shown the weaknesses of dance teaching methods that do not adapt to the characteristics of the participants, resulting in low mastery of techniques, motivation, and understanding of cultural values. Based on these issues, this study aims to examine the application of content, process, and product differentiation in dance learning at the Sobokartti Dance Studio in Semarang, which trains participants aged 4 to 25 years. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study show the application of teaching that is tailored to age characteristics, ranging from imitative movements in children to reflection on cultural values in adults. These findings prove that differentiated teaching methods are effective in improving the relevance and quality of traditional dance learning. The implication is that this model can be used as a reference for non-formal educational institutions in developing adaptive arts learning that is oriented towards the preservation of local culture.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the implementation of differentiated learning in classroom management and analyze its impact on students’ learning outcomes, particularly in mathematics subjects. The research method employed is a literature review by examining various scholarly sources such as national and international journals, educational textbooks, and relevant research articles. The findings indicate that differentiated learning is a pedagogical approach that places students at the center of the learning process by accommodating individual differences in terms of readiness, interests, and learning styles. This approach has proven effective in enhancing students’ motivation, active engagement, and conceptual understanding of mathematical content. Although its implementation presents several challenges, including classroom management complexity, time constraints, and limited learning resources, numerous studies report significant improvements in post-test scores, learning activities, and overall learning achievement following the application of differentiated learning strategies. Therefore, differentiated learning can serve as a strategic solution to create an inclusive, adaptive, and learner-centered educational environment, ultimately improving the quality of teaching and learning, especially in mathematics education.

Learning outcomes refer to the abilities that students possess after undergoing learning experiences, including their understanding and knowledge. This study examines the improvement of learning outcomes in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) by implementing differentiated instruction on the topic of Faith in the Messengers of Allah in Grade IV of SD Negeri 8 Limboto Barat, Gorontalo Regency. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR). Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation using research instruments such as teacher activity observation sheets, student activity observation sheets, tests, and student learning outcome sheets. The data analysis technique followed the procedures of classroom action research, employing both descriptive and quantitative analysis. The results of this study show that the implementation of differentiated instruction improved students' learning outcomes in the PAI subject on the topic of Faith in the Messengers of Allah. This improvement can be seen in the increase in teacher activity, which rose from 69% in Cycle I to 100% in Cycle II. Similarly, student learning activity increased from 56% in Cycle I to 83% in Cycle II. Student learning outcomes in PAI also improved significantly. In the pre-cycle phase, only 8 out of 20 students (40%) achieved mastery. This increased to 14 students (70%) in Cycle I with an average mastery score of 78.00, and further improved in Cycle II, with 19 students (95%) achieving mastery and an average score of 85.00.

A teacher’s success in teaching can be observed through student learning outcomes. One of supporting factors for successful teaching is the used of learning model. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Cool-Critical-Creative-Meaningfull (3CM) Learning Model Assisted by Differentiated Learning-Based Learning Modules to improve the academic achievement and the critical thinking skills of students at SMA Negeri 8 Malinau. This study employed a quantitative approach, with a quasi-experimental research method using a pretest and a posttest designs. The population consisted of 12th - grade students of SMA Negeri 8 Malinau, with 60 students sample divided into 2 classes, experimental class and control class, depended using a non-probability sampling technique. The experimental class is a class that is treated in the form of 3CM learning model assisted by differentiated learning-based learning modules, while the control class received a conventional treatment. Data collection for measuring learning outcomes and critical thinking skills was carried out through validated and reliable tests. Data analysis techniques used a homogeneity test with the F test and a hypothesis test with an Independent Sample T test. The results showed that: 1) the average of student learning outcomes in the experimental class was 75,50, higher than the students in the control class, which was 65,50; and 2) the average of critical thinking skills test outcomes in the experimental class was 81,22, higher than that of the control class, which was 61,47. From these results, it was concluded that the 3CM learning model assisted by differentiated learning-based learning modules was effective in improving student’s learning outcomes and critical thinking skills.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the media-assisted differentiation method in improving the ability to memorize Arabic vocabulary in grade III students of MI Salamah. The background of this study is based on the phenomenon of low student ability in memorizing vocabulary due to teaching techniques that tend to be monotonous and repetitive, thus less motivating students to learn actively. This study uses the Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach referring to the John Elliot model, which is implemented in two cycles, each including the planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of the study were 26 grade III students. Data were collected through oral examinations, interviews, and observations of teaching and learning activities. The results of the study showed a significant increase in students' ability to memorize vocabulary after the application of the media-assisted differentiation method. In Cycle I, the average percentage of student and teacher activity achievement was 72%, with only 61.54% of students being able to reach the memory test passing standard. After the strategy improvement in Cycle II, the average student and teacher activity increased to 90%, while the percentage of students reaching the memory test passing standard jumped to 92.30%. This improvement demonstrates that the differentiation method, which utilizes learning media, provides more varied, engaging stimuli, and is tailored to each student's learning characteristics. The conclusion of this study is that the media-assisted differentiation method is effective in improving elementary school students' memorization of Arabic vocabulary. The implication of this finding is the importance of teachers implementing creative, adaptive, and media-based learning approaches to optimize Arabic language learning outcomes, particularly vocabulary mastery.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the Deep Learning and Differentiated Instruction models in improving junior high school students’ mathematical problem-solving and reasoning abilities. The background of this research stems from the low level of mathematical literacy among Indonesian students, which demands innovative and reflective learning approaches. A quasi-experimental method was used with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sample consisted of two eighth-grade classes at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 01 Ciseeng, each receiving different instructional treatments: one class was taught using the Deep Learning approach, and the other using the Differentiated Instruction approach. The instruments employed included mathematical problem-solving tests, observation sheets, and student perception questionnaires. The data analysis results indicated that the class taught with the Deep Learning model experienced a more significant improvement in mathematical reasoning ability compared to the class using Differentiated Instruction. These findings suggest that Deep Learning-based instruction is more effective in promoting students’ higher-order thinking skills. It encourages deeper engagement with mathematical concepts, fosters critical and analytical thinking, and allows students to construct knowledge through meaningful learning experiences. However, Differentiated Instruction remains relevant in providing learning comfort and addressing diverse student needs, making it beneficial in inclusive classroom settings. The theoretical and practical implications of this research highlight the importance of integrating both depth of thinking (Deep Learning) and flexibility in learning (Differentiation) within mathematics instruction. Such integration could offer a balanced learning environment that supports both cognitive development and emotional engagement, leading to more effective and equitable mathematics education. In conclusion, this study recommends educators and curriculum developers to consider incorporating Deep Learning strategies to enhance students’ mathematical reasoning while maintaining the adaptive and student-centered principles of Differentiated Instruction. Future research could explore hybrid learning models that combine the strengths of both approaches to maximize student outcomes in mathematics learning.

The Indonesian language curriculum in elementary schools is fundamental in fostering students’ literacy skills, particularly in reading and writing narrative texts such as fables. Despite its importance, students often encounter difficulties in understanding the structural elements of fables—namely, orientation, complication, resolution, and coda. These challenges are frequently exacerbated by variations in students’ readiness, interests, and learning profiles, which are not sufficiently addressed by conventional, one-size-fits-all teaching methods. This study adopts a qualitative library research approach to examine theoretical foundations and prior empirical studies related to differentiated instruction in the context of fable text learning. The findings suggest that differentiated instruction, by modifying content, process, product, and learning environment, effectively enhances students’ comprehension and performance in fable text structure. Furthermore, this approach aligns with the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum, which emphasizes learner-centered and inclusive education. Thus, differentiated instruction presents a promising pedagogical strategy for elementary school teachers in improving Indonesian language learning outcomes.

Differentiated Learning in Merdeka Belajar Curriculum has become a major concern in an effort to improve student learning outcomes, especially in Christian Religious Education subjects. This article examines the strategies used in differentiated learning to achieve this goal. The research methodology involves a systematic library study approach, where information related to differentiated learning and Merdeka Belajar Curriculum is collected from various sources in the library. Analysis and synthesis of findings from various sources of information were conducted to identify strategies that are effective in improving student learning outcomes. The results highlight the importance of a differentiated approach in teaching Christian Religious Education, including the use of diverse learning methods and differentiation-based assessment. The implication of the findings is that differentiated learning can be key to creating a learning environment that is inclusive and responsive to students' individual needs. By effectively implementing differentiated learning strategies, it is expected that student learning outcomes in Christian Religious Education will improve, in accordance with the vision of Merdeka Belajar Curriculum to empower every student to reach their maximum potential.    

This study aims to determine the difference in learning outcomes of computerized accounting subjects before and after the implementation of differentiated instruction. This study uses an experimental method in the form of one group pretest-posttest with a total sample of 36 students in grade 11 of the Accounting Department. The statistical test results show the value of Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000 <0.05. Thus, hypothesis testing which states that there are differences in learning outcomes of computerized accounting subjects before and after the implementation of differentiated instruction is accepted in this study.

In the elementary school curriculum that combines science and social studies learning into a single unit, namely science, differentiated learning is expected to be able to increase student understanding and support the improvement of learning outcomes because it adjusts the learning process according to the needs, interests, and individual potentials of students. This article aims to examine the effectiveness of differentiated learning in social studies learning through a literature review of various studies conducted between 2020 and 2025. This study reveals that the application of differentiated learning can improve the cognitive understanding, activeness, and analytical thinking skills of students in social studies learning.

This research is classroom action research that aims to improve the learning outcomes of Integrated Social Sciences through the application of differentiated learning in grade VII students of UPT SMPN Satap Pulo Bembe No. 29 Selayar Islands. The subject of this study is a student of grade VII UPT SMPN Satap Pulo Bembe No. 29 with a total of 12 students consisting of 7 male students and 5 female students. This research was carried out in two cycles, namely cycle I which was carried out 3 meetings (the first and second meetings for the learning process and the third meeting for Integrated Social Studies learning outcome assessment activities) and cycle II was also carried out 3 meetings. The two cycles were carried out for 2 months plus summarizing all existing research results. The results of the study show that the application of differentiated learning has succeeded in significantly improving student learning outcomes. In the first cycle, 50% of students have not reached the completion score, but in the second cycle, the number of students who did not complete the score decreased drastically to only 8%, while the number of students who achieved the completion score increased to 92%. This shows that differentiated learning is effective in overcoming academic gaps between students and improving their achievement of learning outcomes. In addition to improving learning outcomes, differentiated learning has also been proven to be effective in increasing student activity. In the first cycle, the average student activity only reached 68%, showing that even though some students are already active, there are still many who lack participation. After the implementation of a more optimal differentiated learning strategy in cycle II, student activity increased significantly to 87%. This shows that the differentiated learning approach not only helps students in understanding the material, but also increases their engagement in the learning process. The application of differentiated learning in cycle II resulted in a significant increase in learning outcomes and student activity, which shows the success of this strategy in meeting the diverse learning needs of students.

Based on the aim of improving student learning outcomes, this classroom action research evaluates the effectiveness of using the Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) approach. The TaRL approach ensures that learning is differentiated to meet the needs of diverse students. This research aims to assess how this integrated approach affects overall learning success.  PTK was carried out in class IV of SDN 01 Kanigoro with a total of 11 students in July 2023 with 2 cycles. Implementation of each cycle is carried out starting from problem diagnosis, design action, event observation, evaluation and reflection. Data collection techniques use observation, tests and documentation. The research results show an increase in student learning outcomes achieving the expected results. The results of research in cycle I showed that the learning outcomes of 7 students (63.63%) achieved learning completeness. In cycle II, there was a more significant increase, where 11 students (90.90%) achieved learning completion. Apart from that, the average result also increased significantly from 64.27 in the pre-cycle stage to 80.2 in cycle I and 88.1 in cycle II. Thus, this research provides evidence that the application of the TaRL approach is effective in improving student learning outcomes in the science and sciences subject material on buying and selling economic activities.  

Curriculum administration is all business processes that have been planned and attempted deliberately and earnestly as well as continuous guidance on teaching and learning activities effectively and efficiently in order to achieve the educational goals that have been set. The importance of curriculum administration in educational institutions, which includes the selection of materials, teaching methods, and assessments that are in accordance with educational goals and student needs. Curriculum administration plays a role in ensuring that the curriculum is well structured and organized through various levels of planning, implementation, and supervision. Curriculum evaluation is also an important part of education management, aiming to collect information about the effectiveness of curriculum implementation and the impact of learning outcomes. In addition, this journal highlights the role of teachers in curriculum administration as implementers, adapters, developers, and researchers. The presence of artificial intelligence (AI) technology presents an opportunity for educators to carry out a learning process that focuses on the needs, interests, and learning styles of students, because the independent curriculum requires educators to carry out differentiated learning as an initiative in facilitating students, especially in Pancasila education, which incidentally is still carried out by conventional models or methods.

The curriculum greatly influences the education system in Indonesia. This is evident from the fact that the education system in Indonesia has experienced various changes since the past, but there is still room for improvement in facing global challenges. Currently, the education system in Indonesia implements education based on the "Freedom of Learning" curriculum introduced by the Minister of Education Nadiem Makarim which shows a commitment to educational reform. In the independent curriculum, there is Pancasila education learning as one of the school's missions. Using Pancasila learning refers to the character education that each individual has, differences in character can cause disputes, divisions, and trigger deviant behavior. Implementation of Citizenship Education learning uses differentiated learning based on Ki Hajar Dewantara's educational philosophy. This implementation refers to learning outcomes in the independent curriculum, namely about local wisdom and character, where this becomes basic learning so that students when they are in society are aware of how to behave and position themselves, especially in loving their homeland. Pancasila values ​​and the application of Citizenship Education learning are contained in the Pancasila principles which include the values ​​of mutual cooperation, honesty, responsibility among friends, the surrounding environment and responsibility for what one does. The values ​​that can be contained in Pancasila contain many religious values ​​(first principle), human values ​​(second principle), unity values ​​(third principle), wisdom values ​​(fourth principle), and finally social values ​​(fifth principle). Pancasila values ​​are the way of life for the Indonesian people to build the character values ​​of Indonesian society.

This research aims to implement differentiated learning processes (Learning Styles) to improve learning outcomes in the IPAS subject on the topic "Bumiku Sayang Bumiku Malang" for fifth-grade students at SDN Dukuh Kupang II Surabaya. This research is a classroom action study that involves three differentiated learning styles: visual, audiovisual, and kinesthetic. The research was conducted at SDN Dukuh Kupang II Surabaya with the subjects being fifth-grade students, totaling 28 participants. This research is divided into two cycles (Cycle I and II), starting with the stages of planning, implementation, observation, evaluation, and reflection. The data collection techniques in this research use observation, interviews, documentation, and tests. The results of this study indicate an improvement in learning outcomes in IPAS on the topic "Bumiku Sayang Bumiku Malang" through differentiated process learning in the fifth grade at SDN Dukuh Kupang II Surabaya. In the initial pre-cycle activities, the percentage of student mastery was 35%, then in Cycle I it increased to 60%, and in Cycle II it rose again to 85%.

This Classroom Action Research (PTK) aims to describe the improvement of learning outcomes and social emotional skills through differentiated learning process applied to the material of observation report text at SMA Negeri 21 Surabaya. This research uses a cycle design consisting of planning, observation, implementation and reflection. Data was collected through student worksheets, observation sheets, and questionnaires. The results showed an increase in learning outcomes by 17% in the first cycle, and 27% percent in the second cycle stage. Student learning outcomes are shown through the percentage of students who reach the minimum completeness criteria (KKM) which was initially 60% in the pre-cycle then increased to 77% in the second cycle, and increased to 100% in the second cycle. The results of students' socio-emotional skills are shown through observation sheets and questionnaires. This observation stage is carried out in two stages and the results are in the form of a comparison of social emotional skills before the differentiated learning approach and afterwards.       

Effective education requires an approach that meets the needs of diverse students. Differentiated learning strategy is one of the methods that can accommodate students' different abilities, interests and learning styles. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of differentiated learning strategies in improving students' understanding of news text material, as well as analyzing the impact of these strategies on students' involvement and participation during the teaching and learning process. The method used in this research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) with Kemmis & McTaggart model, which involves cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research findings showed an increase in student learning outcomes as well as an increase in student engagement and participation in the classroom. The implication of this research shows that the application of differentiated learning strategies can significantly improve material understanding and student engagement, so it can be an effective strategy to be applied in the learning process in the classroom to meet diverse learning needs.