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Students critical thinking skills cannot develop appropriately if in the learning process, the teacher is not active. Therefore, to improve students' critical thinking skills, a teacher should choose and use strategies, approaches, and methods techniques that involve students actively in learning, both in manner mental, physical, and social. One alternative learning that provides opportunities for students to develop students' critical thinking skills in problem solving is problem-based learning. This research was a research study literature examining related journal application of problem-based learning to improve critical thinking skills. The findings of this study included: (1) the implementation of PBL has the potential to help students motivate and provide learning experiences; and (2) PBL implementation is very useful in improving students' critical thinking skills, provided that teachers and students can apply each stage of PBL well.

Students critical thinking skills cannot develop appropriately if in the learning process, the teacher is not active. Therefore, to improve students' critical thinking skills, a teacher should choose and use strategies, approaches, and methods techniques that involve students actively in learning, both in manner mental, physical, and social. One alternative learning that provides opportunities for students to develop students' critical thinking skills in problem solving is problem-based learning. This research was a research study literature examining related journal application of problem-based learning to improve critical thinking skills. The findings of this study included: (1) the implementation of PBL has the potential to help students motivate and provide learning experiences; and (2) PBL implementation is very useful in improving students' critical thinking skills, provided that teachers and students can apply each stage of PBL well.

In this study, the goal is to compare the academic results of economics students from Pasuruan Public Secondary School 3 classes, which use the PBL learning model, inquiry-based learning and discovery-based learning. Consistent with the description of unequal groups, this study used an experimental methodology that included three types of trials, each using a unique teaching model. An analysis of the pretest and posttest results was carried out to identify possible differences in the academic performance of the students. Although several teaching models were implemented, The findings showed that there was no significant difference in academic performance across the three groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test produces an Asymp value. signature. of 0.274, which means there is no significant difference between learning models. Therefore, the application of the PBL, inquiry and discovery learning model can be said to have no significant effect on student academic achievement.

This study aims to examine the implementation of teaching strategies and methods at SDN 1 Gobras using a qualitative approach supported by NVivo 15 software. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and documentation to evaluate the effectiveness of student-centered learning methods, such as a modified Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach. The findings reveal that kinesthetic strategies significantly enhance students’ learning enthusiasm, particularly in lower grades (grades 1-3). However, the study also identifies key challenges, including limited learning resources and time allocation. To address these issues, continuous teacher training and improved learning facilities are recommended. These findings are expected to serve as practical guidance for elementary schools in enhancing the quality of learning effectively.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on the learning outcomes of intellectually disabled 11th-grade students at SLB Negeri Sukapura, Kiaracondong District, Bandung City, in science subjects. The study involved two students with IQ ranges between 40-67. A collaborative approach was used, involving researchers and teachers to observe students' activities during problem-based learning sessions. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and learning outcome tests. The results indicated that implementing PBL positively influenced students' engagement and understanding, particularly among students with higher IQs. However, challenges persisted for students with lower IQs, requiring adjusted teaching methods for greater effectiveness. The application of PBL demonstrated an average improvement in learning outcomes, although some students did not meet the minimum mastery criteria. This study suggests further enhancements in the implementation of PBL to optimize learning experiences for intellectually disabled students.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the problem-based learning model (PBL) in improving the understanding of fiqh material and its implementation in class XI students of MA Plus Anas Bin Malik Lekong Rembuk. The PBL model was chosen because it is considered capable of encouraging active student involvement and developing critical thinking skills through solving real problems that are relevant to everyday life. This study uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach which is implemented in two cycles, each consisting of the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data collection techniques include tests, observations, and interviews. The results of the study showed a significant increase in the understanding of fiqh concepts and active participation of students during the learning process. Students became more enthusiastic, able to express opinions, and demonstrate the ability to apply fiqh values in everyday life. Thus, the PBL model has proven effective in improving the quality of fiqh learning in madrasas and can be used as an alternative innovative learning strategy to improve learning outcomes and student character simultaneously.

This study is motivated by the low academic performance of fourth-grade students in Pancasila Education, specifically in the topic of mutual cooperation. The aim of this research is to assess the improvement in learning outcomes for fourth-grade students in Pancasila Education through the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model with a Differentiation approach. This research falls under the category of classroom action research and was conducted in two cycles. The subjects of the study were 28 fourth-grade students from SD YP HKBP 1 Pematangsiantar. Data were collected through observations and tests, and then analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods. The results indicate that the implementation of the PBL model with a Differentiation approach successfully improved student learning outcomes in the topic of mutual cooperation. The average student performance was 57.14 during the pre-cycle. After implementing the PBL model in cycle I, the average score increased to 71.42, and in cycle II, it rose further to 84.72. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the PBL model with a Differentiation approach is effective in enhancing the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students on the topic of mutual cooperation at SD YP HKBP 1 Pematangsiantar.

Islamic Education in schools, particularly in fiqh materials, often faces challenges in terms of student engagement and understanding. Fiqh, which is often perceived as rigid and theoretical, requires a more engaging and applicable approach to make it easier for students to grasp the concepts being taught. This study aims to describe the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in Islamic Education at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Batu and to analyze the impact of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on students in Islamic Education learning. The PBL model was chosen due to its ability to enhance student understanding through problem-solving that is relevant to daily life. Using a case study method, this research collected data through observation, interviews, and documentation to assess the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning model in improving student comprehension. The results indicate that the use of the Problem-Based Learning model can increase students' interest and understanding of Islamic Education, especially in fiqh materials, although there are some technical challenges in its implementation.

This research aims to analyze the learning methods used by Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in improving students' critical thinking skills at the junior high school level. The focus of this research is on the use of learning methods such as lectures, discussions, Problem-Based Learning (PBL), and cooperative learning. The approach used is qualitative by collecting data through journals, literature reviews, document studies and e-books. The research location was carried out in North Sumatra Province and its surroundings, Indonesia. The research results show that PAK teachers still predominantly use lecture methods which are less effective in encouraging students to think critically. However, some students have shown potential for critical thinking when given more innovative learning methods, such as PBL and group discussions. Learning methods that actively involve students, such as discussions and cooperative learning, have been proven to be able to increase student participation and develop analytical skills, problem solving and creativity.  

The Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes individual freedom to learn according to their potential. Thus, teachers face the challenge of providing instruction that suits students' varying abilities. In addition, many students face difficulties in multiplication and division when studying mathematics. So, the aim of this research is to find out whether student learning outcomes are better by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in learning Indonesian in one grade. Learning Indonesian in first grade often faces problems in improving students' skills. Consequently, the aim of this research is to apply the PBL learning model and learning approach at the appropriate level (TaRL) at SDN Pakis V Surabaya. The aim of this research is to explain the use of TaRL in Indonesian language learning in grade 1 using data collection techniques such as observation, interviews and document analysis. The research results show that efforts to improve student learning outcomes are through the use of TaRL in a process that includes classifying learning needs, learning design, implementation, and student reflection and evaluation.

This research examines how Problem-Based Learning (PBL) influences students' critical thinking abilities. PBL involves tackling real-world issues to enhance these skills. A quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control groups was applied, comparing a PBL group with a traditional learning group. Data were gathered through critical thinking assessments conducted before and after the intervention. The results showed that students taught with PBL demonstrated greater improvements in critical thinking than those in the control group. This highlights PBL as an effective approach for developing essential 21st-century skills, urging educators to integrate PBL into their teaching methods.

This research aims to identify and synthesize previous research related to optimizing Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics learning through a systematic literature review. Data was collected from relevant scientific articles published in the last 10 years using certain keywords through databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The results of the literature review show that the application of PBL consistently plays a role in improving students' critical thinking abilities, especially when supported by strategies such as the use of relevant contextual problems, structured feedback, and directed teacher guidance. These findings confirm the constructivist theory which states that meaningful learning occurs when students are actively involved in authentic problem solving. However, there are variations in results across educational levels and countries, indicating the importance of contextual adaptation in the implementation of PBL. In addition, the lack of comprehensive practical guidance and long-term evaluation instruments is a major obstacle. The conclusions of this research emphasize the need to develop clearer PBL implementation guidelines and more accurate evaluation instruments to measure its impact on students' critical thinking abilities, as well as the potential of PBL in improving the quality of mathematics learning that encourages critical thinking skills as an important competency in 21st century education.

Classroom management is one of the important skills that a teacher must have to understand, analyze, make decisions, and take action to create a dynamic and conducive classroom atmosphere. Learning model planning is one of the indicators to support the success of a learning goal by analyzing student needs. For students, physics is a complicated lesson, often they avoid or fear this lesson. The Problem Based Learning (PBL) model is the most appropriate model to apply because this learning approach by implementing an authentic problem (real experience with what students often encounter or find in life) to students. This research is based on the literature review method by collecting data from various journals and previous scientific sources. The process in this method includes searching for literature relevant to the topic. The results show that physics learning using the PBL method shows very significant results, the PBL method students are able to understand concepts in depth compared to conventional learning or lectures.

This research aims to explore the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model in an effort to improve the learning outcomes of class X IPS E students at SMA Negeri 10 Medan, especially in geographic research material. The background to this research is revealed by the low learning achievement of students, where only 40% of them achieved the Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM). PBL was chosen as an approach because this method can encourage students to actively participate in the learning process through solving real problems, which is expected to improve their critical thinking skills and conceptual understanding. This research methodology involves systematic planning, data collection through observations and tests, and comprehensive data analysis. The research results show that the implementation of PBL significantly improves student learning outcomes. In the first cycle, there was an increase in understanding of concepts and evaluation values, which further developed in the second cycle with better results. This research concludes that PBL is effective in improving student learning outcomes in geography material and recommends teachers to apply innovative learning methods in the teaching and learning process.  

This research discusses the optimization of implementing collaborative learning in the topic of norms and rules, integrating the Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach and Kahoot games with with assessments conducted both in groups and individually, along with observations by an observer. The study was conducted at MIN 1 Balikpapan with 28 students consisting of 12 male students and 16 female students. The assessment was designed to enhance students’ conceptual understanding and social skills through innovative and interactive methods. Observation results show that students are able to communicate and work together effectively in groups, while the presentation and question and answer stages encourage critical thinking skills and self-confidence. The group-based Kahoot game created a fun and competitive atmosphere, increasing students’ motivation and engagement in learning. Individual evaluations conducted at the end of the assessment measured the extent of students' understanding after the collaborative learning process. Overall, this assessment approach successfully fostered an active learning environment that supported the development of students' understanding of the material, social skills, and independent learning abilities. Final results showed that 29% of students achieved a perfect score of 100, 32% scored 90, 21% scored 80, and 14% achieved a passing grade with a score of 70. Only 4% of students did not meet the passing criteria, scoring 60. These findings demonstrate that the majority of students were able to achieve satisfactory learning outcomes.  

The social media-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) model is an innovative approach in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning that utilizes digital platforms to build more interesting and relevant learning interactions. This study aims to examine the extent of the effectiveness of this model in improving students' understanding of Islamic values, such as morals, ethics, and morals. By using social media, students are invited to discuss and solve problems related to current issues, making the learning process more contextual and experience-based. This research was conducted by literature study method, analyzing various literature related to the implementation of the PBL model, the use of social media in education, and its role in the formation of Islamic character. The results of the study show that this model is able to increase students' involvement in learning and deepen their appreciation of Islamic values through active interaction and critical reflection. However, the implementation of this model is inseparable from challenges such as disruption from irrelevant content, lack of digital literacy, and limited access to technology. To overcome this, good social media management, supervision of student activities, and improvement of digital infrastructure in schools are needed. With the right approach, the social media-based PBL model has the potential to be an effective strategy in building students' Islamic character in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in enhancing the critical thinking abilities of 4th-grade students. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques such as observation, interviews with mentor teachers, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of PBL has a positive impact on developing students' critical thinking skills. Students are accustomed to facing real-world problems, analyzing situations, and seeking relevant and rational solutions. Furthermore, this learning model also enhances students' communication and collaboration skills as they engage in group discussions to solve problems collectively. However, challenges in its implementation lie in time management and ensuring the active participation of all students in the learning process. Overall, this study demonstrates that PBL is effective in developing students' critical thinking abilities, as well as improving their social and communication skills, which are essential in daily life.

This study aims to reveal (i) the improvement of self-regulated learning skills (SRL) through problem-based learning (PBL), and (ii) the improvement of lecturers’ performance in implementing PBL. To achieve these purposes, a lesson study with two cycles was conducted. Each cycle consisted of plan phase, do phase, and see phase. The study was conducted to the 3rd semester Advance Accounting Students at Musamus University who attended the Introduction to Accounting course. There were 40 students as the research subjects. The sampling technique used to collect data regarding SRL was questionnaires which were flled out by the students; while the data regarding the lecturer’s performance was collected by observation sheets that were flled out by students and members of lesson study group. The study has proved that: (i) the implementation of PBL could improve SRL even though the level of achievement was still not optimal, and (ii) the level of achievement of the lecturer’s performance in implementing PBL was optimal and improving

This study aims to develop and implement Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PJBL) learning models in mathematics learning at SD Negeri No. 18 Bababulo, Majene Regency. The main objective of implementing these two models is to increase student involvement, as well as critical, analytical, and creative thinking skills in solving mathematical problems. The implementation procedure began with an introduction to the theme of the impact of plastic waste on the environment. Students were divided into six groups to discuss problems, develop project plans, and conduct observations. The results showed that students were actively involved, with significant increases in motivation and critical thinking skills. Enthusiasm was seen during discussions and presentations, although there were challenges related to self-confidence during presentations, which were overcome through practice from the teacher. The conclusion of this study states that the implementation of PBL and PJBL is effective in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts and social skills. Suggested follow-ups include consistent implementation of both models and periodic evaluation to improve the quality of learning.

This research aims to measure the learning outcomes of class IV students at SDN Kertobanyon regarding plant body parts and their functions using a problem based learning model. This research involved 13 class IV students at SDN Kertobanyon using the Classroom Action Research (PTK) method. Data was collected through the pre-cycle, cycle I and cycle II stages. The research results show a significant increase in student learning outcomes. At the pre-cycle stage, the percentage of students whose learning outcomes reached the KKM was 38.5%. In the first cycle stage, the percentage of students whose learning outcomes reached the KKM was 46.1%. In cycle II stage, the percentage of students whose learning outcomes reached the KKM was 76.9%. The PBL model has proven to be effective not only in increasing understanding of science and science concepts, but also in developing students' social skills and learning motivation. Therefore, PBL is recommended as an effective learning model for science and science learning in elementary schools.