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This study looks at how the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model is used in Christian Religious Education (CRE) and checks how it helps students develop their critical thinking abilities. In today’s education system, students are not just expected to remember Bible stories, but also to understand what they mean, think about the moral lessons, and use Christian values wisely in their everyday lives. However, past observations show that CRE classes often use a lot of lectures and memorization, which doesn’t give students much chance to think deeply or link what they learn to real-life situations. The CTL model provides a better way for learning by using seven key parts: constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning community, modeling, reflection, and real-world assessmen. A descriptive qualitative design was employed involving CRE teachers and students selected purposively from classes that have integrated CTL in online and face-to-face settings. Data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and instructional documents. The analysis followed Miles and Huberman’s stages of data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing, supported by triangulation to strengthen credibility. The findings reveal that CTL enhances student engagement, promotes higher-order reasoning, and supports the internalization of Christian values in real-life contexts. Supporting factors include a positive school climate, parental involvement, and teacher readiness, whereas obstacles emerge from limited facilities, large class sizes, and insufficient teacher understanding of CTL. The study underscores the need for context-based and character-oriented instructional designs in CRE.

This study examines the role of the contextual teaching and learning (CTL) model in supporting teachers to create active and meaningful learning experiences. The research highlights the importance of linking instructional content with students’ real-life contexts to strengthen conceptual understanding and improve problem-solving abilities. Through descriptive analysis, this paper outlines the main components of CTL, including constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning communities, modeling, reflection, and authentic assessment. The findings show that the CTL model enables students to construct knowledge independently, apply concepts to practical situations, and develop critical thinking skills. Furthermore, this study describes challenges faced by teachers across educational levels—such as limited time, students’ low independence, and variations in academic abilities—and proposes practical solutions to address them. The implications of this study emphasize the need for teachers to design engaging learning activities, build supportive classroom environments, and integrate authentic assessment to measure students’ holistic progress. Overall, CTL serves as an effective model for enhancing learning relevance, increasing student participation, and preparing learners to face real-world challenges.

This qualitative case study examines how the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach can be adapted to general English classes in a higher education institution in Timor-Leste to answer the long-standing question of how students can acquire speaking proficiency in a multilingual learning environment. The paper brings into focus the incorporation of CLT into classroom activities with special emphasis on the application of role play, pair work, seminars, simulations, and task-based learning as means of promoting interactive and communicative competence. A descriptive qualitative case study design was used to develop in-depth knowledge of contextual teaching and learning experiences, the perspectives of the participants, and naturally occurring practices in the institutional setting. Semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis were the data-gathering methods. Purposive sampling was used to select the two lecturers and seven students directly involved in teaching general English. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data, which made it possible to identify repeated themes and patterns that revealed both opportunities and difficulties in implementing CLT in context. The results of the study indicate that, despite the adaptation of the CTL approach in teaching practices, its implementation is often sporadic due to concerns about English proficiency, teacher training, and flexibility in using local and official languages during instruction. The research demonstrates the necessity of adapting CLT methods to the local education environment and arranging long-term professional development for lecturers. This study helps us understand how context-sensitive CLT approaches can lead to improved results in teaching and learning English in Timor-Leste. The interactive approach and the systematic teacher model could significantly improve students' communicative competence.

Pembelajaran tembang macapat tidak hanya berperan dalam melestarikan budaya, tetapi juga menjadi sarana efektif dalam penguatan karakter peserta didik. Dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang maha Esa dan Budi Pekerti di SMP Negeri 1 Gesi, tembang macapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran untuk menanamkan nilai moral dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis penguatan karakter melalui pembelajaran tebang macapat pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Budi Pekerti di SMP Negeri 1 Gesi. Fokus penelitian ini meliputi jenis tembang macapat yang digunakan sebagai sarana penguatan karakter, nilai-nilai karakter yang dikembangkan melalui tembang macapat, serta metode pembelajaran yang diterapkan. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah  kualitatif, dengan metode observasi, wawancara, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis tembang macapat yang digunakan meliputi Gambuh, Pucung, Asmaradana, dan Maskumambang. Nilai-nilai karakter yang dikembangkan melalui tembang macapat mencakup pengendalian diri, kedisiplinan, kejujuran, tanggung jawab, kebijaksanaan, kerendahan hati, ketekunan, kerja keras, ketulusan, kesabaran, rasa syukur, kasih sayang, dan kepedulian. Metode pembelajaran yang diterapkan adalah metode drill dan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tembang macapat dalam pembelajaran mampu memperkuat karakter peserta didik, sehingga dapat menjadi strategi efektif dalam pendidikan karakter berbasis budaya.

This study aims to determine the effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model on students' ability to review fictional works in class VIII of SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method, with a non-equivalent control group design. The population in this study were all students of class VIII of SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli, while the research sample consisted of two classes, namely class VIII-C as the experimental class and class VIII-F as the control class, each totaling 31 students. The research instrument used was a pretest and post-test in the form of essays. The results of the validity test showed that all test items were valid with a calculated r value > r table (example: question number 3 r count = 0.905 > r table = 0.367). The reliability test showed a value of α = 0.78 which means the instrument is reliable. The difficulty level ranged from 69.60% to 77.33% (moderate to easy category), and the discriminating power ranged from 0.20–0.32 (sufficient to moderate category). The average pretest score for the experimental class was 63.58, and the posttest score increased to 80.61. Meanwhile, in the control class, the average pretest score was 62.38, and the posttest score increased to 71.35. Based on the results of the independent t-test, t = 3.82 and t = 2.00 were obtained at a significance level of 5%. 

This study aims to improve students' motivation and learning outcomes through the application of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach to fourth-grade students of SD 1 Pecangaan. The background of this study is the low motivation and learning outcomes of students in the conventional learning process that does not relate the material to students' real lives. The research method used is the Classroom Action Research (CAR) model of Kemmis and McTaggart which is carried out in two cycles. The instruments used include observation, learning motivation questionnaires, and learning outcome tests (pretest and posttest). The results of the study showed a significant increase in student motivation and learning outcomes after the application of the CTL approach. Students' learning motivation scores increased from the sufficient category (average 62) to high (average 83). Student learning outcomes also increased from an average pretest score of 63 to an average posttest score of 82, with the percentage of learning completion increasing from 35% to 87%. The CTL approach has proven effective because it is able to create active, meaningful, and relevant learning with students' real experiences. Thus, the application of CTL can be used as a strategic solution in improving the quality of learning in elementary schools. Teachers are expected to be able to implement this approach creatively and sustainably so that learning becomes more contextual and enjoyable for students.

This study aims to examine teachers' strategies in improving students' understanding of effective sentence concepts through the implementation of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model in elementary schools. The issues addressed in this research include how teachers design and implement context-based learning strategies, the challenges encountered during implementation, and the impact on students’ understanding of effective sentence structures. This research employs a literature review method by analyzing various journals, scholarly articles, and relevant documents. The findings indicate that teaching strategies that connect instructional materials with students’ real-life contexts—through CTL components such as constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning community, modeling, reflection, and authentic assessment—are proven to significantly enhance students’ understanding of effective sentences. Furthermore, the implementation of interactive and meaningful strategies also increases student participation and fosters positive attitudes toward learning the Indonesian language. However, the application of CTL faces several challenges, including limited instructional time, teacher readiness, and diverse student abilities. Therefore, support from the school and professional development for teachers is essential to ensure that CTL-based teaching strategies can be implemented optimally and sustainably.

The teaching of Indonesian language in elementary schools plays a crucial role in developing students' literacy skills, particularly in narrative writing. However, in practice, many students struggle with generating ideas, constructing storylines, and utilizing proper language structures. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach in enhancing narrative writing skills among fifth-grade elementary students. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed. The study involved two groups: the experimental group received instruction based on CTL, while the control group was taught using conventional methods. Data analysis indicated a significant improvement in the narrative writing skills of students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The CTL approach was shown to be effective in improving students' learning outcomes by relating lesson content to real-life experiences, while also fostering active participation and creativity. These findings suggest that CTL can be an effective instructional strategy for teaching writing in elementary schools.

The purpose of this research is to examine how the CTL Learning Model affects third graders' conceptual understanding at MI Al-Munawwarah in Jambi City.  The research goals informed the selection of class 3.2, which yielded a research sample of 30 kids, for this third grade study that employed a sampling approach known as purposive sampling.  A one-group pretest and posttest design was used in this investigation.  In this work, we employed a test-and-observation design to gather data; we administered the test before (pretest) and after (posttest) learning using the CTL model.  To determine the impact, a t-test is used in a hypothesis test.  The significance value of 0.000 <0.05, obtained from the SPSS 26 statistical calculation using the paired sample t-test, indicates that the calculated statistics (output t number) <table statistics (t table) concluded that H0 was rejected and ha was accepted. Consequently, the CTL learning model influenced the comprehension of the concept of learning outcomes among class III students at MI Al-Munawwarah, Jambi City.  

This study focuses on the effect of applying the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model in the topic of reaction rate on the ability to think critically and the formation of character values of students in geographically remote areas (remote areas). This approach is designed to strengthen learners' understanding of scientific concepts in a relevant and contextual manner, by connecting them to the dynamics of real life - both in the personal, social and cultural domains. Thus, learners have the opportunity to build conceptual insights and adaptive skills independently. In addition, this real situation-based method contributes to fostering character values such as responsibility, discipline, innovation, curiosity, as well as social interaction skills and effective communication during the learning process. The literature review was conducted by collecting scientific publications released between 2018 and 2025. The findings of this review confirmed that the CTL approach has a real positive impact in honing critical thinking skills and fostering learners' character that supports their academic achievement. Therefore, it can be concluded that CTL is an efficient and relevant pedagogical method to be applied in teaching high school chemistry.

Contextual teaching and learning (CTL) is recognized as a teaching approach rooted in real-world situations. This research aimed to assess whether the application of CTL can enhance the speaking abilities of hospitality students. The study utilized classroom action research with a total of 27 participants. Participants were chosen through a purposive sampling method. Data collection involved three techniques, including tests, observations, and interviews. The assessment tools utilized in this research comprised authentic assessments, observation checklists, and interview questionnaires. The data were subsequently analyzed using reduction analysis techniques. The findings indicated that in the initial test, only 59.26% of students achieved speaking scores above the benchmark score. In cycle 1, there was an improvement of 25.93%, followed by an additional 29.63% increase in cycle 2. This demonstrates that CTL can effectively aid students in enhancing their speaking skills.

One of the main problems in learning today is the low absorption of students because the quality of the learning process has not been able to create a quality learning process. In this case the teacher uses the CTL learning model. The purpose of this study is intended to reveal more deeply related to the implementation of the contextual teaching and learning (CTL) learning model in improving the quality of PAI learning at SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Kota Bandung , with a research fokus. (1) Planning of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model in improving the quality of PAI learning at SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Kota Bandung, (2) The quality of PAI learning as the output of the implementation of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model at SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Kota Bandung. This research uses a qualitative approach, the type of case study research. Data was collected by means of interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The research results show that: (1) Planning of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Model, there are three stages; first, introduction: KD suitability with methods, materials and models, choosing learning media and learning resources. second, implementation: the student center learning process through the stages of constructivism, inquiry, questening, learning community, modeling, reflection, authentic assessment. third, the teacher evaluates the students through authentic assessment. (2) The quality of PAI learning as the output of the implementation of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model at SMP Muhammadiyah 9 Kota Bandung. First, teacher learning behavior (building students' positive attitudes towards learning). Second, the behavior and impact of student learning (able and willing to expand knowledge of skills and fortify their attitudes). Third, the learning climate (a climate that is conducive to the development and improvement of curious learning activities). Fourth, learning materials (there is an adjustment between the breadth and depth of the material and the time available). Fifth, learning media (able to improve student learning experience).

Hikayat as a classic work is often not widely understood by vocational school (Vocational High School) students who are related to various aspects such as language, culture and the historical context contained in the saga. Therefore, the researcher wants to solve the problem by researching directly into a class which also carries out teaching assistance activities in accordance with the requirements for completing semester 7. The subject of this research uses classroom action research. The subjects in this research were class X-I Computer Network Engineering (TKJ) students at Bina Jaya Vocational School. This research aims to find out how the use of saga as the level of knowledge of class (Computer Network Engineering), and how after carrying out the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning model in analyzing the values contained in the saga text. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The data obtained was carried out through three cycles used in the pre-test-post phase of this research. Cycle I includes planning and implementation (acting), observation (observing), and evaluating (evaluating) learning activities as well as reflection (reflecting).

This research aims to develop audiovisual teaching materials based on Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) on Short Story Materials at SMA Negeri 14 Medan. The population of this study is class XI at SMA Negeri 14 Medan with a sample of 34 students. This research is a Research and Development (RnD) using the Borg and Gall model with stages 1) Potential and problems, 2) Data collection, 3) Product design, 4) Design validation, 5) Design revision, 6) Product trial, 7) Product revision, 8) Usage trial. After being carried out step by step, the validity test of the media of material experts is as many as 81% and media experts as many as 97% with the percentage results strongly agreeing to be used in the field (very feasible). Meanwhile, the assessment from students was 86.64% and Indonesian teachers were 96 with the category of suitable for use in the field.  This research produces teaching materials in the form of audiovisual (audio and video) based on Contextual Teaching and Learning on short story materials.

Fine arts learning in elementary schools has an important role in developing students' creativity and artistic spirit. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) in shaping the artistic spirit of elementary school students. This research uses a quasi-experimental design with an experimental group that applies CTL learning and a control group that uses conventional learning methods. The research subjects were students, and the data collection instruments included a drawing test, observation, and questionnaire. To compare the learning outcomes of both groups, the data were analyzed using t-test. The results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Students who followed CTL learning showed improvement in creativity, self-expression, and understanding of fine art concepts compared to the control group. The findings indicate that CTL learning is effective in shaping students' artistic spirit, giving them the opportunity to connect learning materials with daily life through various interesting and challenging activities, which encourage them to think critically, creatively, and collaboratively. In addition, since CTL learning makes students feel more involved and active in the learning process, it can increase their motivation to learn.