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This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of work discipline, organizational culture, and work ethics on employee performance at PT Amaze Indonesia Jaya. The background of this study is based on the importance of human resources as a company's main asset, where the level of discipline, established work culture, and applied work ethics can influence employee performance achievement. This study uses a quantitative approach by utilizing primary data obtained through questionnaires and secondary data obtained from company documents. The study population is all employees of PT Amaze Indonesia Jaya, with a total of 50 people who are also used as research samples using saturated sampling techniques. The research instrument has been tested for validity and reliability to ensure the feasibility of the collected data. Data analysis was carried out through validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing using t-tests and F-tests. The results of the study indicate that partially, work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, which means that the higher the discipline, the better the performance produced. Organizational culture has also been proven to have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, indicating that the values, norms, and habits that apply in the organization can motivate employees to work more optimally. Furthermore, work ethics has a positive and significant impact on performance, indicating that employee integrity, responsibility, and professionalism contribute to the achievement of work targets. Simultaneously, the F-test results indicate that work discipline, organizational culture, and work ethics collectively have a significant impact on employee performance.

This study investigates the influence of financial literacy and lifestyle on financial management among gym members at USB Fitness. Financial literacy refers to the ability to understand and apply financial concepts, while lifestyle encompasses spending patterns, consumption preferences, and daily habits. Low financial literacy combined with a high-consumption lifestyle can negatively impact personal financial management, potentially leading to poor budgeting, excessive debt, and limited savings.The research adopts a quantitative approach using a survey method, with data collected through structured questionnaires distributed via Google Forms. The population comprises 60 registered gym members, from which a sample of 52 respondents was determined using the Slovin formula with a margin of error of 5%. Data analysis techniques involve both partial (t-test) and simultaneous (F-test) hypothesis testing to assess the effects of the independent variables—financial literacy and lifestyle—on the dependent variable, financial management.The t-test results indicate that financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on financial management (t-count = 6.384 > t-table = 2.00958; p-value = 0.000 < 0.05), suggesting that higher financial literacy levels contribute to more effective personal financial practices. Conversely, lifestyle shows no significant effect on financial management (t-count = -0.013; p-value = 0.990 > 0.05), indicating that lifestyle variations among respondents do not directly determine their financial management capabilities.Simultaneous testing through the F-test reveals that financial literacy and lifestyle together have a significant influence on financial management (F-count = 21.333 > F-table = 3.191; p-value = 0.000 < 0.05). This suggests that while lifestyle alone may not significantly impact financial management, its interaction with financial literacy can influence financial outcomes.The study concludes that improving financial literacy among gym members is essential for enhancing financial management skills, while lifestyle modifications may only be impactful when supported by strong financial knowledge.

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of product quality, service quality, and customer trust on insurance product purchasing decisions at PT AIA Financial at BCA KCP Raden Saleh, Central Jakarta. The background of this study is based on the importance of understanding the factors that influence purchasing decisions, especially in the insurance industry, which is intangible and highly dependent on customer perception and trust. This study uses primary data collected through questionnaires distributed to 47 respondents, namely PT AIA Financial customers who have purchased insurance products at the research location. The research instrument is compiled based on variable indicators whose validity and reliability have been tested. The data analysis method used is a quantitative method with a multiple linear regression analysis approach through the assistance of SPSS software version 26. Product quality is measured through the dimensions of performance, durability, suitability, and features; service quality is assessed from the aspects of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and physical evidence; while customer trust is seen from the reliability of the company, agent integrity, and clarity of information. The results of the study indicate that product quality, service quality, and customer trust partially and simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on insurance product purchasing decisions. This means that the higher the quality of the products and services provided, and the greater the customer trust, the higher the customer's tendency to purchase PT AIA Financial's insurance products. This finding implies that the company needs to continuously maintain and improve its product quality, provide excellent service, and build and maintain customer trust through transparent communication, clear product education, and a commitment to service promises. This way, long-term relationships with customers can be maintained and customer loyalty can be enhanced.

This study aims to determine the effect of pricing, sales promotions, and stock availability on sales volume at H&G Collection. In an era of increasingly fierce business competition, companies need to manage marketing strategies effectively to maintain and increase sales. Appropriate pricing can influence product appeal to consumers, planned sales promotions can increase purchasing interest, while maintained stock availability ensures that consumer demand is met without interruption. This study used a quantitative approach with primary data sources obtained through questionnaires. The population in this study was all H&G Collection employees in the marketing, finance, and general administration divisions. The sampling technique used a saturated or census sampling method, where all members of the population were sampled. The number of respondents involved in this study was 37. The research instruments were tested for validity and reliability before being used in data collection. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 19 software. The analysis methods included classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-tests, and F-tests to determine partial and simultaneous effects between variables. The results of the study indicate that the three independent variables, namely pricing (X₁), sales promotion (X₂), and stock availability (X₃), have a significant effect on the dependent variable, namely sales volume (Y). This proves that the right pricing strategy, effective promotions, and optimal inventory management can significantly increase sales volume. This finding implies that H&G Collection management needs to maintain and even improve the quality of the implementation of these three variables in an integrated manner to support sales growth and the company's competitiveness in the market.

This study aims to examine the influence of price, promotion, and product quality on the repurchase intention of Kopi Kenangan products among students of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Mulawarman University. The research focuses on how effective marketing strategies can foster customer loyalty toward local coffee brands. The theoretical framework is based on the marketing mix, consumer decision-making processes, and indicators of customer loyalty. The study employs a quantitative research method, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents. The respondents were selected using purposive sampling, based on specific criteria determined by the researcher to ensure they could provide relevant information aligned with the research objectives. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 26. The findings indicate that price, promotion, and product quality each have a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention. Among these factors, product quality exerts the strongest influence, followed by promotion, and finally, price. These results suggest that enhancing product quality, implementing effective promotional strategies, and maintaining reasonable pricing can significantly increase customers’ likelihood of making repeat purchases. Based on the results, this study recommends that Kopi Kenangan continue to prioritize maintaining high and consistent product quality, as it plays a crucial role in shaping repurchase intentions. Additionally, promotional efforts should be continuously optimized to attract and retain customers in an increasingly competitive coffee market. Pricing strategies should also be monitored to remain competitive while ensuring profitability. Overall, the study concludes that product quality, supported by strategic promotions and competitive pricing, is essential for building and sustaining customer loyalty. By focusing on these factors, Kopi Kenangan can strengthen its market position and foster long-term relationships with its customers

This study aims to analyze the impact of the implementation of the Government Internal Control Sistem (SPIP) on financial performance at the Regional Revenue Agency (Bapenda) of Malang City from 2022 to 2024. SPIP consists of five key components: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Financial performance is measured using indicators from the Government Institution Performance Accountability Sistem (SAKIP), which reflects how well the government institution achieves its financial goals and objectives. This study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory method, where data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to 34 Bapenda employees in Malang City. The collected data was then analyzed using SPSS version 25 to examine the relationship between SPIP implementation and financial performance. The results indicate that four of the five SPIP components, namely risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring, have a positive and significant impact on financial performance. This means that the better the implementation of these components, the better the financial performance achieved by Bapenda Malang City. However, the control environment component does not significantly affect financial performance. This suggests that while the control environment is important, other factors such as operational control and communication play a more dominant role in supporting financial performance. Based on these findings, several recommendations for Bapenda Malang City include strengthening SPIP implementation by conducting regular coaching and outreach programs. Additionally, it is recommended to hold workshops with all work units, provide technical training to develop dashboards, and establish clear Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and flowcharts. Setting up a schedule for SOP publication and routine briefings, as well as developing performance indicators and quarterly evaluation checklists, is expected to enhance SPIP implementation and strengthen financial accountability at Bapenda Malang City.

The rapid development of the smart city concept encourages the need for energy management that is more efficient, sustainable and adaptive to the needs of modern urban communities. In this context, renewable energy is the main solution to reduce dependence on fossil energy sources that are limited and pollute the environment. This research aims to optimize the utilization of renewable energy in smart cities by integrating Big Data technology and Decision Support Systems (DSS). The approach used in this research is a case study and system modeling method, which involves collecting energy data from various sources such as IoT sensors, weather stations, and energy distribution systems in real-time. The data is then analyzed using Big Data Analytics techniques to identify energy consumption patterns, potential renewable energy production, and peak load predictions. Furthermore, a decision support system was designed to assist policy makers and city managers in determining optimal energy distribution and usage strategies based on the available data and simulations. The results show that the integration of Big Data and DSS is able to increase the efficiency of renewable energy utilization up to 25% compared to conventional systems. In addition, the system is also able to dynamically respond to changing conditions and provide more accurate and adaptive decision recommendations. These findings indicate that the synergy between data technology and decision support systems plays a strategic role in creating sustainable and environmentally sound smart cities.

Match fixing is a serious issue in Indonesian football, as it undermines public trust and damages the sport’s reputation. This research aims to: (1) analyze the legal requirements for individuals involved in match fixing in Indonesian football competitions to receive sanctions from the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI) and criminal penalties from the court; and (2) examine the fairness of sanctions, particularly fines, imposed on football clubs involved in match fixing as stipulated in the PSSI disciplinary code. This study employs a doctrinal research method, focusing on written legal provisions and relying heavily on secondary data obtained from literature. The research also applies comparative, case, and statutory approaches. Legal materials are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, with data collected through literature study. The analysis uses a normative juridical method. Findings indicate that disciplinary sanctions by PSSI are regulated under Article 7, which stipulates that intentional or negligent disciplinary violations will result in sanctions without exception. Sanctions may include playing matches in closed stadiums or banning play in certain locations to maintain security and prevent riots, even without concrete evidence of disciplinary violations. In contrast, for a court to impose criminal penalties, several elements must be met: (1) the existence of a legal subject; (2) proof of fault; (3) unlawful conduct; (4) actions prohibited or mandated by law with specified penalties; and (5) occurrence in a specific time, place, and context. Regarding fines against football clubs involved in match fixing, the PSSI disciplinary code provides only administrative sanctions and monetary penalties paid to PSSI. These measures are considered less effective and fair because they lack provisions for criminal sanctions in the applicable legal framework, leaving a gap between sports governance and criminal law enforcement.

In the customary law system, there is a pattern of punishment and prosecution which is more or less similar to the Islamic legal system, where the role of the victim's family is very important in determining whether or not the perpetrator will be prosecuted and punished. In customary law, legal settlements are carried out with an emphasis on togetherness or harmony. Settlement of criminal cases, especially bullying through customary law, is a process of resolving cases outside of court which consists of first, a mediation system with a consensus approach through deliberation. Second, the restorative justice system is a case resolution system with the aim of restoring the situation that arose for the victim so that a sense of brotherhood between each party is re-established. This system produces an agreement that is a win-win solution, guarantees the confidentiality of the parties' disputes, avoids delays caused by procedural and administrative matters, and resolves problems comprehensively together and while maintaining good relations. Thus, these customary sanctions do not provide legal protection and fulfillment of children's rights for children who are victims of sexual violence. In sexual crimes against children, children are positioned as victims who experience detrimental impacts, namely physical and psychological harm. Therefore, it is mandatory to be protected, not judged.

Batam City, as an industrial hub in the Riau Islands Province, plays a vital role in the region’s economic growth. However, a surge in inflation can affect investment interest, as investors tend to avoid areas with economic uncertainty. One of the main contributors to inflation in Batam is the food component, which experiences high demand, especially during certain periods such as religious holidays and the arrival of international tourists. Batam, which is not a food-producing area, faces significant challenges in meeting agricultural needs and currently remains dependent on supplies from outside the region. Geographic constraints, such as inefficient logistics, weather disruptions, and institutional weaknesses in the food sector, further aggravate inflation control efforts. In addition, hilly terrain and less fertile land limit the types of crops that can be cultivated, making food price stability critically important. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Low-Cost Market Operation Team Program (Tim Operasi Pasar Murah) in Batam City in 2024. The method used is Sequential Explanatory Design with a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative findings indicate that the average success rate of the program is 85.93%, with a target achievement rate of 90.12% and a satisfaction level of 86.11%. Qualitative results suggest that the policy of conducting low-cost market operations has been appropriate and carried out by authorized institutions, with strong collaboration between the government and the private sector. The program has succeeded in maintaining price stability ahead of the fasting month and Eid al-Fitr, receiving positive responses from the community and demonstrating good internal coordination. In conclusion, the low-cost market operation program in Batam City has been effective in curbing inflation before the fasting month and Eid al-Fitr. However, for comprehensive inflation control, relying solely on this program is insufficient. Additional strategies are needed to ensure sustainable food price stability.

This study aims to examine creative strategies for fiction writing involving collaboration between humans and AI (ChatGPT) in the Kompasiana blogger community in Semarang. Using a qualitative approach, this study collected data through in-depth interviews with four informants active in AI-assisted fiction writing. The interviews revealed a shift in the role of AI, where AI no longer functions solely as a technical tool but rather as an imaginative partner collaborating with writers in the creative process. During the writing process, writers negotiated with AI regarding style and story structure, and reflected deeply on their creative process. They also faced ethical dilemmas, particularly regarding the originality and authenticity of their work, arising from the use of AI technology. While AI writers provided new ideas and inspiration, they also demanded further considerations regarding copyright and author credibility. These findings were analyzed using the theories of Extended Mind, Distributed Cognition, and Reflective Practice to understand the dynamics of human-machine interaction in a creative context. This study proposes a dialectical and symbiotic model of creative interaction, in which writers and AI influence each other in producing fictional works. This model emphasizes that AI-assisted fiction writing is not just about efficiency in producing work, but also a process of redefining creative agency. This research demonstrates how human-machine collaboration in digital literacy can change our perspective on creative roles and ethics in the world of writing. Furthermore, this research explores the impact of AI use on the learning process of writers within the blogging community. AI, in this case ChatGPT, not only contributes to the final product but also plays a role in broadening the writer's insight into writing techniques, idea exploration, and character development.

Pesantren, as an Islamic educational institution that has long been a center of religious learning and character development, has great potential in advancing entrepreneurship based on local wisdom. The role of pesantren is not only limited to teaching religious studies, but also includes coaching students to have economic independence and competitiveness in the midst of the Times. Local wisdom that grows around pesantren can be an important capital in developing businesses that are relevant to the needs of the community. However, optimizing the function of pesantren in producing students who are independent and able to compete still faces various challenges. One of the main obstacles is the development of Human Resources (HR) which is not only oriented to mastering the theory, but also on practical skills and understanding of local values. Without the right strategy, such great potential is difficult to realize sustainably. This study aims to explore strategies that can be applied in the development of human resources in order to improve the performance of local wisdom-based entrepreneurship in the boarding school. The research method used is a qualitative approach with case studies on several boarding schools that have succeeded in forming productive business units by utilizing local potential, such as agriculture, fisheries, crafts, and food product processing. Research findings indicate that several crucial factors in building entrepreneurial human resources in pesantren include: strengthening character and work ethic, hands-on practice-based training in the field, collaboration with local business actors for knowledge transfer and market networking, as well as historical and philosophical understanding of local wisdom values. The success of entrepreneurship development in pesantren depends on the integration of spiritual aspects, practical skills, and knowledge about the potential of the region. Based on the results of the study, an integrated entrepreneurship training model that combines science, faith, and concrete action is recommended. This Model is expected to produce great pesantren entrepreneurs, competitive, and able to adapt and face global challenges without leaving their identity and noble values.

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of product development, service quality, and pricing on sales volume at PT Indoqurma Sejahtera, East Jakarta. The background of this study is based on increasingly fierce business competition, especially in the trading industry, so companies need to identify factors that influence sales volume. This study uses a quantitative approach with data collection techniques through distributing questionnaires to 50 employees directly involved in marketing and sales activities, using a saturated sampling technique. The research instrument was tested for validity and reliability before use. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression using SPSS software version 19, which includes the classical assumption test, t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination. The results show that the variables of product development and service quality do not have a significant influence on sales volume. This indicates that the company's product development efforts have not been fully able to increase market appeal or have not been in accordance with consumer needs. Similarly, the implemented improvements in service quality have not had a significant impact on increasing sales volume. In contrast, pricing has been shown to have a significant influence on sales volume. These findings indicate that consumers in PT Indoqurma Sejahtera's target market are highly price-sensitive, thus a competitive pricing strategy can be a key factor in driving sales. Based on these results, managerial implications include the need to reevaluate product development strategies and improve service quality to be more relevant to consumer needs and preferences.   

PT. Soemo Adjie Persada is a company engaged in housing development and is dealing with serious problems in warehouse material management. The manual and unstructured material recording system causes various obstacles, such as data discrepancies, input errors, and stockouts that hamper the smooth running of the project. This study aims to analyze and implement the Kanban system as a more efficient and accurate material management solution. The study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews, observations, and documentation methods. The findings show that the Kanban system, which is based on the principle of workflow visualization and a pull system mechanism, can improve the efficiency of recording and distributing materials between project units. The implementation of Kanban helps reduce data input errors, prevent material loss, and accelerate the decision-making process in the warehouse. Although challenges such as damaged Kanban cards and difficulty adapting among users were encountered in the initial implementation stage, these obstacles can be overcome through proper training and regular evaluation of the system. Thus, the implementation of the Kanban system has proven to be an effective strategy in improving the efficiency of material management in construction projects. This system not only streamlines warehouse operations but also improves control over material availability, thereby supporting the smooth running of the overall construction process. PT. Soemo Adjie Persada is a company engaged in housing development and is dealing with serious problems in warehouse material management. The manual and unstructured material recording system causes various obstacles, such as data discrepancies, input errors, and stockouts that hinder project progress. This study aims to analyze and implement the Kanban system as a more efficient and accurate material management solution. The study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews, observation, and documentation.

The rise in motor vehicle theft cases in various regions indicates the weakness of the security systems implemented by most users. Systems such as manual locks and alarms often fail to prevent crime, either because they are easily hacked conventionally or due to user negligence in their operation. In today's technological era, a system is needed that is not only secure, but also intelligent and practical. One promising solution is the implementation of a facial recognition-based security system. This study aims to design and test a vehicle security simulation system using facial recognition technology integrated with Arduino Uno and MATLAB. This system utilizes a laptop camera to capture the user's facial image, then performs a detection and verification process using the FaceNet algorithm. If the face is recognized and verified with data stored in the database, the Arduino will activate the actuator components in the form of a DC motor to simulate starting the engine, and a servo motor to simulate opening the vehicle door. This study uses a quantitative experimental approach to analyze the effect of variations in distance (30, 40, and 50 cm) and lighting brightness levels (10–20, 21–30, and 31–40 lux) on the system's response time. A total of 27 combinations of conditions were tested, and the data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and ANOVA tests in Minitab software. The results of the analysis showed that the optimal response time was obtained at a distance of 40 cm with a medium level of illumination (21–30 lux). In addition, both distance, brightness, and the interaction between the two factors were shown to have a significant effect on the system's response time (P-Value < 0.05). These findings indicate that the system is quite sensitive to environmental changes, so further testing is highly recommended, especially to measure the actual delay, the detection error rate, and the development of a more robust face detection algorithm so that the system can be used reliably in various lighting conditions and face capture angles in the real world.

Pogalan Village in Pakis District, Central Java, is known as a horticultural agricultural center, with abundant vegetable production every year. However, behind this potential, this village faces a serious problem in the form of large amounts of organic waste generated from harvest residue and agricultural processing. Waste that is not managed properly has the potential to cause environmental pollution, reduce the village's aesthetics, and become a source of disease spread. To address these problems, the Tidar University Community Service Program (KKN-50) Team conducted a socialization activity for Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot cultivation as an environmentally friendly and economically valuable organic waste management solution. BSF maggots have been proven to decompose organic waste by up to 60% in a short time and produce useful by-products, such as dried maggots as high-protein animal feed and kasgot (used maggots) that can be used as organic fertilizer. The activity was held on July 31, 2025, at the Pogalan Village Hall, with the main participants being PKK mothers as agents of change at the household and community levels. The implementation method included initial observation of the village's potential and problems, creation of a maggot cultivation prototype, theoretical material outreach, and live demonstrations of the cultivation process. The material provided covered the BSF life cycle, cultivation techniques, selection of growing media, maggot population management, and utilization of cultivation products. The results of the activity showed high enthusiasm from participants, as reflected in the many questions and discussions during the training session, as well as their increased understanding of the benefits and techniques of maggot cultivation.

This study aims to analyze the quality of domestic wastewater based on three main parameters: pH, ammonia, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The wastewater samples were collected from an industrial area, chosen for its role as a primary source of domestic waste that can impact environmental quality. The pH was tested using potentiometry, while ammonia and COD concentrations were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, a precise method for analyzing these substances. The results showed that the pH values of the wastewater ranged from 6.68 to 10.28. This variation in pH reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater, with some samples being neutral to slightly alkaline. The ammonia levels detected ranged from 0.0654 to 0.3849 mg/L. While these levels are within the limits set by regulations, they indicate a significant presence of ammonia in the wastewater, which requires continued monitoring. However, the most striking finding was the COD levels, which ranged from 21.60 to 245.71 mg/L, with some samples showing very high values. High COD levels indicate a large presence of organic matter, which can lead to a decline in water quality. Some samples with COD values exceeding the threshold of domestic wastewater quality standards, as stated in Ministerial Regulation No. 68 of 2016, require additional treatment to reduce organic contamination. Overall, while the pH and ammonia values remain within safe limits, the high COD levels in some samples indicate that further treatment is necessary to reduce organic pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of domestic wastewater to protect environmental quality and prevent broader negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.  

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a student-centered teaching approach, where the learning process begins with a real-life problem relevant to everyday life. PBL encourages students to actively seek information, analyze data, and formulate solutions through group work and discussion. This approach not only develops critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills but also increases students' independence and responsibility for their own learning process. This article aims to examine how PBL is implemented in two main curricula in Indonesia: the 2013 Curriculum (K13) and the Independent Curriculum. In the 2013 Curriculum, PBL is integrated through a scientific approach and project-based activities, where students are invited to explore concepts and theories through investigative activities. Meanwhile, the Independent Curriculum provides more space for teachers and students to design contextual and personalized learning activities, making the implementation of PBL more flexible and adaptive to local needs and student characteristics. The literature review results indicate that both curricula effectively utilize PBL principles to enhance students' cognitive and metacognitive skills. The Independent Curriculum, in particular, places greater emphasis on independent learning, self-reflection, and the development of student interests through differentiated learning. Thus, the application of PBL within the context of the Independent Curriculum has proven to be more adaptive to the dynamics of 21st-century learning. In conclusion, the use of Problem-Based Learning in both curricula has significant potential to enhance students' learning abilities, as long as the approach is tailored to school conditions, student characteristics, and is supported by competent teachers and training in implementing this method effectively.

Bekasam is a traditional fermented fish product commonly produced in South Sumatra and South Kalimantan, known for its distinctive sour taste resulting from the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB play a crucial role in the fermentation process, contributing to the product’s flavor, texture, and safety. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize LAB from bekasam made using tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Isolation of bacterial strains was performed using the pour plate method on Nutrient Agar (NA) medium at various serial dilutions to obtain discrete colonies. The colonies were observed macroscopically to assess their morphological characteristics, including shape, size, color, surface texture, and edge profile. Further identification involved Gram staining to determine cell wall type and microscopic morphology. The results revealed that the bacterial colonies were generally small, round, white to cream in color, with smooth surfaces and flat edges. Gram staining demonstrated that the dominant isolates were Gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting rod-shaped or oval morphology. These characteristics are consistent with members of the genus Lactobacillus sp., a common LAB group in fermented fish products. Additional phenotypic traits observed included catalase-negative reactions, absence of spore formation, and the ability to produce lactic acid as the main metabolic end product. The combination of morphological, staining, and basic biochemical characteristics supports the initial identification of the isolates as LAB. The presence of Lactobacillus sp. in bekasam suggests their significant contribution to the fermentation process, influencing the product’s sourness, safety, and preservation. The findings of this study provide a basis for further molecular characterization and potential selection of LAB strains as starter cultures to improve the quality, consistency, and safety of bekasam in traditional and industrial production.

Bekasam is a traditional fermented food made from snakehead fish (Channa striata) through spontaneous fermentation with the addition of salt and rice over several days. This fermentation process promotes the growth of indigenous microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which play a crucial role in developing distinctive flavors and potentially providing health benefits. LAB are well-known for their probiotic effects, such as maintaining gut microbiota balance and enhancing immune system function. This study aimed to identify the presence of LAB in bekasam using the Gram staining method. Samples were taken from bekasam that had been fermented for three days. Bacterial isolation was conducted by culturing the samples on appropriate media, followed by Gram staining to observe bacterial morphology and cell wall characteristics under a microscope. Observations revealed a predominance of Gram-positive, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria, which are the primary morphological characteristics of LAB. This morphology is consistent with bacterial groups such as Lactobacillus spp., which are commonly found in traditional fermented products. These findings strengthen the assumption that snakehead fish–based bekasam is not only a traditional food source with rich flavors but also has potential as a natural probiotic source. This potential opens opportunities for bekasam to be developed as a functional food that supports digestive health and immune function. Further research is recommended to perform molecular identification to accurately determine bacterial species and to evaluate their probiotic activity in vivo. Thus, bekasam holds not only cultural and culinary value but also added value in the field of health and the functional food industry.