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This study aims to analyse the difficulties experienced by students in learning about flat-sided three-dimensional shapes. The research method employed is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data collected in this study were obtained from students’ difficulty tests and interview results. The research subjects were Year 8 pupils at SMP Negeri 2 Ponelo Kepulauan in the 2024/2025 academic year. The interviews were conducted by selecting three questions related to difficulties in learning mathematics, with one student chosen as a respondent to be interviewed on 26 August 2025. The indicators used to assess students’ learning difficulties were: facts, principles, concepts, and operations. The research results indicate that students with the lowest marks demonstrated limitations in mastering all the indicators measured when solving mathematics problems on the topic of flat-sided three-dimensional shapes. During the interview, students with the lowest marks experienced difficulties despite the use of effective teaching methods. This was because they paid insufficient attention to what the teacher was explaining.

The purpose of this study is to develop a mathematics e-module based on the tourism potential of Pasuruan City material of flat-sided solid shapes. This research is motivated by the use of teaching materials by teachers is still manual, not in digital form that integrates local tourism potential. The type of research is R&D (Research and Development) with the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The results of the study show that the mathematics e-module based on the tourism potential of Pasuruan City material of flat-sided solid shapes has gone through a model development process. The validation results show that the percentage of experts with an average of 93.6% is in the very valid category. The application of the mathematics e-module received a positive response with a percentage of 88.5% on a small scale and on a large scale showing 89.2% in the very practical category. The posttest showed a percentage on a small scale of 83%, while on a large scale it reached 80% which is categorized as effective. Conclusion, the development of a mathematics e-module based on the tourism potential of Pasuruan City material of flat-sided solid shapes is declared valid, practical and effective.

The low level of interest and motivation among elementary school students in learning mathematics, particularly in plane geometry topics, remains a common problem. This community service activity aimed to improve students’ interest and understanding of plane geometry concepts through the implementation of the Inspiration Class as an educational medium that connects mathematical material with students’ aspirations. The activity was conducted at SDN 056024 Dogang, Langkat Regency, involving sixth-grade students. The implementation method employed a participatory and educational approach consisting of preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The activities included the delivery of plane geometry material, interactive discussions, and a creative project in the form of a “dream tree” using origami shaped into plane figures. The evaluation was performed qualitatively by observing student engagement and interactions in question-and-answer sessions, and analysis of students’ work. The results showed that the Inspiration Class created a more active and enjoyable learning atmosphere, increased student participation, and helped students better understand the concepts and properties of plane figures. In addition, this activity motivated students by linking mathematics learning with future aspirations and professions. Therefore, the Inspiration Class can be considered an effective alternative educational medium for teaching mathematics at the elementary school level.

The background of this research is the richness of Indonesian culture that is very diverse from Sabang to Merauke. Education and culture are now hot topics. Mathematics, as an important subject, is often considered difficult and boring due to monotonous learning and lack of motivation. Therefore, it needs improvement by connecting mathematical materials with local culture to make it more relevant in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of E-LKPD flat shapes on the collage of Joglo traditional houses based on ethnomathematics in the mathematics learning process of flat shapes material which is expected to enable students to love their ancestral culture. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with the type of design research. Design research consists of 3 stages, namely experimental preparation, experimental implementation, and retrospective analysis. Data collection techniques with observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The results of the study are the implementation of E-LKPD collage based on ethnomathematics of Joglo traditional houses on flat shapes material runs effectively and can foster a sense of love for ancestral culture. This conclusion was obtained based on the suitability between ALT and HLT. Furthermore, the results of this study can be the basis for the development of the next E-LKPD by utilizing other cultures that are close to the daily lives of student.

Mathematics learning, particularly in geometry, is often perceived as abstract and less engaging by students, leading to reduced interest and creativity. One of the geometry topics that demands a more creative and concrete approach is the tessellation of flat shapes, which emphasizes the understanding of patterns, symmetry, and regularity of shapes. The absence of contextual learning media has contributed to students’ low enthusiasm and limited ability to apply concepts in real-life contexts. This community service activity was designed to address these challenges by enhancing students’ creativity and conceptual understanding through the use of ceramic media as an innovative and enjoyable learning tool. The program was conducted at SD Negeri 1 Rowosari, Tembalang District, Semarang City, involving mathematics teachers, elementary school students, and university students. The implementation method included training and mentoring sessions. Activities encompassed the introduction of tessellation concepts, hands-on demonstrations, and the guided creation of tessellation patterns using ceramic media. Participants consisted of teachers and students who actively engaged in both theoretical and practical sessions. Evaluation was conducted through pre-test and post-test questionnaires administered before and after the training. The results revealed a significant improvement in students’ average scores after the activity. Pre-test data showed that approximately half of the students scored above the average, with two students achieving nearly perfect scores. Post-test results indicated that most students demonstrated increased understanding and creativity in applying tessellation concepts. Nevertheless, a small number of students still required further guidance, particularly in translating abstract tessellation concepts into real-life applications. Overall, the findings suggest that integrating ceramic media into mathematics learning is effective in making abstract geometry concepts more tangible, stimulating students’ creativity, and improving learning outcomes, especially in the topic of tessellation of flat shapes.

This research aims to develop and evaluate learning media based on traditional engklek games in improving the understanding of the concept of flat building in grade II students of SD/MI. The background of the research is based on the low interest and understanding of students in basic geometry materials and the lack of contextual and fun learning media innovations. The research approach used is qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the ankle media was effective in improving students' understanding of flat shapes such as squares, triangles, and circles, with an increase in the average student score from 66.2 to 83.5. In addition, the use of this media also increases students' enthusiasm, active participation, and collaboration and socialization skills during the learning process. These findings are in line with constructivist and sociocultural theories that emphasize the importance of active and contextual learning. Engklek learning media not only enriches a meaningful mathematics learning experience, but also contributes to the preservation of local culture. This study recommends the use of traditional games as an innovative strategy in mathematics learning in elementary schools.

Mathematical connection ability is a crucial competence that should be developed from the elementary level, as it helps students understand the interrelationships between mathematical concepts and their applications in daily life. This study aims to analyze the mathematical connection abilities of first-grade elementary school students in learning flat shapes. The research employed a descriptive quantitative method using cognitive and psychomotor assessment instruments. The cognitive test consisted of multiple-choice and essay questions measuring students' ability to recognize, understand, classify, and apply flat shapes. The psychomotor test involved tasks such as assembling flat shapes into meaningful objects and classifying shapes by type. The results showed that students were fairly capable of identifying and grouping flat shapes, but had difficulty explaining classification reasons or relating shapes to real-life objects. The psychomotor results also indicated that fine motor skills and the ability to make real-world connections need improvement. These findings highlight the importance of contextual learning approaches and the use of concrete media to strengthen students’ mathematical connections from an early age.    

This research is based on the results of field observations, namely the low learning outcomes of students due to the lack of learning activities involving students because the learning process is still centered on the teacher, so that students are still less active in the learning process. The purpose of this study is to describe the improvement in student learning outcomes in learning about the circumference of flat shapes using the Problem Based Learning model in class V of SDN 15 Anduring, Padang City. This type of research is classroom action research (CAR) using qualitative and quantitative approaches. This research was conducted in two cycles, with research procedures consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research data obtained are related to the results Problem Based Learning model learning. Data collection techniques in the form of observation analysis, tests and non-tests. The subjects of this study were class teachers as observers, researchers as practitioners or teachers, and 24 students of class V SDN 15 Anduring, Padang City. The results of the study showed that: First, the cycle I teaching module obtained an average of 60% (C), increasing in cycle II to 90% (SB). Second, the results of the implementation of learning aspects of teachers in cycle I obtained an average of 75% (C), increasing in cycle II to 90% (SB). Third, the results of the implementation of learning aspects of students in cycle I obtained an average of 70% (C), increasing in cycle II to 90% (SB). Thus, it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning model can improve student learning outcomes in learning the Perimeter of Flat Shapes in class V SDN 15 Anduring, Padang City.

This research is based on the results of field observations, namely the low learning outcomes of students due to the lack of learning activities involving students because the learning process is still centered on the teacher, so that students are still less active in the learning process. The purpose of this study is to describe the improvement in student learning outcomes in learning about the circumference of flat shapes using the Problem Based Learning model in class V of SDN 15 Anduring, Padang City. This type of research is classroom action research (CAR) using qualitative and quantitative approaches. This research was conducted in two cycles, with research procedures consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The research data obtained are related to the results Problem Based Learning model learning. Data collection techniques in the form of observation analysis, tests and non-tests. The subjects of this study were class teachers as observers, researchers as practitioners or teachers, and 24 students of class V SDN 15 Anduring, Padang City. The results of the study showed that: First, the cycle I teaching module obtained an average of 60% (C), increasing in cycle II to 90% (SB). Second, the results of the implementation of learning aspects of teachers in cycle I obtained an average of 75% (C), increasing in cycle II to 90% (SB). Third, the results of the implementation of learning aspects of students in cycle I obtained an average of 70% (C), increasing in cycle II to 90% (SB). Thus, it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning model can improve student learning outcomes in learning the Perimeter of Flat Shapes in class V SDN 15 Anduring, Padang City.

This research aims to determine the implementation of the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model and the influence of the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model on the concept understanding ability of class II MI Miftahul Huda students in the 2024/2025 academic year. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a quasi-experimental type. The design in this research is a nonequivalent control group design. This research design involved two classes, the experimental class, namely class II A using the missouri mathematics project learning model and control class II C using the conventional learning model. Data collection techniques use the results of concept understanding tests. Based on the results of research on the Independent Sample T-test which shows that the significance (2-tailed) is 0.000 < 0.05, which means less than 0.05, so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means there is an influence of the missouri mathematics project learning model on understanding ability. MI Miftahul Huda class II flat shape concept.    

This research aims to determine the implementation of the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model and the influence of the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model on the concept understanding ability of class II MI Miftahul Huda students in the 2024/2025 academic year. The method used in this research is an experimental method with a quasi-experimental type. The design in this research is a nonequivalent control group design. This research design involved two classes, the experimental class, namely class II A using the missouri mathematics project learning model and control class II C using the conventional learning model. Data collection techniques use the results of concept understanding tests. Based on the results of research on the Independent Sample T-test which shows that the significance (2-tailed) is 0.000 < 0.05, which means less than 0.05, so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means there is an influence of the missouri mathematics project learning model on understanding ability. MI Miftahul Huda class II flat shape concept.    

This study aims to analyze the intuitive thinking skills of junior high school students in solving geometric problems based on their learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. The research employed a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through a learning style questionnaire to categorize students, problem-solving tests on geometric shapes, and in-depth interviews to explore students' intuitive thinking abilities. The findings indicate that students with a visual learning style exhibit stronger intuitive thinking skills compared to those with auditory and kinesthetic learning styles. Visual learners provided clear and well-structured answers aligned with intuitive thinking indicators such as Catalytic Inference, Power of Synthesis, and Common Sense. Conversely, auditory learners tended to give less detailed answers, although they could identify relevant information. Kinesthetic learners offered brief and less detailed responses, particularly in specifying measurements and units in their calculations. These findings underscore the importance of understanding students' diverse learning styles to optimize mathematics teaching strategies, particularly in enhancing problem-solving skills and intuitive thinking.

The development of science and technology that is not balanced with facilities, infrastructure and teacher skills in teaching in schools has caused a decline in mathematics learning achievement of grade II students from year to year. Although this problem has been improved, it has not been resolved. So another solution was made by using the ADDIE model assisted by miniature flat shape media. The problem is, is there a difference in learning achievement using the ADDIE model assisted by miniature flat shape media with learning achievement using the conventional model? The research design was a pretest-posttest control group design. The instruments used were achievement tests and student learning activity observation sheets. The data analysis technique in this study used an initial analysis using a normality test and a test of equality of two means and a final analysis using a normality test and a t-test. The result was that the initial analysis of the two samples was normal and the average was the same. While the final analysis of the two normal samples and the t-test stated that t count = 4.036> t table = 2.025 so that there was a difference in the average mathematics learning achievement of those who received instruction using the ADDIE model assisted by miniature flat shape media with those who used the conventional model.

Exploration of ethnomathematics in the context of flat geometry, especially triangles, in traditional Batak Toba clothing, is an interesting and important study. This study aims to reveal the relationship between mathematical concepts and local culture, and how geometric elements can be found in the design of Sortopi traditional clothing. This research method uses a qualitative approach with data sources, namely library studies, from several literature reviews according to the topic and purpose of the study. The results of the study show that Sortopi is a complement to traditional Batak clothing used by men as a crown or headband. The shape of Sortopi contains elements of isosceles triangle flat geometry, thus showing that cultural elements are inseparable from mathematics.

This research was carried out with the aim of improving students' leadership skills through the Learning Together model with material on the perimeter and area of flat figures for class IV. This research uses classroom action research carried out at SD Negeri 1 Pohkumbang. The subjects of this research were all 20 grade IV students at SD Negeri 1 Pohkumbang. The instruments used are observation, interviews, tests and documentation. Data analysis techniques are carried out using qualitative methods in the form of descriptive and quantitative methods of presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the skills in implementing the Learning Together model can improve students' leadership skills with the percentage results for cycle I 35% and cycle II 85% which are categorized as good.    

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using traditional Engklek games for socialization to introduce plane figures at SDN 27 Lubuk Alung. The socialization activities were successfully conducted, achieving the following indicators: 1) Participant Engagement: The target number of participants was met with high levels of engagement. Observations during the activities revealed that students were very active in answering the questions incorporated in the Engklek game. They displayed enthusiasm by eagerly raising their hands upon completing the tasks. 2) Achievement of Objectives: After the series of socialization activities, a feedback session was conducted with the students. The results indicated that students felt happy and more motivated to learn through this method. These findings suggest that incorporating traditional games like Engklek into educational activities can enhance student engagement and motivation, thereby facilitating effective learning.

This research aims to determine the feasibility, practicality and effectiveness of using the Canva Application as a Mathematics Learning Media for Class VII Flat Building Material at SMP Negeri 1 Citeureup.This research adopts the ADDIE model stages (analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate). The analyze stage includes initial analysis, student analysis, concept analysis and formulating learning objectives. The design stage includes preparing learning media in the form of selecting appropriate media and designing learning content. The development stage includes the development of data collection instruments. The data collection instrument in this research was interviews with the teachers concerned. The implementation stage includes implementing the use of the Canva application. The evaluation stage includes the form of evaluation carried out at each ADDIE stage. The data analysis technique used is the validity coefficient by Aiken's V. The research results show that the learning media that has been developed is in the very good category and can be used in the learning process.    

The purpose of this study was to determine the significant effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning model on the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Murtajih 1 in the mathematic subject area of flat shapes. This study uses quantitative methods with a Pre-Experimental Design and One Group Pretest-Posttest Design model. The sample was 23 students using the Total Sampling technique. Data collection used test instruments for student cognitive learning outcomes and teacher activity observation sheets. Based on the paired simple t-test, tcount 15.495 > ttable 2.073 shows that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted or there is a significant effect of the Contextual Teaching and Learning model on the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Murtajih 1 in the Mathematic subject area of flat shapes. Based on the N-Gain test, the influence of the effect was 61.52%. The application of the Contextual Teaching And Learning model in mathematics learning about the area of flat shapes in class IV at SDN Murtajih 1 took place over 2 meetings with a duration of 70 minutes for each meeting and was carried out very well with an average implementation percentage of 100%.

This research aims to understand and analyze the mathematics learning difficulties faced by class VII students at SMPN 35 Medan. Through a qualitative descriptive approach, this research explores the factors that cause learning difficulties and provides solutions that can be implemented. The research method involves written tests and interviews with students and teachers. The results of the research reveal that students face challenges in understanding basic concepts such as algebra, linear equations, equivalent and non-equivalent comparisons, as well as plane figures and spatial figures. Internal and external factors, such as students’ cognitive abilities and less effective teaching methods, influence their mathematics performance. This research suggests a more interactive learning approach, training for teachers, collaboration between schools and parents, and regular evaluation to improve students’ mathematical understanding and performance in the future. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to efforts to improve the quality of mathematics learning in schools.

The purpose of this research is to improve students mathematics learning outcomes through the STAD type cooperative method. This research was conducted in class III at SDN Babatan IV Surabaya on two-dimentional figure as material. This research is a type of classroom action research. The research approach used in this research is a quantitative and qualitative approach. This classroom action research uses the Kemmis & Mc Taggart model. The samples taken were 35 students. The results of the research show that there is a significant influence between STAD (Student Team Achievement Division) on the learning outcomes of class III students at SDN Babatan IV Surabaya.