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This study aims to analyze the performance of village officials in providing public services to the community in Sungai Purun Kecil Village, Sungai Pinyuh District, Mempawah Regency, based on Law Number 25 of 2009. The approach used was a normative qualitative approach with descriptive methods, collecting data through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results indicate that village officials have implemented administrative and social services in accordance with public service principles. However, there are obstacles in the aspects of information transparency, timeliness, and work discipline that affect the speed and quality of service. The human resource capacity of village officials also needs to be improved through training and competency development. This study recommends improving discipline, providing easily accessible information media, and increasing community participation in service performance evaluation as strategies to improve the quality of village public services. Thus, this research contributes to the development of effective and sustainable village public service governance.

Social studies learning as one of the progmatic components in the school curriculum is actually expected to support the achievement of the ideal goals of education. Through social studies education, students are fostered and developed their intellectual mental abilities to become citizens who are skilled and socially concerned and responsible in accordance with the values contained in Pancasila. Social studies learning contained in the educational curriculum is a simplification of learning materials from social science knowledge or concepts. The method in this study is research using a quantitative research approach. This research is descriptive. The sample in this study was 30 students of grade VIIIA (control) and VIIIB (experiment) of SMP Kristen Taaba District. Data collection techniques using test questions and documentation. Based on the results of research and discussion, and data analysis carried out, it can be concluded that the mind mapping learning model can affect the learning outcomes of social studies class VIII SMP Kristen Taaba District. Indicators of the assessment of learning outcomes can be seen from the students' posttest scores have increased. Based on the research objectives with the t-test hypothesis, an sg (2 – Tailed) value of < 0.05 is obtained which is 0.000 so that H0 is rejected meaning that there is an influence of the mind mapping learning model on the learning outcomes of social studies class VIII SMP Kristen Taaba District. In other words, the mind mapping learning model affects learning outcomes with categories that are quite effective.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of natural resource management, particularly water and soil, in increasing agricultural production in Sampali Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency. The research approach used was descriptive qualitative through field observations, in-depth interviews with farmers and village officials, and documentation studies from relevant agencies. The results indicate that the irrigation system in Sampali Village is not operating effectively, characterized by shallowing of canals, damaged irrigation walls, and blockages that cause uneven water distribution. This condition has a significant impact on crop yields, with a difference in production between upstream and downstream areas reaching 1.9 tons/ha. Furthermore, soil quality has also declined due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, as indicated by a soil pH that tends to be acidic (5.4–6.0), low organic matter content (1.2–1.8%), and decreased soil biological activity. Factors influencing the effectiveness of water and soil management include technical, environmental, socio-economic, and institutional aspects. This study concludes that natural resource management in Sampali Village is still suboptimal, necessitating improvements to irrigation infrastructure, increased use of organic fertilizers, and institutional strengthening and farmer mentoring. These efforts are expected to support sustainable agricultural productivity gains.  

The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed the learning patterns of Generation Z, who tend to be visual, quick in accessing information, and highly engaged with interactive media. These characteristics pose challenges for history learning, which is often perceived as monotonous and focused on memorization. This study aims to examine the needs, urgency, and strategies for developing history teaching materials that are relevant and effective for Generation Z in the digital era. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through library research, the findings indicate that effective history materials should integrate digital media, apply active learning models, and connect historical content with students’ real-life experiences. Teachers play a key role as innovators by utilizing digital storytelling, virtual tours, gallery walks, and gamification. Integrating local history and national values is also essential to strengthen students’ national identity. This study emphasizes that developing digital history teaching materials is not merely about adopting technology but about creating meaningful, reflective, and generation-appropriate learning experiences.

This study evaluates the implementation of Government Regulation Number 94 of 2021 concerning Civil Servant Discipline, assessing its impact on enhancing the effectiveness and accountability of public administration within Sidoarjo Regency. Civil servant discipline constitutes a critical instrument in bureaucratic reform oriented towards good governance and high-quality public services. This research employs a qualitative approach utilising William Dunn's policy evaluation model, which encompasses the dimensions of effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, responsiveness, and appropriateness. Data were collected through documentary analysis of prevailing legislation, local government performance reports, SAKIP (Government Agency Performance Accountability System) reports, SPIP (Government Internal Control System) reports, and digital human resource management system documents. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively, employing source triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The evaluation results indicate that Government Regulation 94/2021 is effective in reducing work procedure deviations, enhancing public service consistency, and strengthening accountability through clear audit trails. Integration with the 'Smart ASN' (State Civil Apparatus) and 'e-Kinerja' (e-Performance) systems reinforces the objectivity of performance assessments and minimises subjectivity. However, challenges persist regarding aspects of organisational culture, supervisory capacity, and the quality of infraction documentation. This study concludes that consistent disciplinary enforcement, when integrated with performance management systems, serves as a driving force for bureaucratic effectiveness and accountability. It further accelerates the consolidation of regional bureaucratic reform, fostering a bureaucracy that is professional, maintains high integrity, and is responsive to societal needs.

The purpose of this study is to examine and assess how PT BCA applies PSAK 4 and PSAK 65 in the development and presentation of its consolidated financial statements. This study is primarily motivated by the importance of consolidated financial statements as a useful source to offer a comprehensive view of an entity's financial condition, especially when the entity has subsidiaries. This research method can be categorized as descriptive qualitative research, utilizing secondary data sources, including PSAK and BCA's financial statements for the years 2022 to 2023. The findings indicate that BCA has reliably complied with PSAK 4 and PSAK 65 standards. This includes accurately combining the financial statements of its parent company and subsidiaries based on the control principle, eliminating inter-entity transactions, and transparently disclosing the NCI portion of equity. Furthermore, the fair values ​​of assets and liabilities have been combined and assessed in accordance with appropriate standards. In summary, BCA has demonstrated a strong commitment to maintaining accountability, information transparency, and effective corporate governance practices, thereby ensuring its financial statements reliably and accurately reflect the group's financial condition. From this conclusion, it can be stated that BCA has implemented both PSAKs systematically and effectively to increase reporting transparency.

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategies implemented by CV Mitra Agung to increase consumer purchasing interest in the Sungai Pinyuh District. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation studies. The results of the analysis indicate that the implementation of an integrated marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion) has been significantly successful in increasing both consumer purchasing interest and loyalty. The main supporting factors for this success include offering products with consistent quality, setting competitive prices compared to competitors, active and creative promotions, especially through the use of social media, and selecting a strategic and easily accessible business location. Despite showing positive results, this study also identified several challenges faced by the company, namely limited operational capital and limited market reach, which need to be addressed for future business development. Based on these findings, several important recommendations are provided, These include continuous innovation in product variants, optimizing and maximizing the use of digital media platforms to increase brand awareness, and improving the quality of customer service. These recommendations are expected to help CV Mitra Agung expand its market share, improve sales performance, and ensure business sustainability.

Penelitian ini menjelaskan perbedaan pemahaman tentang utang dari sudut pandang ekonomi Islam dan ekonomi konvensional, serta tantangan yang dihadapi dalam penerapannya di masyarakat dan institusi keuangan. Dalam ekonomi konvensional, utang dianggap sebagai perjanjian keuangan yang melibatkan bunga, digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi dan investasi. Sementara, dalam ekonomi Islam, utang dipahami sebagai alat sosial yang berlandaskan nilai kemanusiaan, solidaritas, dan larangan riba, sehingga perjanjian utang harus bebas dari bunga serta ketidakadilan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan kajian literatur untuk meninjau konsep, prinsip, serta berbagai hambatan yang dijumpai dalam penerapan kedua sistem. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui analisis dokumen dari buku, jurnal, dan penelitian terdahulu, yang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis konten. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memahami secara mendalam konsep utang menurut perspektif Islam dan konvensional, mengidentifikasi tantangan dalam pengelolaan utang di kedua sistem ekonomi, dan menyajikan perbandingan aspek moral, akad, risiko, serta tujuan penggunaan utang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam ekonomi Islam, utang menekankan pada prinsip keadilan dan etika syariah yang melarang riba, berfokus pada kerja sama, serta mengutamakan perjanjian yang jelas dan tertulis dengan disertai saksi. Sementara itu, utang dalam ekonomi konvensional lebih mengedepankan aspek keuntungan dengan penggunaan bunga sebagai sumber utama profit. Dalam praktiknya, manajemen utang syariah menghadapi tantangan seperti rendahnya pemahaman masyarakat tentang keuangan syariah, terbatasnya akses ke instrumen syariah, dan kurangnya regulasi yang tegas. Di lain pihak, pengelolaan utang konvensional berhadapan dengan risiko suku bunga, ketidakstabilan fiskal, serta masalah transparansi dan akuntabilitas. Penelitian ini memberikan sumbangan akademis untuk pengembangan sistem keuangan yang lebih adil dan berkelanjutan di masa mendatang.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the extent to which work discipline and the physical work environment influence employee performance at CV X. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach involving all 45 production employees, with a saturation sampling method to ensure that every member of the population was represented. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale, while hypothesis testing was carried out using the SEM-PLS method to obtain more accurate estimates of the relationships among variables. The results reveal that both work discipline and the physical workplace contribute significantly to performance improvement. The physical work environment shows a positive and meaningful effect on employee performance, as indicated by a path coefficient of 0.464, a T-statistic of 2.309, and a P-value of 0.002. Similarly, work discipline also demonstrates a constructive influence, supported by a path coefficient of 0.403, a T-statistic of 2.786, and a P-value of 0.006. Based on the R-square value of 0.701, the two variables collectively explain 70.1% of the variance in employee performance. These findings highlight the importance of fostering disciplined work behavior while simultaneously enhancing environmental conditions in the workplace. Improving the physical layout, comfort, and safety, along with reinforcing consistent adherence to organizational rules, can substantially elevate performance outcomes at CV X.

This study conceptually analyzes how blockchain technology reshapes the mechanisms of transparency and trust in global Islamic trade from the perspective of Islamic economics. The digitization of financial systems encourages a shift from trust based on social integrity and human relations, which traditionally form the foundation of muamalah practices, to an algorithmic trust model governed by code. In this context, this study examines how core values such as amanah and 'adl can be supported and even strengthened when economic interactions are increasingly mediated by technology. The research approach employs a qualitative-descriptive method, based on a literature review, with Miles and Huberman's analysis used to interpret the data and combine it with the normative principles of Islamic economics, thereby supporting the substance of Sharia. The main findings of this article show that blockchain has significant potential to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability through distributed ledgers and smart contracts, aligning with the objectives of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. However, despite its ability to reduce informational gharar, this technology also gives rise to new uncertainties that are technical, epistemic, and social in nature. Cases such as the DAO hack and the Terra–Luna failure confirm that technical transparency does not automatically lead to substantive justice. As a contribution, this study offers a Digital-Trust Maqāṣidiyyah framework, which positions blockchain as a means to strengthen Sharia ethics through adaptive contracts, Sharia oracles, decentralized arbitration, digital literacy, and Sharia regulatory sandboxes.

This study analyzes the influence of Ethical Anxiety, Ethical Risk Perception, and Ethical Awareness on students’ Academic Performance, with the use of Generative AI as a mediating variable. The method employed is quantitative, using the SEM-PLS approach with 41 questionnaire items. The results indicate that the instruments are valid and reliable, with R-squared values of 0.727 for Generative AI Usage and 0.705 for Students’ Academic Performance. Surprisingly, Ethical Anxiety and Ethical Risk Perception have a significant positive effect on Generative AI Usage, which partially mediates their impact on Academic Performance. However, mediation does not occur in the relationship between Ethical Awareness and Academic Performance. These findings suggest that ethical factors play an important role, but their influence on AI usage and its impact on academic outcomes is not uniform within the academic environment.

Global trade has long been promoted as a driver of economic growth and international cooperation. The World Trade Organization (WTO), established to ensure fairness and stability in global trade, plays a central role in shaping trade relations among nations. However, concerns persist regarding its impact on developing countries. This study aims to examine how WTO policies influence economic inequality and structural dependency in developing economies. Using a qualitative research approach, this article integrates legal and economic perspectives to analyze relevant literature and assess the WTO's institutional mechanisms. The findings reveal that, although the WTO seeks to promote equitable trade, its policies tend to favor developed countries through liberalization and intellectual property regimes that restrict policy flexibility in developing nations. These mechanisms reinforce technological dependency, reduce competitiveness, and perpetuate unequal participation in global markets. The study concludes that without institutional reform, the WTO framework will continue to sustain global trade imbalances. This article proposes alternative solutions, including enhancing regional and South–South trade cooperation, promoting fair technology transfer, and reforming the WTO's decision-making structures. These measures could foster a more inclusive and balanced trading system that supports sustainable development in the Global South.

Content commodification has become a dominant phenomenon within Indonesia’s digital ecosystem, where communication messages are no longer oriented toward use value such as education and enlightenment, but toward exchange value determined by algorithms, virality, and monetization potential. This transformation is evident in the behavior of content creators, online media, politicians, and government institutions that adjust their message formats to align with the logic of platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube. Political content during the 2024 Election, clickbait practices in online journalism, and the aestheticization of public campaigns such as Bangga Buatan Indonesia(BBI) and Gerakan Kamis Pakai Lokal (GASPOL) demonstrate that content today is produced primarily to capture attention rather than to strengthen social literacy. Using a constructivist paradigm and a descriptive qualitative approach, this study analyzes how exchange value dominates meaning-making processes in digital spaces. Through the lenses of media political economy, cultural industries, and surveillance capitalism, the study shows that content commodification shifts the function of communication from a deliberative public sphere to a commercial arena governed by algorithms. These findings highlight the urgent need for digital literacy and communication ethics to safeguard the social role of media in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the transformation process of Islamic edupreneurship values in developing an educational ecosystem oriented toward independence and blessing (barakah) within Islamic schools. The low entrepreneurial and independent spirit among students remains a major challenge for Islamic educational institutions seeking to instill spiritually grounded entrepreneurship values. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach through a case study at an Islamic elementary school. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results reveal that the internalization of Islamic edupreneurship values—such as amanah (trustworthiness), shidq (honesty), jiddiyyah (diligence), ibda‘ (creativity), and mas’uliyyah (responsibility)—successfully shifted students’ mindset from consumptive to productive orientation with a focus on barakah. The transformation occurred through curriculum integration, teacher modeling, socio-economic projects, and spiritual habituation. The Islamic edupreneurship-based ecosystem strengthened students’ character, microeconomic independence, and the culture of blessed work. This study recommends developing an Integrative Islamic Edupreneurship Curriculum Model to foster a competitive and morally upright generation.

The execution of mortgage rights on land is a crucial element in the property security legal system in Indonesia, which allows creditors to obtain debt repayment if the debtor defaults. However, the implementation of parate executie as a non-litigious mechanism based on Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights has sparked constitutional debates, particularly regarding the debtor's right to fair legal protection. This study analyzes the legal considerations of the Constitutional Court in Decision No. 10/PUU-XIX/2021, which rejected the constitutional review of the mortgage execution norms, and evaluates the legal execution procedures post-decision. Using the normative legal research method, this article examines the approach of contractual freedom, the principle of justice, and the protection of property rights in the context of creditor-debtor relationships. The study results show that the Court views parate executie as constitutionally valid, as long as it is carried out with the principles of transparency, proportionality, and the availability of legal recourse for the debtor. Therefore, legal protection within the mortgage system is not eliminated, but must be implemented through accountable and just practices. These findings provide an important normative basis for policymakers and economic actors in ensuring that the execution of guarantees runs effectively while still upholding the constitutional rights of the parties involved.

This study presents a woodcraft creation in the form of a wall clock with traditional Karo ornaments as the main visual element. The creation is driven by the urgency to preserve the visual culture of the Karo people, which is increasingly threatened by modernization, and the lack of distinctive local souvenirs in tourist areas such as Berastagi, which often offer only generic or mass-produced items. This creation aims not only to function as an indicator of time but also as a medium for cultural preservation, education, and the strengthening of the Karo visual identity in a contemporary context. The creative process applies the "three stages and six steps" approach by S.P. Gustami, which includes exploration, design, and realization. Exploration involves field observations of Karo architecture and artifacts, literary studies on Karo visual symbols, and careful selection of motifs, focusing on Tapak Raja Sulaiman, Takal Kerbo, and Pengeret-ret as representative elements rich in symbolic meaning. The design stage produces various sketches that integrate the functional aspect of the wall clock with the principles of ornamentation, ensuring both utility and cultural expression. Realization involves selecting local woods such as teak, mahogany, and jelutung, followed by manual carving techniques, the application of natural wood coloring, and protective finishing with melamine spray to ensure durability and aesthetic quality. The final result consists of twelve unique wall clocks that embody the aesthetic, symbolic, and cultural richness of the Karo people. This work demonstrates how traditional motifs can be re-contextualized into functional objects, making cultural heritage more visible and relevant in daily life, and is expected to inspire further innovation in the local crafts industry, contributing to long-term preservation and revitalization of regional cultural identity.

The objectives of this community service activity are: First, to increase members' understanding of the concepts of leadership and effective organizational governance. Second, to strengthen the capacity of youth in entrepreneurship. Third, to equip them with the skills to develop innovative and adaptive work programs tailored to local needs. The methods used in this activity include workshops focused on delivering theoretical material, practical technical guidance or training applied to train participants in effective leadership and good organizational management, and mentoring methods implemented using a participatory approach. The evaluation of the activity showed significant improvements in knowledge, skills, and attitudes across three aspects that have historically hindered partners: education, social issues, and economics. In conclusion, there was a significant improvement overall after the community service activity, at 56%. The highest level of understanding among participants is the importance of leadership as a driving force for the organization, but to develop an entrepreneurial attitude as a foundation for independence and competitiveness, continuous reinforcement is needed so that Karang members can be prepared as an independent generation.

This research examines the implementation of Guidance and Counseling services at SMAN 2 Telukjambe Timur through a descriptive lens. Employing a qualitative methodology, (Hazizah Isnaini, 2024)data were gathered via direct observations and semi-structured interviews involving guidance counselors and eleventh-grade students. The analysis focused on delineating service provision, counselor roles, and student perceptions of these functions within the educational setting. Findings reveal that services operate effectively on both scheduled and impromptu bases, integrating core activities such as basic support, responsive interventions, personalized counseling, and systemic backing. Participants reported significant value in the offerings, which include aptitude assessments and career development initiatives. Notwithstanding, challenges persist for both counselors and students. In aggregate, the program functions proficiently, bolstered by comprehensive school-wide collaboration. 

Recent declines in student ethics and learning diligence indicate deeper systemic challenges within the contemporary educational ecosystem. This situation prompts critical inquiry into the respective contributions of school governance, teacher practices, and familial environments in shaping student’s learning orientations. This study seeks to identify the principal determinants of learning diligence from the perspectives of teachers, parents, and students, employing a qualitative exploratory–interpretive design. Data were elicited through narrative stimuli intended to provoke reflective and affectively grounded responses, which were subsequently examined using inductive–thematic analysis. The findings demonstrate that structural weaknesses within school systems, particularly ambiguous policy direction, inconsistent institutional regulations, and ineffective evaluative mechanisms—constitute dominant factors undermining student’s motivation and academic discipline. Parental influences also play a substantive role; insufficient parental engagement and inadequate developmental guidance contribute to weakened responsibility and diminished learner commitment. Some students report withdrawing from academic engagement due to unclear expectations and the absence of supportive school conditions. Moreover, perceptions of automatic grade promotion and guaranteed graduation exacerbate motivational decline. Collectively, these findings indicate that learning diligence emerges from a complex interplay between institutional structures, pedagogical practices, family dynamics, and student’s psychosocial conditions. Addressing these issues thus requires coordinated, systemic, and multi-stakeholder intervention.

Education has long been recognized as a primary determinant of economic progress and human development , yet in the context of a global economy characterized by rapid technological change and the sustainability imperative, the focus shifts from the mere quantity of investment to its effectiveness in fostering sustainable economic growth. Current education systems face significant challenges, including a persistent global "learning crisis" , governance inefficiencies , and a misalignment between curricula and the demands of the labor market, particularly the green and digital economies. Given that existing literature often treats education investment as a static input and fails to holistically integrate sustainability and governance into the optimization process , this conceptual article aims to bridge these theoretical and empirical gaps by proposing an integrated model for the optimization of education investment for sustainable economic growth. The method involves a conceptual analysis that synthesizes human capital theory , endogenous growth theory , and the economics of sustainability , emphasizing the roles of governance, innovation, and inclusivity as mediating factors. The key finding of the study indicates that optimization necessitates a paradigm shift from input-oriented budgeting toward an outcome-based investment framework that holistically balances three crucial dimensions: efficiency (maximizing learning outcomes) , equity (ensuring inclusive access) , and relevance (alignment with sustainability needs). The resulting policy implications are delineated across the Macro (fiscal integration and sustainability strategies through performance-based funding) , Meso (institutions transform into adaptive innovation centers) , and Micro (enhancement of reskilling, upskilling, and human capital capacity) levels; by achieving this alignment, education successfully transitions from a cost center to a strategic catalyst driving sustained prosperity.