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This paper presents a narrative review focusing on the significance of in silico methodologies in identifying and evaluating natural bioactive compounds as promising antidiabetic agents. By examining scientific publications from 2020 to 2025, the review highlights substantial evidence that various plant-derived metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and glycosides from Orthosiphon stamineus, Moringa oleifera, Syzygium polyanthum, Tinospora crispa, and Albizia saman demonstrate notable affinity toward several crucial enzymes implicated in type 2 diabetes, including DPP-4, SGLT-2, α-glucosidase, and PTP1B. Findings from molecular docking analyses and ADMET simulations indicate that many of these compounds exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic behavior, strong receptor interactions, and minimal toxicity, suggesting their potential as multitarget natural therapeutics with synergistic modes of action. Utilizing in silico screening as an initial step effectively predicts biological activity and pharmacological profiles prior to experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo testing, thus reducing both time and research expenditure. The synergy between computational modeling, medicinal chemistry, and phytochemical exploration establishes a scientific framework that supports the advancement of rational, safe, and sustainable herbal-based antidiabetic drug development derived from Indonesia’s vast biodiversity and encourages self-reliance within the national pharmaceutical sector.

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by the pancreas failing to produce insulin hormone adequately. Based on the cause, diabetes mellitus is classified into three types, including type 1 DM, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia can also occur due to food consumed that is not balanced with physical activity carried out so that fat accumulates in the body and causes blood to be unable to enter the body's cells, ultimately increasing blood sugar levels. Signs and symptoms that often appear in Diabetes Mellitus patients are polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (frequent urination due to excessive urine production), polyphagia (quickly feeling hungry even though you eat a lot and want to eat continuously) and weight loss without a clear cause. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus can be controlled by increasing physical activity, following a healthy diet, and getting enough rest. Several studies have proven that bay leaves have the potential as an antidiabetic. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolic compounds and the antidiabetic activity of bay leaf extract using α-amylase enzyme inhibition in vitro. This research method uses laboratory experiments. This study uses α-amylase enzyme inhibition to determine the antidiabetic activity contained in bay leaf extract. The method used is DNSA. The results of this study obtained a yield of bay leaf extract of 30%, water content of simplicia of 6.24%, drying loss of simplicia of 5.3%, ash content test of 5.6%, water content test of extract of 6.34%, drying loss test of extract of 7.03%. Bay leaf extract positively contains secondary metabolite compounds, namely saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The results of IC50 in bay leaf extract of 66.705 ppm are classified as strong antidiabetic. The results of acarbose of 56.818 ppm are classified as strong antidiabetic.

Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) and Allium cepa L. (including garlic and onion peel) are medicinal plants that have long been traditionally used to treat cancer, diabetes, hypertension, infectious diseases, and inflammation. Recent scientific studies emphasize the importance of extract standardization to ensure consistent quality, safety, and efficacy. Standardization includes specific parameters—such as organoleptic identification, water- and ethanol-soluble extract values, phytochemical profiles, and determination of marker compounds—and nonspecific parameters such as moisture content, loss on drying, total ash, and acid-insoluble ash. Ethanol extract of E. bulbosa showed moisture and drying loss values below 10%, total flavonoid content of around 1.2%, and positive phytochemical tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and quinones. Onion peel extract contains a high flavonoid content (7.84 mg QE/g) with moderate antioxidant capacity (DPPH IC₅₀ 152.65 µg/mL), while fermented garlic (black garlic) contains more than 12% polyphenols and more than 2% flavonoids, as well as a high level of S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) as a stable bioactive compound. The pharmacological activities of these standardized extracts include strong antioxidant effects, α-glucosidase inhibition for antidiabetic activity, induction of apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis as anticancer potential, membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition for antimicrobial activity, as well as COX/LOX modulation for anti-inflammatory effects. These activities are directly correlated with the secondary metabolite composition of each material. With their phytochemical richness and diverse biological activities, E. bulbosa and A. cepa have great potential as raw materials for standardized herbal products. Further in vivo studies and clinical trials are needed to validate their therapeutic efficacy and to support the development of evidence-based phytopharmaceuticals.

A 55-year-old female patient came to F Hospital complaining of blurred vision in her left eye for 3 years and a gradual decrease in vision. The vision in her left eye had been increasingly blurry and disrupting activities for 4 months before coming to the hospital. The patient reported discomfort and blurriness when looking at a distance, but there was no disturbance in close-up vision. The patient also reported foggy vision and glare, especially during the day. The patient did not complain of dizziness, nausea, or vomiting. When looking at objects, there was no change in size, and she had never seen floating objects. The patient had undergone cataract surgery on her right eye 2 months ago. She had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus since 2017 and was regularly taking antidiabetic medication. The patient reported wearing glasses for 3 years. The general status was normal, while the left local status showed 2/60 vision, arcus senilis (+), cloudy lens, and shadow test (-). Fasting blood sugar examination showed hyperglycemia, and tonometry showed increased intraocular pressure. Based on this, the patient was diagnosed with a mature senile cataract of the left eye. The patient underwent surgery on the left eye using phacoemulsification and has a good prognosis. Appropriate cataract management can significantly improve the patient's quality of life.

A 64-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department (ED) of RS Cut Meutia with complaints of left-sided chest pain radiating to both arms, which had been occurring for two days prior to his hospital admission. The chest pain was described as sharp, sudden, and progressively worsening, and it persisted without relief from positional changes. The pain intensity was rated as 9/10 and was accompanied by cold sweats and nausea. The patient had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for 15 years and had been on antidiabetic medications, although he could not recall the names of the medications. The patient was a smoker but had quit smoking upon being diagnosed with diabetes. Vital signs and general status were within normal limits upon examination. Local examination of the heart revealed a murmur on auscultation. Laboratory results showed anemia, leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Electrocardiography (EKG) indicated signs of inferior STEMI (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). The patient was treated with furosemide 1 amp/12 hours, atorvastatin 1x20 mg, arixtra 1x0.25 mg, aspilet 1x8 mg, clopidogrel 1x75 mg, nitrokaf retard 2x2.5 mg, and bisoprolol 1x2 mg, along with non-pharmacological management, including three-way catheter insertion and oxygen therapy at 2-4 liters per minute. Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) carries a poor prognosis if not managed promptly and correctly. Understanding the appropriate management of ACS is crucial in preventing further myocardial occlusion and improving patient outcomes. Therefore, rapid and accurate intervention is vital in improving the prognosis for patients with ACS.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by impaired insulin function, impaired insulin secretion, or both, resulting in a hyperglycemic condition. Patients with type 2 DM generally exhibit characteristics such as a Random Blood Glucose level exceeding 200 mg/dL and an HbA1c  level exceeding 6.5%. The accuracy of medication administration to patients must also consider the rationality of antidiabetic therapy in order to influence the success rate of optimal therapy. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of patient appropriateness and indication appropriateness in outpatients with type 2 DM at Tabanan Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Tabanan). This study employed a semi-quantitative observational research design with a retrospective approach by reviewing patient medical records from the initiation of therapy. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, whereby samples had to meet predetermined inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the age group with the highest prevalence of DM patients at RSUD Tabanan was over 56 years old (74%), with a predominance of females (63%). The most common comorbidity among DM patients was hypertension alone (24.5%). Based on the findings, the percentage of patient appropriateness rationality among DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 97.5%, while the percentage of indication appropriateness rationality in type 2 DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 98.5%.

Justicia gendarussa Burm. f., commonly known as gandarusa, is a medicinal shrub widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia. Traditionally, it has been used for treating rheumatism, headache, asthma, bronchitis, skin infections, and as a male contraceptive. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids (gendarusin A, gendarusin B), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin), saponins, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, and Patentiflorin A, a compound with promising anti-HIV activity. Pharmacological investigations demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and contraceptive potentials. This review highlights the phytochemical profile, pharmacological properties, and future prospects of J. gendarussa, emphasizing its potential as a phytopharmaceutical candidate. Further studies are required to standardize extracts, confirm clinical efficacy, and ensure long-term safety.

Background: Chinese betel (Peperomia pellucida L.) is an herbal plant rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins that have the potential to be antioxidants, antimicrobials, and antidiabetics. However, the stability and absorption of its active compounds in the body is still a challenge. Microencapsulation technology and  a floating drug delivery sistem (FDDS) can improve the effectiveness and stability of herbal preparations. Objective: This study aims to formulate and evaluate floating microencapsulation preparations containing Chinese betel herb ethanol extract using modern drug delivery technology. Methods: Ethanol extracts were obtained by maceration method and formulated by ionic gelation technique using a combination of sodium alginate and chitosan at three concentration variations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%). The evaluation included morphological analysis with SEM, ex vivo buoyancy test on the stomach of Wistar rats, determination of moisture content, and physical stability test using the cycling test method. Results: Microencapsulation with a concentration of 0.75% showed the most compact and delicate morphology, the lowest moisture content (0.64%), and the best physical stability. All formulations are capable of floating, with the longest buoyancy time at a concentration of 0.25% for 8 hours. There were no significant physical changes after six cycles of extreme temperatures. Conclusion: Microencapsulation preparations of Chinese betel ethanol extract in a natural polymer-based floating system show good stability and potential as an innovative herbal formulation to extend retention time in the stomach.    

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels continuously. Insulin resistance is the main cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus, so it is very important to control it to maintain blood sugar levels. Traditional ingredients have long been used to treat diabetes. One of the traditional ingredients used is cinnamon which has been proven to have a potential effect on the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The content of cinnamon that has an antidiabetic effect is cinnamaldehyde which provides a distinctive taste and aroma. The method used is by analyzing journals that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles were searched for in the search media PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The results of analyzing the articles found were a decrease in blood glucose levels, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and an increase in insulin levels between the blood glucose of the control group of experimental animals and the blood glucose of the group that received cinnamaldehyde intervention. The conclusion of this study is that cinnamaldehyde intervention can reduce blood glucose levels, HbA1C, HOMA-IR and increase insulin levels in the blood.

This study focuses on the production of herbal tea made from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) and explores its potential as a health-promoting beverage. Avocado leaves are known to contain various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which have antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties. The production process involves selecting healthy leaves, washing, drying using a low-temperature oven (50–60°C), and grinding the dried leaves into powder. The final tea product was tested organoleptically to assess its taste, aroma, and color, and phytochemically to confirm the presence of bioactive compounds. The organoleptic test results showed that the tea has an acceptable flavor and aroma, while phytochemical tests confirmed the presence of beneficial compounds. Consumption of avocado leaf tea demonstrates potential as a functional beverage that may contribute to lowering blood pressure and blood sugar levels, as well as providing a calming effect. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the development of value-added herbal products derived from local raw materials. Such products could support efforts to improve public health and encourage the diversification of functional beverages within the community, providing both health and economic benefits for local populations.

Lombok Island is home to a rich culinary heritage, with traditional dishes deeply rooted in Sasak culture and potential functional food value. This literature review investigates five iconic Lombok dishes—Ayam Taliwang, Plecing Kangkung, Sate Bulayak, Ares, and Beberuk Terong—focusing on their nutritional profiles, bioactive compounds, and health-related properties. Adopting the PRISMA-ScR approach, this study synthesizes 30 scientific articles published between 2014–2024 and compares findings with the Indonesian Food Composition Table (TKPI). Results reveal the presence of bioactive compounds such as capsaicin, curcumin, allicin, flavonoids, and nasunin, with antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and cardioprotective effects. The review highlights challenges in food safety (e.g., acrylamide, aflatoxin risks), along with the need for standardized recipes and modern packaging strategies. The paper recommends further scientific validation and sustainable innovation to transform Lombok's traditional cuisine into evidence-based functional food products that strengthen local identity, promote public health, and boost Indonesia’s healthy food industry.

This study aimed to identify the secondary metabolite compounds present in the ethanol extract of Plukenetia volubilis L. (sacha inchi) shells through phytochemical screening and LC-MS analysis. The extraction was performed using the maceration method with 95% ethanol as solvent, resulting in a yield of 47.33%. Qualitative phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and glycosides in the extract. Further LC-MS analysis tentatively identified several phenolic and flavonoid compounds with known biological activities, including sinapinic acid, 1-o-sinapoylglucose, and azelaic acid from the dicarboxylic acid group. The presence of these compounds highlights the potential of sacha inchi shell extract as a natural antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. These findings support the valorization of sacha inchi agricultural waste as a promising raw material for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

The inventory of medicinal plants involves collecting and organizing data regarding natural resources for resource management planning and serving as a database to reveal the potential of plants in a given area. This study aims to inventory the types of medicinal plants found in the home gardens of the residents of Negeri Latu, Amalatu District, West Seram Regency. The data collection methods employed were exploration and descriptive surveys. The gathered data was subsequently analyzed to identify the benefits or uses of the plants based on relevant literature. The results indicate that 57 species of medicinal plants were found in the home gardens of the residents of Negeri Latu. These plants possess various properties, including antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholesterol, anticancer, antidysentery, analgesic, antipyretic, and mosquito-repellent effects. This finding highlights the significant potential of home gardens in Negeri Latu as a rich natural resource of medicinal plants. The diversity of plant species reflects the local traditional knowledge of utilizing flora as a natural solution to various health issues.

Diabetes mellitus is a condition of elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. This disease can lead to various serious complications that impact quality of life if not properly managed. Current diabetes management generally involves dietary modification, physical activity, and antidiabetic drug therapy. However, recent research has revealed the potential of bioactive compounds from natural sources such as curcumin in minimizing the risk of diabetes-related complications. This literature review examines and analyzes research evidence on the effects of curcumin supplementation on health parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus. The review was conducted on English-language publications in the last 10 years (2014-2024) using electronic databases. The reviewed experimental and cohort studies demonstrate the influence and beneficial effects of curcumin on glycemic control, lipid profile, weight reduction, and kidney function protection in diabetic patients. Curcumin has the potential to contribute to reducing oxidative stress and inflammation as the main triggering factors for complications of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. Currently available pharmacological treatments often cause unwanted side effects, so alternative therapies that are safer and more effective are needed. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of telang flower extract in reducing blood glucose levels and preventing complications. The potential of Clitoria ternatea as an antidiabetic agent was explored through a systematic literature review, using scientific databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Mendeley with the keywords “Clitoria ternatea AND diabetes AND blood glucose.” Inclusion criteria applied included experimental studies conducted on diabetes-induced mice samples, interventions with telang flower extract administration, and publications within the last 5 years (2021-2025). From a total of 1,858 articles identified, by applying the PRISMA-ScR method, 8 articles were obtained that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that telang flower extract was effective in reducing blood glucose levels. This antidiabetic effect is thought to be due to the presence of flavonoids and other bioactive compounds in telang flowers that act as α-amylase enzyme inhibitors, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatories. These findings indicate the potential of Clitoria ternatea as a promising therapeutic alternative in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2  is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and endocrine dysfunction, including disturbances in luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and insulin levels. Moringa pterygosperma, known for its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, has been explored for its therapeutic potential in mitigating diabetes-induced complications.Objective: The present study aimed to estimate the effects of Moringa pterygosperma extraction on endocrine and metabolic parameters against the diabetic rats induced by alloxan, by the mensurate the on LH, testosterone, glucose, and insulin levels.Methods: Forty adult male albino Wistar rats were used in the present study which was divided into four equal groups: Control, Negative Control, Treatment one which used 100 mg/kg extract, and Treatment two which used 200 mg/kg extract). Diabetes was induced with alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg). After 41 days, serum samples were analyzed for testosterone, LH, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Results: The NC group showed significant reductions in testosterone (0.0926 ± 0.0081 ng/mL) and insulin (0.560 ± 0.09274 µIU/mL) levels, with increased luteinizing hormone (0.592 ± 0.03 ng/mL) and glucose (464.6 ± 18.71 mg/dL) concentrations, indicating severe endocrine and metabolic disruptions. Treatment with Moringa pterygosperma extract significantly improved these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The T2 group exhibited near-normal levels of testosterone (0.1769 ± 0.01 ng/mL), insulin (2.140 ± 0.1435 µIU/mL), LH (0.3163 ± 0.063 ng/mL), and glucose (105.8 ± 9.34 mg/dL).