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his research aims to identifiy various of attitude scales and psychomotor assessment techniques within the context of learning. The method used is a quantitative approach through library research. The data sources were obtained through a review of literature from academic journals, reference books, and various instructional documents that present numerical data related to the practice of assessing attittudes and skills. The objects of study in this research include types of attitude scales, such as the Likert scale, Guttman scale, and Semantic Differential scale, as well as psychomotor assessment techniques, including performance observation, performance appraisal, and the use of rubrics. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive quantitative methods by presenting how frequently each model is used and the tendency of its effectiveness as reflected in various literature findings. Based on the research resulth, the Likert scale is the most commonly used to evaluate students attitudes, while in the assessmentnof psychomotor aspects, performance observation is the primary technique of choice.    

This study aims to determine the differences in nail art results using the freehand technique and the stamping technique on artificial nails, reviewed from four aspects, namely neatness, color evenness, preference, and aesthetics. The research method used is a quantitative experiment involving 80 artificial nails, 40 artificial nails with the freehand technique and 40 artificial nails with the stamping technique. The assessment was carried out by a panel consisting of lecturers, beauty industry practitioners, and students of Makeup and Beauty at Padang State University. Data were obtained through observation and documentation, then analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that there were significant differences between the two techniques. The stamping technique was superior in terms of neatness and color evenness, while the freehand technique was superior in terms of aesthetics and preference. Based on the Mann-Whitney U test, a significant value of 0.030 <0.050 was obtained, which means there is a significant difference between the freehand technique and the stamping technique in terms of neatness. A significant value of 0.734>0.05 indicates that there is no significant difference between the freehand technique and the stamping technique in terms of color evenness. The significant value is 0.003 <0.05, which means there is a significant difference in the beauty aspect of the freehand technique and the stamping technique. In the aspect of liking the significant value is 0.163>0.05, which means there is no significant difference between the freehand technique and the stamping technique. These findings contribute to the development of nail art learning and become a practical reference in choosing techniques according to aesthetic and efficiency needs.

This article aims to understand the concept of energy sources from an early age in order to increase their awareness of energy use and conservation. However, science learning in elementary schools (SD) often faces problems in delivering complex and abstract materials. This study investigates various innovations in science learning, especially those related to energy sources. In this study, we review the literature on various creative methods for learning, including the use of game media, blended learning, and interactive game tools. The results show that the implementation of these innovations can improve students' desire to learn and their learning outcomes. Therefore, science learning at the elementary level can be assisted by the integration of technology and appropriate learning approaches.

This research investigates the factors contributing to low understanding of environmental degradation among sixth-grade students at SDN 12 Padang Koto Gadang. The study aims to identify internal and external factors affecting students' comprehension of environmental issues within the IPAS (Natural and Social Sciences) curriculum. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with the class teacher, classroom observations, and document analysis of lesson plans and student assessment records. The findings reveal that internal factors include low learning motivation, where students perceive environmental materials as mere memorization tasks, and a significant mismatch between students' kinesthetic-visual learning styles (78%) and the predominantly auditory-lecture teaching methods. External factors encompass conventional teaching approaches dominating 85% of classroom time, limited technological infrastructure, and insufficient interactive learning resources. A paradoxical finding shows that while 70% of students claim environmental concern, only 23% consistently practice eco-friendly behaviors, indicating a substantial gap between cognitive knowledge and behavioral application. The study recommends implementing a hybrid learning model combining Problem-Based Learning with local contexts, utilizing simple nature-based media, and establishing strategic community partnerships. These findings contribute to developing more adaptive and contextual teaching methods aligned with Merdeka Curriculum principles for elementary environmental education.

The Indonesian Language for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) program is gaining global interest, yet its learning process still faces various challenges. This study aims to identify and analyze difficulties experienced by international students in learning Indonesian at the Language Center of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews with two foreign students. The findings reveal that the main challenges include vocabulary acquisition, differences in grammatical structure, accent adaptation, as well as adjusting to Indonesian culture and native speakers’ speaking speed. Proposed solutions involve repeated practice, direct interaction with native speakers, and the use of interactive learning methods. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of these challenges can help design more effective and adaptive BIPA learning strategies.

Technology development has brought significant changes in education, demanding students' active role as prospective educators to innovate in learning. This article aims to describe the role of Elementary Madrasah Teacher Education (PGMI) students in collaborative community service to develop interactive teaching materials based on digital books in Mathematics subjects in class IV of MIS Al-Jihad Palangka Raya using the ABCD method (Audience, Behaviour, Condition, Degree). The study results showed that the teaching materials developed were feasible (material validation 97%, design 96%), received positive teacher responses (82%), and significantly impacted student learning outcomes. Thus, PGMI students are essential in supporting compelling and engaging digital-based learning innovations.

Phonological skills are a crucial foundation in early childhood language and literacy development. This study aims to explore the use of digital educational games as an interactive learning medium to improve young children's phonological abilities. A quasi-experimental method with a one-group pre-test and post-test design was applied. The participants were 4–5-year-old children enrolled in an early childhood education center in City X. Data were collected through observation sheets and phonological tests. The findings revealed a significant improvement in children's phonological skills after engaging with digital educational games regularly over a four-week period. The games were designed to train skills in sound discrimination, rhyme recognition, and syllable identification. These results imply that digital technology can serve as an innovative and effective tool to support phonological learning in an enjoyable manner during early childhood. The findings provide valuable insights for educators and application developers to design learning media appropriate to children's developmental stages.  

The effectiveness of the Windows Shopping strategy in enhancing the speech writing abilities of eighth-grade students at four government junior high schools in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia, is examined in this study. The study is based on the demand for novel instructional methods that assist students with the challenges of arranging thoughts, choosing the right vocabulary, and creating well-written sentences while writing speeches. The study used a mixed methods approach with an explanatory sequential design, consisting of pretests and posttests administered to 128 pupils, along with qualitative data from observations, interviews, and reflections. With average scores rising from 61. 63 (pretest) to 81. 97 (posttest), the results showed a notable improvement in students' performance. The statistical significance was confirmed by a paired sample t-test (t = 11. 52, p = 9. 83 × 10⁻¹³). Qualitative data also showed that students were more engaged, creative, and confident during group learning sessions. The Windows Shopping method, in accordance with social constructivist learning principles, encouraged students to actively explore, present, and reconstruct information through group interaction. This approach, according to the study, is effective in improving students' speech writing abilities and promoting essential 21st century skills such as creativity, collaboration, and communication. It should be used more widely in other text-based language instruction as well.

The implemetation of this service activity aims to facilitate and assist Marind Papuan children and Marind dropout children to learn the use of English in a fun, interactive and appropriate way for children, train Marind-Papuan children and dropouts to be able to write, read as well as develop their abilities to develop and advance so that they can speak English by using the Bivak Pintar (Pondok) facility which will be used for this activity. This service was carried out at theWasur Kampung, Merauke Distrik. The duration is 7a week through the application of theory and practice with a total number of participants of 35 people. This service is carried out in the form of workshops, training and mentoring., while the methods used in this activity are: (1) provide a handbook that is used during activities that contain material to be studied; (2) providing material, namely providing basic material according to their abilities so that it can help children grow their English learning skills until they understand; (3) provide exercises by explaining and explaining the material after that make questions about the vocabulary that has been explained. The expected results of this dedication are: (1) increased knowledge and understanding of indigenous Papuan children who have dropped out of school about the importance of learning English, and how it can be used in the world of work; (2) improved English writing and reading skills for indigenous Papuan children dropping out of school;

The implemetation of this service activity aims to facilitate and assist Marind Papuan children and Marind dropout children to learn the use of English in a fun, interactive and appropriate way for children, train Marind-Papuan children and dropouts to be able to write, read as well as develop their abilities to develop and advance so that they can speak English by using the Bivak Pintar (Pondok) facility which will be used for this activity. This service was carried out at theWasur Kampung, Merauke Distrik. The duration is 7a week through the application of theory and practice with a total number of participants of 35 people. This service is carried out in the form of workshops, training and mentoring., while the methods used in this activity are: (1) provide a handbook that is used during activities that contain material to be studied; (2) providing material, namely providing basic material according to their abilities so that it can help children grow their English learning skills until they understand; (3) provide exercises by explaining and explaining the material after that make questions about the vocabulary that has been explained. The expected results of this dedication are: (1) increased knowledge and understanding of indigenous Papuan children who have dropped out of school about the importance of learning English, and how it can be used in the world of work; (2) improved English writing and reading skills for indigenous Papuan children dropping out of school;

This study examines the strategic role of Civic Education (PKn) in increasing national and state awareness among elementary school students in Indonesia. Through a qualitative approach with conceptual analysis methods and literature studies, this study identifies four main roles of civil society: the cultivation of national identity, the recognition of citizens' rights and obligations, the development of democratic values, and the formation of attitudes of tolerance and multiculturalism. The dimensions of consciousness developed include constitutional consciousness, nationalism, multiculturalism, and participatory. This article also explains effective PKn implementation strategies through experiential learning, integration with daily life, the use of interactive learning media, and example and habituation. Despite having a vital role, the implementation of PKn still faces challenges in the form of learning that tends to be theoretical, limited teacher competence, and counterproductive environmental influences. The evaluation of PKn's success in increasing awareness can be measured through behavior change, conceptual understanding, active participation, and social concern of students. In conclusion, PKn that is implemented contextually and meaningfully from an early age can be an effective foundation in forming good citizens and maintaining national identity in the global era.

Teachers are a crucial element that cannot be overlooked in the teaching and learning process, as they can determine the success or failure of that process. Therefore, in the process of education and instruction, it is essential to have qualified teachers. This means that, in addition to mastering the subject matter and teaching methods, teachers must also understand the fundamentals of education. These educational foundations are extremely important for teachers to know in carrying out their noble duties as instructors or educators. They serve as a means to inspire and motivate students in their learning process. Even if a teacher has excellent mastery of the subject matter, without knowledge of didactic factors, it can create obstacles for students in understanding what the teacher is conveying. On the other hand, teaching experience can actually make it easier for teachers to deliver lessons effectively, especially when supported by the use of appropriate and well-applied teaching methods.

This study aims to analyze how adaptive curriculum encourages learning flexibility and its contribution to improving the quality of education in the era of disruption. The research approach used is qualitative with a case study type. This research was conducted at MI Al Khoiriyyah, Muara Bungo, Indonesia. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, while the validity of the data was checked by triangulation of sources and techniques. The results of the study indicate that adaptive curriculum provides flexible space for teachers to adjust learning methods and materials according to student characteristics, supported by the visionary managerial leadership of the principal and the use of digital technology. These findings show that the success of adaptive curriculum is greatly influenced by the synergy between educational actors and supporting facilities that are responsive to change. The contribution of this study lies in a comprehensive understanding of the practice of implementing adaptive curriculum and strategic recommendations for the development of future education policies.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the “Word Chemistry” technique in improving poetry writing skills of 8th-grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Maos during the 2024/2025 academic year. The background of this research lies in students’ limited ability to choose precise diction and express strong imagination in writing poetry. “Word Chemistry” is a creative technique that encourages imaginative exploration and combination of words, similar to chemical reactions, enriching students’ vocabulary and poetic expression. A quasi-experimental method was applied using a pretest-posttest design involving two groups: experimental and control. The primary instruments included poetry writing tests and scoring sheets assessing diction, imagery, creativity, and expression. Data analysis revealed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores in the experimental group (p = 0.00000122), with 90.63% of students showing improvement, although most gains were categorized as low to moderate based on N-Gain analysis. The study concludes that the Word Chemistry technique significantly enhances students’ poetry writing skills and holds promise as a creative and enjoyable method for teaching literary expression.

This study aims to analyze students’ conceptual understanding of hydrocarbons through a literature review utilizing the Three-Tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Instrument. Hydrocarbons are a fundamental topic in chemistry education that often leads to student misconceptions. The three-tier diagnostic instrument is designed not only to assess students’ cognitive knowledge through correct or incorrect answers but also to explore the reasoning behind their choices, enabling more accurate identification of misconceptions and conceptual understanding. The methodology employed is a literature review examining various scientific sources on the application of this diagnostic tool in teaching hydrocarbon concepts. The findings indicate that the Three-Tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Instrument is effective in systematically detecting and classifying students’ difficulties and misconceptions. Furthermore, the use of this instrument contributes significantly to developing targeted and data-driven instructional strategies to enhance students’ conceptual mastery in chemistry. The implications of this study highlight the necessity of integrating three-tier diagnostic instruments in the assessment process to support optimal learning outcomes in hydrocarbon material.

Creativity and innovation are essential aspects in developing entrepreneurial skills among students, especially in the field of handicrafts that focus on creating high-value products. This community service program aims to enhance the creativity and skills of fourth-semester Business Administration students through training in making simple flower vases decorated with pearl and diamond mat ornaments using wax glue. The method applied is project-based learning combined with a participatory approach, actively involving students in every stage from planning, implementation, to product evaluation. The training results show significant improvements in knowledge about flower vases and product innovation (54.5%), ornament attachment techniques (74.0%), design creativity (63.5%), and product aesthetics (38.3%). Intensive mentoring during practice encouraged students to develop creative designs that are not only visually appealing but also have high market value. This program not only improves students’ technical skills and creativity but also fosters the entrepreneurial spirit necessary to face increasingly competitive market challenges. Visual documentation serves as an important medium for evaluation and promotion of innovative student products. In conclusion, this training effectively develops students’ creative and innovative potential while opening sustainable and environmentally friendly business opportunities based on handicrafts.

The literacy level of primary school-age children in Indonesia is still relatively low, which has an impact on children's academic ability and cognitive development. This study aims to identify and analyze the factors that influence the lack of literacy in primary school-age children. The method used was literature study and field observation with a qualitative approach. The results show that low literacy is caused by several main factors, namely the lack of reading habits at home, limited facilities and interesting reading materials, less varied learning methods, and the minimal role of teachers and parents in fostering interest in reading. In addition, the influence of technological developments also plays a role in diverting children's attention from reading activities. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between schools, families and communities in creating an environment that supports an early literacy culture.  

This study aims to systematically examine various mathematics learning strategies based on deep learning approaches that can enhance elementary school students’ motivation and academic achievement. In the context of education, deep learning refers to learning processes that emphasize conceptual understanding, interrelated knowledge, and the development of critical and reflective thinking skills. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this research analyzes 20 relevant scholarly articles published between 2015 and 2024, sourced from leading databases such as Google Scholar. The review findings indicate that strategies such as problem-based learning (PBL), project-based learning (PJBL), metacognitive strategies, and the use of interactive learning technologies consistently improve student engagement, foster intrinsic motivation, and enhance mathematics learning outcomes. These findings suggest that integrating deep learning-based instructional strategies is highly relevant for elementary mathematics education, aiming to create more meaningful, student-centered learning experiences.

This study aims to identify and analyze the strategies implemented by Special School (SLB) teachers in adjusting learning content and modifying learning methods and media according to the individual needs of students with special needs. Differentiated learning is a crucial approach in inclusive education to accommodate the diversity of characteristics and learning needs of students. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The subjects of the study were teachers who teach at SLBN Autism North Sumatra. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and interviews. The results of the study are expected to enrich the theory of differentiated learning in the context of inclusive education, as well as provide practical references for SLB teachers in designing and implementing more effective and responsive differentiated learning for students with special needs.

In mathematics, especially in the material of linear equations of one variable, learning media has a very vital role to maximize the success of the learning process. Through realistic mathematics learning methods, it can help students use interactive media to more easily understand complex concepts. The purpose of this research is to explain the steps for creating Adobe Animate-based learning media on PLSV material and to assess how useful it is as a tool in learning activities. Research and development (R&D) applies the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). The results of the assessment stated that Adobe Animate-based learning media for the PLSV topic is very suitable for use as a supporting tool in learning the subject. Small-scale trials showed a practicality of 93%, while large-scale trials showed a practicality of 95%.