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This study applies the Mean Variance model, which aims to form an optimal portfolio composition in the health, property, and cyclical consumer sectors and combine the three sectors into one portfolio, then visualize its efficient frontier. This study analyzes the return profiles and compares the risks of each portfolio using alternative risk measures such as the Coefficient of Variation (CV), Value at Risk (VaR), and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR). Daily closing price data for the three sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from March 2, 2020, to March 3, 2025, were used in this study. Stock selection was conducted using purposive sampling, followed by selecting seven stocks for optimization based on the lowest Coefficient of Variation (CV) value. Portfolio optimization analysis was conducted using the Python programming language with Visual Studio Code software. The findings of this study indicate that the combined portfolio incorporating the three sectors is the most efficient, with an expected return of 0.104%, standard deviation of 0.007, and alternative risk measures such as Coefficient of Variation (CV) 6.9328, Value at Risk (VaR) of -0.99%, and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) of -1.44%, which are lower than those of single-sector portfolios. Visualization of the efficient frontier curve confirms that the combined portfolio offers better results in terms of risk and return. The results of this study indicate that cross-sector diversification can significantly reduce risk and prevent significant losses.

The Presbyterian-Synodal system of church government is based on the ideal theological foundation of Christocracy, the confession that Christ is the sole Head of the Church who rules directly through His Word and Spirit. Theoretically, this model rejects hierarchy, affirms the parity of all ecclesiastical officers (ministers, elders, deacons) as servants, and views the local church council as a complete church (ecclesia completa). However, in historical and contemporary practice, a fundamental tension exists whereby this system consistently deviates into hierarchical and clerical practices. This deviation manifests as a hierarchy of office (clericalism) and a hierarchy of assemblies (Synod-centrism), where authority shifts from Christ to official figures and Synodal structures that are viewed as the "highest court." This article aims to analyze the fundamental causes of this authority shift. Using a qualitative library research method, the author conducts a systematic-theological, historical-critical, and comparative analysis of the works of Reformers (especially Calvin), historical church order documents, and contemporary case studies (such as in Malawi and GMIM). This study concludes that this authority shift stems from two primary factors: First, a "theological deficiency" in many church order documents, which fail to affirm Christ's rule "through His Word and Spirit," stating instead only His rule "through the ministry of officials," thus effectively equating official authority with Christ's authority. Second, the historical legacy of Scottish "national covenant" ecclesiology, which was historically intentionally designed with a centralized authority structure for "godly officials" to "rule over" a mixed populace. The author recommends that churches in this tradition revise their church orders to explicitly re-assert the supremacy of Christ's rule through His Word and Spirit over any human official or synodical authority.

The concept of the Day of the LORD in the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament is often narrowly understood as a day of victory and salvation for Israel. However, the book of Amos offers a sharp critique of such an interpretation. This study aims to examine the eschatological meaning of the Day of the LORD in Amos 5:18–24 as a moment of judgment and restoration. This research employs a qualitative method with a biblical hermeneutical approach, particularly historical-contextual and theological analysis of Amos 5:18–24. The findings indicate that the Day of the LORD is portrayed as a divine event that brings judgment against social injustice, religious hypocrisy, and ethical deviation among the people of Israel. At the same time, the text opens the possibility of restoration through the demand for justice and righteousness as expressions of true worship. Therefore, Amos’s eschatology is not speculative about the future but functions as a prophetic critique that calls for repentance and social transformation. This study affirms that the Day of the LORD remains contextually relevant for the contemporary church in integrating faith, worship, and social justice as an inseparable unity.

Early detection of growth and development is a crucial step in identifying potential developmental delays in early childhood. This activity aimed to increase parents' and teachers' knowledge of child developmental stages and to conduct developmental screening using the Pre-Screening Development Questionnaire (KPSP) for students of Kindergarten X Panyabungan. The methods used included education through lectures and discussions, followed by KPSP screening on 20 children with an average age of five. The assessment covered gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language, and social independence. The screening results showed that all children (100%) were in the "age-appropriate" category, with no "questionable" or "deviation" categories found. 85% of participants stated that this activity was beneficial and increased their knowledge of child development. This activity demonstrated that the KPSP is an effective early detection tool in the school environment and can strengthen collaboration between teachers and parents. It is recommended that schools conduct regular developmental monitoring and provide ongoing stimulation to support optimal child development.

Early detection of growth and development is a crucial step in identifying potential developmental delays in early childhood. This activity aimed to increase parents' and teachers' knowledge of child developmental stages and to conduct developmental screening using the Pre-Screening Development Questionnaire (KPSP) for students of Kindergarten X Panyabungan. The methods used included education through lectures and discussions, followed by KPSP screening on 20 children with an average age of five. The assessment covered gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language, and social independence. The screening results showed that all children (100%) were in the "age-appropriate" category, with no "questionable" or "deviation" categories found. 85% of participants stated that this activity was beneficial and increased their knowledge of child development. This activity demonstrated that the KPSP is an effective early detection tool in the school environment and can strengthen collaboration between teachers and parents. It is recommended that schools conduct regular developmental monitoring and provide ongoing stimulation to support optimal child development.

The concept of supremum is fundamental in real analysis and plays a crucial role in the optimization of single-variable real functions. In practice, not all functions attain their supremum explicitly, which necessitates numerical approaches to evaluate their behavior computationally. This study aims to analyze the supremum of several one-dimensional real functions with different characteristics using a grid-search method implemented in Python. Four functions were examined: a parabolic function, a rational function with a sharp peak, a discontinuous piecewise function, and a function with a vertical asymptote. The analysis involved modeling the functions, discretizing the domain, performing numerical approximation of the supremum, verifying the results against analytical values, and using graphical visualization to observe the function behavior near the supremum. The findings indicate that the supremum of the parabolic, rational, and piecewise functions can be accurately identified, with results consistent with analytical expectations despite minor deviations caused by grid resolution limitations in the rational function. Meanwhile, the function with a vertical asymptote yields an unbounded supremum, which cannot be attained within the domain. These results demonstrate that Python provides stable and reliable numerical estimates of the supremum across various types of one-dimensional real functions, validating the effectiveness of computational methods in supporting conceptual understanding of supremum.

This study aims to explore the implementation of Standard Operating Procedures for immigration services at TPI Tanjung Priok Port and examine its impact on service effectiveness in Indonesia's maritime sector. The research employed a qualitative approach to analyse the gap between formal SOP guidelines and on-the-ground practices, examining internal and external factors, including resource limitations, technological constraints, and inter-agency coordination issues. The findings reveal significant disparities that lead to both positive and negative discretion amongst frontline Immigration officers, influencing service consistency, efficiency, and transparency. Negative discretion results in procedural deviations that compromise reliability and potentially foster corruption, delays, and inefficiencies. In contrast, positive discretion emerges as adaptive responses indicating weaknesses in SOP design or infrastructure. The study concludes that enhancing frontline officers' competence, motivation, and accountability is essential for achieving desired outcomes, whilst integrating technological solutions such as digital documentation and real-time monitoring is vital for streamlined, transparent, and accountable procedures. Improving SOP adherence, coupled with better resource allocation and inter-institutional cooperation, can significantly reduce vessel turnaround times, lower logistics costs, and bolster maritime competitiveness. The research advocates for dedicated training programmes, supervisory systems, and technological innovations to ensure SOP compliance, minimise discretion-driven deviations, and promote accountability, thereby optimising maritime service delivery and supporting Indonesia's strategic maritime development objectives.

Oxygen is vital therapy where delivery accuracy is crucial, especially for infant patients, to ensure treatment effectiveness and prevent the risks of hypoxia or toxicity. With the implementation of the mandatory Domestic Product Utilization Policy (TKDN+BMP ≥ 40%), evaluating the quality of local products has become an urgent necessity. This study aims to test and analyze the quality and accuracy of domestically produced infant oxygen flowmeters compared to an imported product. The method used was experimental testing, measuring three brands of domestic products and one brand of foreign product at flow rate settings of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 liters per minute (LPM). Each setting point was measured 10 times using a standardized calibrator to ensure data reliability. The measurement results were analyzed to identify the deviation level of each product. The findings of this study are expected to provide an objective conclusion on the quality equivalence of domestic products with imported ones and to identify which product has the lowest deviation rate. This can serve as scientific consideration for hospitals in selecting high-quality infant oxygen flowmeters, thereby supporting the domestic product policy.

This research was motivated by the condition of a subject who frequently displayed deviant sexual behaviors at school. The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the aversive procedure technique in reducing the frequency of sexual behavior deviations in a student with Down syndrome. The subject of this study was a tenth-grade student with Down syndrome at SKh Negeri 01 Kota Serang who exhibited deviant behaviors such as touching private parts of their body in public, hugging classmates without permission, and imitating sexual movements. The method used in this research was an experimental approach with a Single Subject Research (SSR) design of the A-B-A type, consisting of three phases: baseline-1 (A1), intervention (B), and baseline-2 (A2). The aversive procedure technique was applied by giving an unpleasant stimulus every time the deviant behavior appeared, aiming to create a deterrent effect and reduce the frequency of the behavior. The results of the study showed a significant decrease in the frequency of deviant sexual behavior after the intervention. This indicates that the aversive procedure technique is effective in reducing the frequency of deviant sexual behavior in students with down syndrome when implemented in a structured manner and adapted to the individual's psychological condition.

This article aims to explain the correct practice of devotion to Mary in the light of Christ-centered faith, which is a faith centered on Jesus Christ as the one and only mediator and savior. The main issue discussed is the tendency of some Catholics to give excessive devotion to Mary, which risks diverting focus from Christ. This study employs a theological and doctrinal approach by tracing the Church's teachings on honoring Mary, particularly through the distinction between latria, dulia, and hyperdulia. The study's findings indicate that proper devotion to Mary is rooted in a relationship with the Holy Trinity and guides the faithful to increasingly know, love, and emulate Christ. Conversely, disproportionate forms of devotion may lead to misunderstandings or deviations in faith practices. The implications of this research emphasize the Church's role in providing adequate catechesis, so that devotion to Mary remains balanced, leading the faithful to Christ through Mary and in Mary, while deepening the understanding of Trinitarian theology in the daily lives of Christians.

This study was conducted to evaluate the level of conformity between actual mining activities in March 2025 and the monthly sequence design plan at PT Tama Raya's P3000BK14 pit. The evaluation focused on geometric deviations, volume achievement, and changes in field conditions that influenced these discrepancies. The data used included the sequence design, actual topography from the TLS (Low-Scale Land Survey), and weekly production realizations. The results showed significant discrepancies between the planned and actual operations in weeks 2 and 4, primarily in the form of overcuts, undercuts, non-designed contour changes, thinning of the coal seam, and hydrological obstacles such as ponding and unstable drainage. The R2 sequence redesign in week 4 proved to improve the overburden excavation flow but did not fully restore coal access due to persistent geological and water conditions. These findings emphasize the need for more rapid topographic updates, more intensive water handling, and interdepartmental coordination to ensure better synchronization of plans and operations.

This research aims to respond to the complex challenges of the digital era, where students are not only required to develop scientific thinking skills but also to strengthen ethics and character as the primary basis for filtering information and acting wisely in cyberspace. Rapid technological developments are often not directly proportional to the mastery of moral literacy, so the application of Islamic ethical values ​​is crucial to create a balance between intellectual intelligence and good morals. This research aims to examine how combining scientific thinking with Islamic ethics can strengthen students' character, while also identifying effective implementation approaches in contemporary learning environments. The method used is a literature study with descriptive qualitative analysis, involving the review of various literature sources related to scientific thinking, character education, and Islamic ethical principles. The results show that the collaboration between systematic, critical, and objective scientific thinking processes with Islamic ethical values ​​such as honesty, responsibility, and politeness can shape students' mindsets and behaviors that are more moderate, responsible, and ethical in the use of technology. This integration also improves students' ability to carefully assess digital information, make appropriate moral decisions, and avoid deviations in cyberspace. In terms of implications, this research emphasizes the need to develop a curriculum and teaching strategies that structuredly combine cognitive and affective aspects, so that schools can produce a generation that is not only academically superior, but also has a strong, adaptive character and noble morals amidst the unstoppable wave of digital technology development.

This study evaluates the implementation of Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Civil Servant Discipline, assessing its impact on enhancing the effectiveness and accountability of public administration within Sidoarjo Regency. Civil servant discipline constitutes a critical instrument in bureaucratic reform oriented towards good governance and high-quality public services. This research employs a qualitative approach utilising William Dunn's policy evaluation model, which encompasses the dimensions of effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, responsiveness, and appropriateness. Data were collected through documentary analysis of prevailing legislation, local government performance reports, SAKIP (Government Agency Performance Accountability System) reports, SPIP (Government Internal Control System) reports, and digital human resource management system documents. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively, employing source triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The evaluation results indicate that Government Regulation 94/2021 is effective in reducing work procedure deviations, enhancing public service consistency, and strengthening accountability through clear audit trails. Integration with the 'Smart ASN' (State Civil Apparatus) and 'e-Kinerja' (e-Performance) systems reinforces the objectivity of performance assessments and minimises subjectivity. However, challenges persist regarding aspects of organisational culture, supervisory capacity, and the quality of infraction documentation. This study concludes that consistent disciplinary enforcement, when integrated with performance management systems, serves as a driving force for bureaucratic effectiveness and accountability. It further accelerates the consolidation of regional bureaucratic reform, fostering a bureaucracy that is professional, maintains high integrity, and is responsive to societal needs.

This study examines the increasing prevalence of premarital sexual behavior among Indonesian adolescents, including Catholic youths, which poses a significant challenge to the moral formation and faith development promoted by the Catholic Church. Using a qualitative method with a literature study approach, this research analyzes the phenomenon of adolescent free sex from the perspective of Catholic moral theology and family pastoral care. The findings reveal that the rise of free sexual behavior among adolescents is strongly influenced by curiosity, fragmented family structures, weak value-based sexual education, and the unregulated use of digital media. Moral theology views sexuality as a divine gift whose authentic meaning is realized only within the sacramental bond of marriage; therefore, premarital sex is considered a deviation from human dignity and the true nature of love. The study also highlights the essential role of the family as the Domestic Church in shaping conscience, character, and responsible sexual attitudes among youths. Pastoral strategies proposed include integral sexual education, strengthening parent–child communication in the digital age, and contextual pastoral accompaniment rooted in compassion, as emphasized in Amoris Laetitia. This research underscores the need for collaborative efforts between families, the Church, and educational institutions to guide young people toward a holistic understanding of sexuality, authentic love, and their Christian vocation in contemporary society.  

This study aims to analyze product quality at PT. XYZ, particularly focusing on Defects by Dimension, using the Statistical Quality Control (SQC) method. Defect data were collected over the period from April 2024 to March 2025 and analyzed using seven SQC tools, namely the check sheet, histogram, Pareto Chart, Scatter Diagram, and p-Chart. The results indicate that Defects do not always increase in proportion to production volume, and the most dominant types of Defects are Dimensional and Hole Distance, accounting for 73.4% of the total Defects based on the Pareto Chart. The Scatter Diagram shows an upward trend in Defects as production increases up to a certain point, after which the Defect rate decreases as production continues to rise. The p-Chart indicates that the production process remains within statistical control limits, although several samples approach or slightly exceed the upper control limit. Overall, the quality control process is fairly well maintained; however, greater attention is needed to address dominant Defect types and variations near control limits to prevent larger process deviations.

This study aims to determine the application of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in improving Civic Education (PKn) learning outcomes among fourth-grade students at SDI Harekakae, Malaka Regency. This research employed an experimental method using a post-test only control group design. The population consisted of all fourth-grade students, with class IV B serving as the experimental group and class IV C as the control group, totaling 42 students. The experimental group was taught using the Problem-Based Learning model, while the control group was taught without applying the model. Data were collected through learning outcome tests, observations, and documentation. The results showed that the experimental class achieved an average score of 85 out of an ideal score of 100 with a standard deviation of 8.25, while the control class obtained an average score of 62.6. These findings indicate that the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning model significantly improves students’ Civic Education learning outcomes. Therefore, the Problem-Based Learning model is recommended as an innovative alternative to enhance the effectiveness of Civic Education learning in elementary schools.

Mental health has become a major global issue, particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly increased the prevalence of psychological disorders. Early detection of stress and other mental health problems remains a major challenge, as traditional methods are generally subjective and unable to provide real-time results. This study aims to design and test a wearable sensor based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) as a physiological indicator for detecting stress levels. The research employed an experimental approach through the development of a wearable sensor prototype equipped with a stress detection algorithm based on HRV analysis, including both time-domain and frequency-domain parameters. The prototype was tested on 100 respondents with varying stress levels under controlled conditions. Instruments used in this study included the HRV sensor prototype, psychological questionnaires, and standard validation devices. Data were analyzed by comparing the sensor detection results with respondents’ psychological data and calculating prediction accuracy. The findings showed that the wearable sensor was able to predict stress conditions with an accuracy rate of 80%. The distribution of sensor detection results was generally consistent with psychological data, especially in the low-stress category, although slight deviations were observed in moderate and high-stress categories. These results demonstrate that an HRV-based wearable sensor can serve as a practical and non-invasive tool to monitor mental conditions in real time. The implications of this research highlight the potential of wearable technology as an innovative solution for mental health monitoring, both for individual use and as support for healthcare systems. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of adaptive and responsive health technologies in addressing global mental health challenges.

The learning model that can be used to make students active is the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model. The Problem-Based Learning model is a problem-based learning, where learning is centered on students so that students are required to provide solutions to the problems given. This study aims to determine how much impact the application of the PBL model has in improving student learning outcomes on learning the Basics of Electronic Engineering at SMK Negeri 2 Dumai. The type of research used is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental method using a pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects consisted of 64 students divided into two groups, namely class X TEI SMK Negeri 2 Dumai as an experimental group that applies the PBL model (36 students) and class X TEI SMK Negeri 3 Dumai as a control group that applies the conventional learning model (28 students). The research instrument was a multiple-choice objective test of 25 items whose validity and reliability had been tested with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.843. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics and Independent Samples T-Test. The results showed a significant difference in learning outcomes between the experimental and control classes, with a t-test value of 4.168 and a significance level of 0.000 (p < 0.05). The experimental class experienced an average increase in learning outcomes of 15.55 points (from 64.78 to 80.33), while the control class only increased by 7.57 points (from 63.43 to 71.00), with a posttest average difference of 9.333 points. Furthermore, the PBL model was also effective in reducing the ability gap between students, as indicated by a decrease in the standard deviation from 9.457 to 8.021. It can be concluded that the implementation of the PBL learning model has a significant impact on improving student learning outcomes in the Fundamentals of Electronic Engineering course at SMK Negeri 2 Dumai.

Obstetricians are often confronted with medical malpractice lawsuits, even when they have acted in accordance with professional standards, medical service standards, operational procedures, and medical ethics. Medical malpractice is generally defined as negligence or deviation from professional standards that results in serious harm to patients (Fiscina, 1999). This study aims to examine the application of the concept of medical malpractice along with its legal implications and to analyze the forms of legal protection available to obstetricians under Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, viewed from the perspective of the principle of justice. Using a normative juridical method with descriptive-analytical specifications, the research employed a literature study and qualitative deductive analysis. The results indicate that legal protection for obstetricians consists of two dimensions: preventive and repressive. Preventive protection includes the implementation of informed consent, proper medical records, and compliance with standard operating procedures. Repressive protection involves legal defense mechanisms and institutional or professional organizational support. However, this protection remains suboptimal, as the decisions of the Indonesian Medical Disciplinary Board (MKDKI) are not always taken into account by the courts (Rahman, 2022). From the perspective of Rawls’ principle of justice, protection for obstetricians should ensure a balanced recognition of both patients’ and doctors’ rights, thereby promoting fairness and equitable justice for all parties (Rawls, 1971).

This study examines the concept of women's leadership from an Islamic and Catholic perspective and how religious values ​​influence the acceptance and legitimacy of women's leadership in the public sphere. Using a qualitative approach using a desk study method, this study analyzes religious texts, scientific literature, and case studies of the leadership of two Southeast Asian women: Megawati Soekarnoputri in Indonesia and Corazon Aquino in the Philippines. The results show that both Islam and Catholicism have complex histories and interpretations of women's roles in leadership. While conservative and patriarchal readings exist within both traditions, there is also interpretive space that allows women to emerge as leaders. The leadership of Megawati and Aquino demonstrates that women are capable of leading with distinctive styles rooted in values ​​of spirituality, morality, and service. Both demonstrate a non-confrontational yet effective leadership approach, which simultaneously opens up space for reinterpreting women's roles in religion and politics. Thus, women's leadership is not a deviation from religious teachings, but rather part of the socio-religious dynamic that demands inclusivity and equality.