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The consumption of iron tablets (Fe) among pregnant women in 2013 reached 90.32%, an increase from 82.09% in 2011, showing an improvement of 8.23 percentage points and meeting the target of 90%. Iron tablets are essential for preventing anemia during pregnancy, which can lead to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight and premature birth. This study aims to identify various factors that may influence pregnant women's knowledge about the benefits of iron tablet consumption at the Kotamobagu Small Motoboi Health Center in Mubago City, North Sulawesi. The research employs a cross-sectional descriptive analytical approach, using univariate analysis to examine primary data collected through questionnaires. A sample of 30 pregnant women was selected incidentally for the study. The results indicated a strong correlation between pregnant women's awareness of iron tablets and several demographic and socio-economic factors. Specifically, the chi-squared test revealed significant relationships between pregnant women’s knowledge and their age (p = 0.020), education level (p = 0.020), parity (p = 0.035), and source of information (p = 0.039). These findings suggest that demographic factors such as age and education, along with access to reliable information sources, significantly contribute to the level of knowledge about iron tablet consumption. The study's findings can be used to enhance public health strategies, particularly in increasing awareness among pregnant women about the importance of consuming iron tablets to prevent anemia and improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. Educating pregnant women and providing accessible sources of information are crucial in improving Fe tablet consumption rates and reducing related health risks

This study presents a cross-national analysis of adolescent mental health and academic stress to explore their interrelations and broader implications for global educational policies. Using data from Bangladesh, Gambia, and Indonesia, the research examines how academic expectations, pressure to perform, and school environments affect students' psychological well-being in diverse cultural, educational, and socioeconomic contexts. The study identifies significant patterns and disparities in mental health outcomes, revealing that stress levels and psychological challenges vary significantly between countries. In Bangladesh, medical students face a critical mental health burden, with high levels of anxiety, stress, digital addiction, and sleep deprivation being common issues. This situation underscores the pressing need for mental health interventions in the education sector, particularly within high-pressure fields such as medical studies. Conversely, in Gambia, there has been a notable increase in inpatient mental health admissions, suggesting a growing awareness of mental health issues and improved access to institutional care. However, the decline in community-based mental health services presents a critical challenge, as these services are essential for sustainable mental health support outside of hospital settings. In Indonesia, while academic stress is prevalent, the focus has been on improving institutional care and psychological support for students, yet there remains a gap in addressing stressors within the school environment. This study emphasizes the urgent need for inclusive, student-centered educational reforms that prioritize mental health support systems and advocate for the integration of mental health services into educational settings. The findings suggest that global educational policies must consider these country-specific challenges and trends in order to create more balanced academic environments that foster both mental well-being and academic success

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CHD) is a condition resulting from an imbalance in the intake of energy and protein nutrients needed by pregnant women. The impact of CHD during pregnancy can lead to severe complications, including an increased risk of maternal and infant mortality. To address this, the Supplementary Feeding Program (PMT) is often implemented to improve the nutritional intake of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PMT on pregnant women with SEZ (Chronic Energy Deficiency) at the Ribang Health Center. The sample consisted of 15 respondents. Data collection involved measuring the upper arm circumference (LILA) of pregnant women using a LILA tape and an observation sheet to track PMT participation. The research employed a non-equivalent quasi-experimental design, utilizing a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design. Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon statistical test to assess changes in the participants' LILA before and after the intervention. The results showed a notable improvement in the size of the upper arm circumference (LILA) in the respondents after receiving the PMT intervention. Before the intervention, 100% of the respondents had a LILA measurement of less than 23.5 cm, indicating chronic energy deficiency. After the intervention, 40% of respondents still had a LILA measurement of less than 23.5 cm, but 60% of the respondents showed a significant improvement with a LILA greater than 23.5 cm. The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in LILA measurements before and after the intervention, with a p-value of 0.000. In conclusion, the provision of PMT has a significant positive effect on improving the nutritional status of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency, as evidenced by the increase in their LILA measurements

Anemia in pregnant women is a serious health concern, as red blood cells play a crucial role in delivering essential nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. Adequate iron intake during pregnancy is necessary, as maternal anemia is a risk factor for negative perinatal outcomes, such as low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth. Additionally, anemia during labor can lead to complications, with a 17.24% rate of bleeding directly attributed to this condition. This study aims to explore the relationship between compliance with Fe tablet consumption and the incidence of anemia among pregnant women at the Tanjung Health Center, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan. An analytical survey design using a cross-sectional approach was applied, focusing on identifying relationships between two or more variables. The sampling technique employed was total sampling, involving 25 pregnant women, and data was collected using a checklist sheet. Chi-square analysis was performed using SPSS to test the data. The results showed a P-value (asymp. Sig 2-tailed) of 0.000, which is less than 0.05, indicating a significant relationship between Fe tablet consumption compliance and anemia incidence in pregnant women. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted, concluding that there is a significant relationship between compliance with Fe tablet consumption and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. This finding highlights the importance of proper iron supplementation in preventing anemia and improving maternal health outcomes during pregnancy.

Anxiety in pregnant women is often characterized by intense fear or panic, and if left unaddressed, it can lead to various complications such as prolonged labor, maternal fatigue, and even labor stall. This study aimed to determine the relationship between family support and maternal preparedness with the anxiety levels of pregnant women prior to childbirth. The research utilized a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach, conducted in the working area of the Bongo Nol Health Center. The study population consisted of pregnant women in their second and third trimesters (TM II and TM III). A total of 40 pregnant women participated in the study, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires designed to assess family support, maternal preparedness, and anxiety levels. The results revealed that 20% of the pregnant women who received inadequate family support experienced severe anxiety, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.001. Similarly, 15% of mothers with lower levels of preparedness reported severe anxiety, also with a p-value of 0.001. These findings suggest a significant relationship between both family support and maternal preparedness with anxiety levels in pregnant women prior to delivery. The study concludes that increased family support and maternal readiness can help reduce anxiety levels in pregnant women, particularly in the lead-up to childbirth. Healthcare providers should prioritize interventions to strengthen family involvement and support maternal readiness, especially for women at risk of high anxiety, to improve birth outcomes and maternal well-being. Future research should explore additional factors contributing to anxiety and the effectiveness of targeted interventions for high-risk pregnancies

Low exclusive breastfeeding rates are often linked to the widespread use of formula milk in infants. Formula feeding cannot replace colostrum, the first milk produced after birth, which is crucial for providing infants with essential nutrients and immunity. Without colostrum, infants are at increased risk of developing diarrhea, septicemia, meningitis, and other serious health complications. Additionally, formula milk may lead to protein intolerance, which often results in allergies among infants. This study aims to identify the factors associated with formula feeding in infants aged 0-6 months. The study employed an analytic observational approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 55 mothers with infants aged 0-6 months. Participants were selected using accidental sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square statistical test. The univariate analysis revealed that the majority of respondents (56.4%) had good knowledge of infant feeding practices, while 30.9% had a junior high school education. Most respondents (76.4%) were not employed, and 56.4% of mothers reported giving formula milk to their infants. The bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and formula feeding practices, but no significant relationship was found between the mother's education level or employment status and the use of formula milk. Based on these findings, it is recommended that healthcare workers play a more active role in providing education, information, and motivation to mothers, helping them understand the benefits and advantages of exclusive breastfeeding. By increasing maternal knowledge and addressing misconceptions, healthcare workers can contribute to improving exclusive breastfeeding rates and reducing the unnecessary use of formula feeding.

Picky eating is a prevalent issue among preschool children, often leading to nutritional deficiencies, disrupted growth, and increased parental stress. This systematic literature review aims to explore the management of picky eating through complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) and compares these findings with contemporary interventions. Picky eating behaviors can significantly affect children’s eating patterns, leading to challenges in maintaining a balanced diet. Although traditional medical interventions focus on behavioral modification and nutritional counseling, many parents are seeking alternative approaches to manage these behaviors in a more holistic and natural manner. This review encompasses studies published between 2015 and 2025, sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as "Alternative Therapy," "Picky Eating," and "Preschool Children." The review population consists of 20 articles, and the sample includes 5 selected studies that meet the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of complementary and alternative therapies in managing picky eating behaviors. Data analysis utilized thematic analysis, with the findings analyzed thematically to draw conclusions regarding the efficacy of CAT. The results indicated that mindfulness practices, dietary practices, Tuina massage as a traditional therapy, taste exposure, sensory learning, and nutrition education were all effective in reducing picky eating behavior among children aged 1 to 5 years. These approaches not only helped to improve children’s acceptance of a wider variety of foods but also contributed to the reduction of stress for both children and parents. The findings suggest that integrating these alternative therapies into conventional practices can provide a comprehensive and effective strategy to address picky eating in preschool children. Future research is needed to further explore the long-term impacts of these therapies and to identify the most suitable combinations for different individual needs.

Antenatal care (ANC) is critical for ensuring the health and well-being of pregnant women and their fetuses, particularly in reducing maternal mortality rates, which remain high in Indonesia. One of the contributing factors to this issue is a lack of knowledge and non-compliance with ANC visits. The goal of this study is to examine the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards ANC services at Puskesmas Siko, a health center located in Indonesia. The study used a descriptive quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 34 pregnant women was selected using purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess their knowledge and attitudes regarding ANC services. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test. The results indicated a significant relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge and their adherence to ANC visits, with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the study found a significant relationship between the attitudes of pregnant women and their participation in ANC visits, with a p-value of 0.004 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that pregnant women who possess more knowledge and have a positive attitude toward ANC are more likely to utilize these services. The study highlights the critical role that improving knowledge and attitudes plays in increasing ANC utilization, which is essential for preventing pregnancy-related complications and improving overall maternal health outcomes. Given the significant impact of ANC on reducing maternal and fetal health risks, it is crucial to implement targeted health education programs that aim to enhance pregnant women’s understanding of ANC’s importance and encourage positive attitudes towards attending these visits. The findings from this study call for greater emphasis on health education interventions that can improve the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women, thereby contributing to a reduction in maternal mortality and improved pregnancy outcomes in the region.

Pregnancy is a critical period that begins with conception and lasts until the birth of the fetus, typically lasting about 280 days. Adequate antenatal care (ANC) is essential to ensure the healthy development of the fetus and to identify potential complications early. One of the most important factors contributing to maternal and fetal health is the level of knowledge pregnant women have regarding pregnancy-related danger signs. This study aims to analyze the relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge of pregnancy danger signs and their compliance with attending ANC visits at the Ternate City Health Center. This research employed a qualitative design with a cross-sectional approach to examine the knowledge and compliance of pregnant women within the area. A total sampling technique was used, where the sample size was equivalent to the population size. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test to determine any significant relationships between the variables. The results of the analysis showed a significant relationship between the pregnant women’s knowledge of pregnancy danger signs and their adherence to ANC visits. The statistical analysis indicated a p-value of 0.003 (p < 0.05), demonstrating a strong correlation between the two factors. This finding highlights the importance of educating pregnant women about the danger signs of pregnancy, as better awareness may lead to higher rates of ANC attendance. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the role of healthcare providers in disseminating critical information to expectant mothers, ensuring they recognize the importance of timely ANC visits. In conclusion, increasing knowledge about pregnancy-related danger signs among pregnant women is crucial for improving maternal health outcomes and promoting better compliance with ANC visits, ultimately leading to healthier pregnancies.

Anemia is a common condition among pregnant women, often caused by insufficient iron intake or poor absorption due to digestive issues. This condition can have serious implications for both maternal and fetal health. The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge about iron tablets and their adherence to the prescribed regimen at Saritani Health Center. This study utilized a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The population for this study consisted of all pregnant women visiting Saritani Health Center, with a sample size of 78 women selected through purposive sampling, based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The study’s findings indicated that the majority of respondents had a sufficient level of knowledge regarding the importance of iron tablets. A statistical analysis using the Spearman Rank test revealed a very strong correlation between the level of knowledge about iron tablets and adherence to their consumption, with a correlation coefficient of rs = 0.812 and a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This suggests that the higher the level of knowledge about iron tablets among pregnant women, the greater their compliance with taking these supplements. The study also found that while most respondents had sufficient knowledge about iron tablets, their compliance was moderate, which highlights the importance of ongoing education and support. The results of this study emphasize the critical role that knowledge plays in improving compliance with iron supplementation among pregnant women. Health education initiatives targeting pregnant women should focus on increasing awareness and understanding of the benefits of iron supplementation to prevent anemia and its associated risks. This study calls for enhanced counseling and educational efforts at the community health level to ensure better maternal health outcomes.

Stunting is a major health concern in many developing countries, including Indonesia, with profound long-term effects on children’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development. This condition is primarily influenced by factors such as malnutrition, infections, and inadequate care during the first few years of life. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with stunting in children under five years old within the working area of Puskesmas Tilamuta. An analytical survey design was employed, using a cross-sectional approach to examine 54 children, who were selected using accidental sampling. Data collection involved assessing factors such as exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices (MP-ASI), and low birth weight (BBLR). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test with Fisher's exact test to determine the association between these factors and stunting. The results revealed that exclusive breastfeeding had a significant impact on the occurrence of stunting, with a p-value of 0.002, suggesting that children who were exclusively breastfed were less likely to experience stunting. Similarly, the provision of complementary feeding (MP-ASI) was significantly associated with stunting (p = 0.043), highlighting the importance of timely and adequate complementary feeding to prevent stunting. However, the factor of low birth weight (BBLR) was found to have no significant effect on stunting (p = 0.202), indicating that other factors, such as nutrition and feeding practices, may have a more direct influence on stunting in the studied population. This study underscores the critical role of exclusive breastfeeding and proper complementary feeding practices in preventing stunting. It also suggests that addressing these factors, along with other local health interventions, may help reduce the incidence of stunting in children under five years old in the area.

Exclusive breastfeeding is a practice where infants are fed only breast milk, without additional food, drink, or water, for the first six months of life. This practice is crucial for the infant’s growth and development. One factor that may affect breast milk production is the use of contraceptives, particularly the 3-month injection. This study aims to determine the relationship between the use of 3-month injections and the adequacy of exclusive breast milk production in mothers of children aged 7 to 23 months. A cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing both primary and secondary data. The sample consisted of 72 mothers with children aged 7–23 months, of whom some used 3-month contraceptive injections and others did not. The data collected from the participants included their contraceptive usage and breast milk production status. The results showed that 29 out of 36 mothers (80.6%) who used 3-month injections still produced adequate amounts of breast milk. A bivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the use of 3-month injections and the adequacy of exclusive breast milk production, with a p-value of 0.039. This finding suggests that, while most mothers who use 3-month injections still have sufficient breast milk production, there is a clear relationship between the use of contraceptive injections and the adequacy of milk. It is important to note that while the majority of mothers on 3-month injections maintained adequate milk production, the choice of contraceptive method during breastfeeding should still be carefully considered. Health workers play a vital role in providing guidance to ensure the best choice of contraception for breastfeeding mothers to support both maternal and infant health.

The nutritional status of pregnant women, assessed using the Upper Arm Circumference (LILA), plays a crucial role in fetal growth and birth outcomes. Inadequate maternal nutrition can lead to low birth weight, which increases the risk of stunting a condition characterized by a height-for-age (TB/U) less than -2 SD. Stunting is associated with a fourfold increase in child mortality under five years old, highlighting its significant impact on public health. This quantitative case-control study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. The study was conducted from August 25, 2024, to January 24, 2025, at Gogagoman Health Center in Kotamobagu City. A total of 60 toddlers participated, with 30 stunted toddlers (case group) and 30 non-stunted toddlers (control group). Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, medical records, and microtoise measurements. The study employed univariate and bivariate data analysis, using a chi-square test to explore the association between maternal nutritional status and stunting incidence. The results indicated that the majority of respondents had adequate (non-KEK) maternal nutritional status. Specifically, 40% of mothers in the stunted group were classified as non-KEK, while 83.3% of mothers in the non-stunted group were in the same category. A statistically significant association was found between maternal nutritional status and the incidence of stunting, with a p-value of 0.010. These findings underscore the importance of improving maternal nutrition to prevent stunting and its associated risks. The study recommends collaborative efforts between health centers and local governments to provide targeted nutrition education and support for pregnant women and women of reproductive age, aiming to reduce stunting incidence and improve child health outcomes.

Menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) experienced by each woman is different, some are slightly disturbed but some are very disturbed to the point of being unable to carry out daily activities and making them have to rest or even be absent from school. Data in the UKS book records show that 16 female students were treated at the UKS where 13 (81.2%) complained of pain during menstruation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of warm compresses on reducing dysmenorrhea pain in female adolescents. The type of quantitative research with a pre-experimental research design on the one group pretest and post-test group design research approach. The population of this study was female adolescents who experienced menstrual pain with a sample of 30 female adolescents using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection used an observation sheet. Univariate and bivariate analysis (Wilcoxon test). The results of this study showed that the average menstrual pain in adolescents before being given warm compresses was 4.7 and after being given warm compresses was 1.4. There is an effect of warm compresses on reducing menstrual pain in female adolescents (p-value = 0.000). Advice for young women is to apply warm compresses to reduce pain during menstruation.

The World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and the Ministry of Health strongly advocate for the initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, and continued breastfeeding up to two years alongside safe and nutritious complementary feeding. Despite these recommendations, one of the main barriers to achieving exclusive breastfeeding is insufficient breast milk production. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding frequency and milk production adequacy among postpartum mothers. To achieve this, an analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted, involving 38 participants. Data was collected through questionnaires that assessed breastfeeding patterns, milk production, and other related factors. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test to determine any significant associations. The univariate analysis revealed that the majority of postpartum mothers (60.5%) reported irregular breastfeeding patterns, and more than half (55.3%) of the participants stated that they experienced inadequate milk production. Further analysis through bivariate tests showed a significant association between the frequency of breastfeeding and the adequacy of milk production, with a p-value of 0.003. This suggests that mothers who breastfeed more regularly may experience better milk production, which can contribute to healthier infant nutrition. These findings highlight the importance of encouraging regular breastfeeding practices in the early postpartum period to enhance milk supply. Improving awareness and providing support for mothers in establishing a consistent breastfeeding routine could play a crucial role in overcoming challenges related to inadequate milk production and achieving the recommended exclusive breastfeeding practices. Further research may be needed to explore other factors that contribute to successful breastfeeding and milk production.

Antenatal Care (ANC) visits are one of the important efforts in early detection of high risk in pregnant women. However, there are still many pregnant women who do not routinely make ANC visits, which can be risky for the health of the mother and baby. This study aims to analyze the relationship between ANC visits and early detection of high risk in pregnant women at the Wori Health Center. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between the frequency of ANC visits and early detection of high risk in pregnant women. This study used a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 16 pregnant women respondents registered at the Wori Health Center. Data were collected through interviews and medical record examinations to determine the frequency of ANC visits and the status of early detection of high risk. The statistical test used was the chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results of the chi-square analysis showed a p-value of 0.000, which is smaller than 0.05, which means there is a significant relationship between ANC visits and early detection of high risk in pregnant women at the Wori Health Center. Routine ANC visits have a significant influence on early detection of high risk in pregnant women. Pregnant women who routinely make ANC visits tend to be detected as having high risk sooner, so that appropriate preventive and treatment measures can be taken. It is recommended for the Wori Health Center to increase education regarding the importance of ANC visits for pregnant women, as well as provide adequate facilities to facilitate access for pregnant women in making ANC visits.

Immunization is one of the most important health activities necessary for improving children's health, helping prevent various infectious diseases. Despite its crucial role, many children still miss out on receiving complete basic immunization, a concerning public health issue. Among the various factors influencing the successful implementation of immunization programs, the support of family members, particularly husbands, plays a critical role. This study aims to explore the relationship between the support provided by husbands and the basic immunization status of children. A quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach was employed in this study. The sample consisted of 40 respondents, selected through purposive sampling. The study used the Chi-Square test for data analysis to determine any significant associations between the variables. The results indicate a significant relationship between husband support and the basic immunization status, with a p-value of 0.02. The findings suggest that social support, especially from husbands, is essential in encouraging mothers to ensure their children receive complete immunization. The support not only involves emotional and informational backing but also practical assistance, such as accompanying the mother to health facilities or assisting in scheduling appointments. By involving husbands in the immunization process, mothers may experience less stress and greater encouragement, leading to higher rates of immunization compliance. These results emphasize the importance of engaging family members, particularly husbands, in health initiatives aimed at improving child health outcomes. Public health programs should consider strategies to enhance family involvement, particularly targeting husbands, to achieve better immunization rates and, consequently, improved public health among children

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is one of the main risk factors that contribute to neonatal morbidity and mortality. One of the factors that can affect the incidence of LBW is the hemoglobin (Hb) level of pregnant women. Pregnant women with low Hb levels (anemia) have a higher risk of giving birth to low birth weight babies. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between Hb levels of pregnant women and the incidence of LBW at the Motolohu Health Center, Rancangan District, Pohuwato Regency, Gorontalo Province. This study aims to determine the relationship between Hb levels of pregnant women and the incidence of LBW at Motolohu Health Center. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study amounted to 30 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through medical records and structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-Square statistical test with a significance level of 0.05. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between maternal Hb levels and the incidence of LBW, with a p-value of 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05). This indicates that pregnant women with low Hb levels are at higher risk of giving birth to low birth weight babies compared to mothers with normal Hb levels. There is a significant relationship between maternal Hb levels and the incidence of LBW. Low Hb levels in pregnant women can increase the risk of delivery with low birth weight, so more attention is needed to nutritional intake and iron supplementation during pregnancy.

Anaemia among teenagers is a significant public health concern that can adversely affect their quality of life, cognitive function, and academic performance. Nutritional status, commonly assessed using Body Mass Index (BMI), is suspected to influence the risk of developing anaemia. This study aims to analyse the relationship between BMI and the incidence of anaemia among students at Senior High School II Rilamuta. The primary objective is to determine whether there is a statistically significant association between BMI and anaemia occurrence in this population. A quantitative correlational research design was employed, involving a purposive sample of 30 students. Data collection comprised measuring each student’s BMI and examining haemoglobin levels to assess anaemia status. The BMI was calculated based on height and weight measurements, while haemoglobin concentrations were measured using standard clinical laboratory techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test to evaluate the strength and direction of the relationship between BMI and anaemia incidence.The results revealed a significant positive correlation between BMI and anaemia, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.746 and a p-value of 0.000, indicating strong statistical significance. This finding suggests that students with higher BMI tend to have a lower risk of anaemia, highlighting the protective role of adequate nutritional status. The study confirms that BMI is a relevant factor in predicting anaemia risk among teenagers. Based on these findings, the study recommends promoting healthy nutritional habits and improving nutritional status as crucial strategies to prevent anaemia in school-aged adolescents. School health programs should emphasize balanced diets and nutritional education to address this issue effectively. Future research with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs is encouraged to further explore causal relationships and additional factors influencing anaemia in this population.

Posyandu is a community-based health program managed by and for the community, aiming to strengthen local health systems and facilitate access to essential health services. The temporary disruption of Posyandu services during the COVID-19 pandemic has had adverse effects on vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and toddlers, highlighting the importance of resilient volunteer performance post-pandemic. This study aims to examine the correlation between post-pandemic competence and the implementation of the five main activities by Posyandu volunteers in Malang, Indonesia. Utilizing a quantitative correlational research design, the study involved a total sample of 123 Posyandu volunteers from two villages in Malang. Data collection was conducted over July to August 2023. The findings indicate a statistically significant but weak positive correlation between volunteer knowledge and motivation, with a p-value of 0.007 and a correlation coefficient of 0.242. This suggests that while increased knowledge is associated with higher motivation levels, the strength of this relationship is limited. Further analysis assessed the relationship between length of service and volunteer motivation, revealing no significant correlation (p = 0.675, r = -0.038). These results imply that the duration of volunteer service does not influence motivational levels among Posyandu volunteers. Given these findings, enhancing volunteers’ knowledge through regular training and refresher programs is essential to maintain motivation and improve service delivery. The study recommends continuous capacity-building efforts to empower Posyandu volunteers, thereby ensuring effective implementation of health activities post-pandemic. Future research should investigate additional factors that may affect volunteer motivation, such as social support, recognition, and workload. Understanding these dimensions can further strengthen Posyandu programs and support the vulnerable community members they serve.