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Christian Religious Education (PAK) in the digital era faces great challenges as well as opportunities to develop through learning innovation. With a theological foundation such as Ephesians 2:10, this education does not only aim to develop cognitive aspects, but also to shape character oriented towards personal and spiritual transformation. PAK teachers are required to be inspirers who integrate faith values with innovative learning approaches, such as the utilisation of digital technology, the development of student-based learning models, and the application of creative methods, such as gamification and blended learning.However, this digital transformation is not without obstacles. In Palu City, geographical challenges, technological limitations, and diverse student backgrounds are important issues that need to be addressed. By implementing strategies such as teacher training, collaboration with churches, and contextualised curriculum development, PAK can adapt and be relevant to the times. This research uses a literature review to explore the concept and implementation of innovations in PAK, including improving teachers' skills in technology, learning management, and communication. The results show that a constructivism-based approach, which emphasises hands-on experience and active learning, can improve learning effectiveness. The synergy between technology, faith and local context is the key to the success of Christian education that is able to produce a generation with character and competence to face the digital era..    

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of interactive learning approaches in developing explanation skills in early childhood. Explanation skills are an important aspect in children's language, cognitive, and communication development, which supports critical thinking skills and effective social relationships. Although important, these skills are still relatively low in early childhood in Indonesia, largely due to less supportive learning methods. Interactive learning approaches involving games, stories, and discussions have been identified as a solution to improve these skills. This study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups of subjects, namely the experimental group given interactive learning interventions and the control group using conventional methods. Data were analyzed using a t-test to compare the pretest and posttest results between the two groups. The results showed that the interactive learning approach significantly improved early childhood skills. This study suggests the need for ongoing training for teachers and collaboration between schools and families to support the implementation of more effective and relevant learning. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of innovative learning strategies in early childhood education.

This research aims to analyze the role of teacher creativity in guiding small groups in Early Childhood Education (PAUD). Teacher creativity is very important in facilitating the social, emotional and cognitive development of early childhood. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method involving observations and interviews with several PAUD teachers. The research results show that teacher creativity in designing learning activities that are fun, interesting and appropriate to children's development can increase children's overall involvement and development. Therefore, there needs to be more effort to improve the quality of teacher creativity in the small group learning process in PAUD.

Questioning skills are skills that teachers must develop in the teaching and learning process. The aim of this research is to illustrate how teachers' questioning skills play an important role in stimulating the cognitive development of early childhood. This research method uses descriptive qualitative research which collects data through interviews, documentation and observation. The subjects of this research were young children who received institutional education. In fact, teachers' questioning skills have been proven to have a significant impact on the cognitive development of young children. Teachers' questioning skills can increase children's curiosity and improve children's memory, imagination and creativity in finding answers in the teaching and learning process. It can be concluded that teachers' questioning skills play a very important role in improving children's cognitive development. Because through these questions children can continue their thinking processes, obtain new information and expand their knowledge.

This study explores the role of logical principles as a scientific foundation in economics, highlighting how logic supports theory development, empirical analysis, and decision-making in this discipline. As the foundation of scientific methodology, logic ensures consistency, validity, and coherence in research, helping to avoid cognitive biases and logical fallacies that often arise in economic analysis. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this study synthesizes findings from various academic sources to explain the importance of logical principles such as deduction, induction, and probability in building economic theories and addressing challenges in modern economic research. In conclusion, the proper application of logic not only improves the quality of research but also the credibility of the resulting economic policies.

Reader response theory offers a dynamic approach to understanding literary interpretation, shifting focus from text-centered analysis to reader engagement. This study investigates reader responses to Diana Wynne Jones's "Howl's Moving Castle" through an analysis of reviews on Goodreads, utilizing Beach's framework of reader-response theory. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the research collected 60 reader comments, systematically sampling one review per month over the past year. The analysis categorized responses across five dimensions: textual, experiential, psychological, social, and cultural, revealing that experiential responses (33.33%) and textual responses (27.08%) predominated. Additionally, the study examined reader engagement across cognitive (50%), emotional (36.4%), and behavioral (13.6%) dimensions. Findings demonstrate how online reading communities like Goodreads transform literary interpretation from a solitary to a collaborative experience, highlighting the complex ways readers interact with literary texts. By exploring the nuanced responses to "Howl's Moving Castle," this research contributes to our understanding of contemporary reading practices, critical thinking literacy, and the evolving landscape of digital literary engagement.

This research examines the aspects of relevance, effectiveness, and impact of children's literature on the development of children in Indonesia. In the ever-evolving digital era, this study investigates how traditional children's literature continues to maintain its significance for contemporary generations. The methodology used includes a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, interviews with education experts, and observations of children's literature consumption patterns. The main findings indicate that classic children's literature maintains its relevance through the transmission of universal values and cultural heritage, as well as through adaptation into contemporary formats. The effectiveness of children's literature is proven in the improvement of literacy skills, emotional development, and social learning. Recent developments in children's literature show innovative trends, including theme diversification and the use of digital platforms. Furthermore, this research reveals the significant influence of children's literature on various aspects of development, including cognitive, emotional, social, and the formation of cultural identity. Children's literature serves as a catalyst in stimulating imagination, enriching vocabulary, and facilitating understanding of emotional complexities and social dynamics.The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrating diverse children's literature into the education curriculum, as well as collaboration between educators, writers, and other stakeholders to create relevant and impactful content. Recommendations for future research include a deeper exploration of the long-term effects of children's literature exposure on individual development, as well as an investigation into the potential of children's literature in addressing contemporary issues such as digital literacy and global awareness.

This research examines the aspects of relevance, effectiveness, and impact of children's literature on the development of children in Indonesia. In the ever-evolving digital era, this study investigates how traditional children's literature continues to maintain its significance for contemporary generations. The methodology used includes a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, interviews with education experts, and observations of children's literature consumption patterns. The main findings indicate that classic children's literature maintains its relevance through the transmission of universal values and cultural heritage, as well as through adaptation into contemporary formats. The effectiveness of children's literature is proven in the improvement of literacy skills, emotional development, and social learning. Recent developments in children's literature show innovative trends, including theme diversification and the use of digital platforms. Furthermore, this research reveals the significant influence of children's literature on various aspects of development, including cognitive, emotional, social, and the formation of cultural identity. Children's literature serves as a catalyst in stimulating imagination, enriching vocabulary, and facilitating understanding of emotional complexities and social dynamics.The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrating diverse children's literature into the education curriculum, as well as collaboration between educators, writers, and other stakeholders to create relevant and impactful content. Recommendations for future research include a deeper exploration of the long-term effects of children's literature exposure on individual development, as well as an investigation into the potential of children's literature in addressing contemporary issues such as digital literacy and global awareness.

This study investigates the impact of Canva, a digital literacy tool, on enhancing student engagement and academic performance through the lens of Self-Determination Theory by Johnmarshall Reeve (2012). Using qualitative methods, data were collected from student responses via questionnaires. The findings reveal that Canva positively influences the four dimensions of engagement: behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and agentic. Behavioral engagement is supported through its intuitive tools that promote focus and persistence. Emotional engagement is enhanced by evoking positive emotions and reducing stress. Cognitive engagement is fostered by encouraging critical thinking and creativity, while agentic engagement empowers students to take ownership of their learning processes. Despite challenges such as limited free features, students effectively utilized Canva’s resources to overcome these barriers. The study concludes that Canva offers a transformative approach to education, promoting 21st-century skills and bridging traditional learning with digital literacy. Future improvements could expand free templates, collaborative features, and educational resources, further amplifying its benefits in academic settings.

Adolescence is a transition phase towards adulthood which is marked by physical, behavioral, cognitive, biological and emotional changes. WHO defines adolescence as the period between the emergence of secondary sexual signs to sexual maturation and the transition to independence. The concept of toxic masculinity is a problem, reinforced by the culture of smoking which is seen as a symbol of masculinity. The increase in the number of teenage smokers in Indonesia is related to the transmission of smoking culture from generation to generation. Efforts to increase awareness about the dangers of smoking are carried out through social media such as Instagram. The use of visual animation video and strong messages on Instagram can be effective in increasing teenagers' awareness about the dangers of smoking and changing their perception of cigarettes as a symbol of masculinity. This research uses qualitative methodology. To collect data using interview, observation, literature and documentation methods. The aim of this research is to produce an effective Public Service Advertisement to raise awareness of the dangers of normalizing cigarette consumption due to Intergenerational Toxic Masculinity among adolescent boys in Semarang City which is disseminated via Instagram.

This research aims to analyze students' errors in solving quadratic equation questions based on the Kastolan classification with test instrument questions adapted to the cognitive level of Bloom's Taxonomy. The subjects of this research were six students of class IX MTsS Simpang Tanjung Nan IV. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. Instruments include questions, interview guidelines and documentation. Based on this research, conceptual errors were found with a percentage of 58.3%, procedural errors with a percentage of 33%, and technical errors with a percentage of 25%. The dominant errors found are conceptual errors, the teacher's role is needed in preventing and overcoming these errors.

The skill of providing variety is one of the important competencies in early childhood learning which aims to create a fun, interesting and effective learning atmosphere. This research aims to analyze the application of variation skills in the early childhood learning process and its impact on children's interest and participation. The research used a descriptive qualitative approach with observation, interviews and documentation methods on teachers and students at an early childhood education institution. The research results show that variations in learning methods, media and interactions significantly increase children's involvement in learning activities. Teachers who are able to consistently provide variation also encourage the development of children's cognitive, social-emotional and motoric aspects. This research recommends special training for early childhood educators to improve skills in providing variation as the main strategy in learning.    

Collaborative learning is an effective approach in enhancing student learning outcomes, particularly in developing cognitive, social, and emotional skills. Through interactions among students within groups, this learning model allows them to share knowledge, discuss, and solve problems together, leading to a deeper understanding of the material. Furthermore, collaborative learning fosters critical thinking, creativity, and communication skills, which are essential for addressing the challenges of the 21st century. Despite its numerous benefits, the implementation of collaborative learning faces several challenges, such as unequal participation among group members and the need for effective group dynamics management. Therefore, the role of the teacher is crucial in managing the collaboration process to ensure optimal contribution from each student. Overall, collaborative learning has a positive impact on improving student learning outcomes and supports the development of skills relevant to future life.

Hydraulic systems are vital components in modern naval vessel operations, controlling 60-70% of all ship operational systems. This research aims to comprehensively analyze the benefits of hydraulic system learning for Engineering Corps cadets at the Indonesian Naval Academy (AAL). The study employed a mixed methods approach with concurrent embedded design, involving 163 cadets for quantitative components and 20 cadets for qualitative components. Data collection techniques included structured questionnaires, pre-test and post-test cognitive tests, practical performance observations, and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results showed significant improvement in hydraulic system knowledge with large effect size (Cohen's d = 2.31) and average score increase of 28.8%. Cadets' perception of learning benefits was highly positive (M = 4.31 on a 5-point scale), with "Relevance to Operational Tasks" dimension achieving the highest score (M = 4.47). Practical performance showed 74.8% of cadets achieved good to excellent grades. Qualitative analysis identified five main themes: technical understanding transformation, practical competency development, theory-practice integration, soft skills development, and career motivation and orientation. Factors influencing learning benefits included instructor quality (β = 0.34), practical facility availability (β = 0.28), and learning motivation (β = 0.23). This research confirms that hydraulic system learning provides multidimensional benefits encompassing cognitive, psychomotor, and affective aspects, contributing to holistic professional competency development essential for success as Indonesian Navy technical officers.

This article examines pastoral counseling strategies for congregants whose Christian faith is weakened by sustained exposure to secular digital content. The problem is not framed as a deterministic claim that digital media directly destroys faith, but as a practical-theological concern: algorithmic personalization, secular moral imaginaries, online doubt communities, entertainment habits, and fragmented attention can reshape belief, practice, belonging, and trust in church authority. The study aims to construct a counseling model that is theologically responsible, psychologically informed, and pastorally usable in local churches. Using a conceptual qualitative design, the article synthesizes literature from digital religion studies, mediatization theory, adolescent and emerging-adult religiosity, media psychology, religious coping, and spiritually integrated counseling. The analysis identifies three main findings. First, faith degradation should be diagnosed as a layered process involving cognitive doubt, affective dryness, moral dissonance, ritual discontinuity, and communal displacement. Second, pastoral counseling must move beyond prohibition toward discerning digital habits, rebuilding spiritual attention, and restoring relational trust. Third, an integrated strategy is proposed: assessment of digital-spiritual formation, narrative and theological reconstruction, communal re-embedding, and digital rule-of-life practices. The article concludes that pastoral counseling in the digital age should function as a ministry of interpretive accompaniment rather than merely corrective instruction.

The rapid development of technology has introduced various language learning resources, including podcasts, which offer authentic audio input but are often underutilized and lack structured application in EFL classrooms. Integrating gamification into podcasts represents a promising approach to enhance students’ engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the impact of gamified podcasts on EFL students’ listening comprehension, learning motivation, and content retention. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving university-level EFL students divided into an experimental group (gamified podcasts with interactive quizzes, leaderboards, and badges) and a control group (non-gamified podcasts). Pre-tests and post-tests assessed listening comprehension, motivation, and retention, with statistical comparisons conducted using t-tests and ANOVA. The results indicate that students exposed to gamified podcasts demonstrated significant improvements in listening comprehension, motivation, and retention compared to their peers in the control group. The interactive and competitive elements of gamification encouraged repeated engagement, active participation, and deeper cognitive processing of audio materials, which strengthened long-term memory and overall learning outcomes. These findings suggest that gamified podcast-based learning not only enriches traditional listening practices but also fosters a more engaging, motivating, and effective EFL learning environment. Consequently, integrating gamification into podcast instruction is recommended as an innovative strategy to support language acquisition and enhance students’ sustained involvement in learning activities.

This study developed a Discovery Learning model with a Meaningful Learning approach to improve students' critical thinking skills in Economics at SMAN 2 Tulang Bawang Udik. The study used the ADDIE model and produced a conceptual model, lesson plans, student worksheets, and HOTS assessment instruments. Expert validation results showed that the products were feasible, practicality tests obtained a very practical category, and effectiveness tests with a Nonequivalent Control Group design showed that the critical thinking of students in the experimental class was higher than that of the control class. These results confirm that this learning model is feasible, practical, and effective, and can be a guide for teachers for active, contextual, and high-level thinking skills-oriented learning. Additionally, the integration of Discovery Learning and Meaningful Learning provides a structured and student-centered learning process that encourages learners to construct knowledge independently while connecting concepts to real-life contexts. The resulting learning tools also support teachers in implementing systematic instruction that fosters student engagement and deeper understanding. Overall, the developed model contributes to improving instructional quality in Economics education and offers an innovative alternative for enhancing students’ cognitive abilities, particularly in critical thinking.

Stunting is a condition of toddlers that has a negative impact on growth and development when compared to age. The incidence of stunting is a major nutritional problem facing Indonesia, and stunting is a topic that needs attention from all quarters given its impact. Lack of information about stunting can lead to quite a lot of misconceptions in the community, including the assumption that stunting is a normal condition for less height, even some parents do not know about stunting This study is a qualitative research. Initial informants were determined using purposive sampling technique. This study aims to help toddlers achieve optimal physical growth according to their age, improve cognitive development of toddlers through nutritious nutritional intake, and conduct early detection of stunting cases through regular growth monitoring at the puskesmas. There are five villages targeted by this program, namely ie masen kaye adang village with 13 stunting toddlers, lamgugob village with 6 toddlers, kopelma village with 12 toddlers, rukoh village with 20 toddlers, and dayah raya village with 17 toddlers. The implementation of the PMT program in August has been done carefully. One important preparation was the training given to cadres in each village. These cadres will be responsible for assisting in the implementation of the program, including in terms of preparing the food menu that will be given to stunted children.

This activity focuses on the socialization and simulation of earthquake disaster mitigation at SMA Negeri 14 Ambon. The aim was to increase students' awareness and preparedness in facing disasters, especially earthquakes. The methods used included material presentations using PowerPoint and simulations. This activity was attended by high school students with an age range of 15-18 years, who are at an ideal stage of cognitive development to receive and apply knowledge about disaster mitigation. The results showed that students had high enthusiasm and a good understanding of earthquake disaster mitigation after attending the socialization. This activity succeeded in increasing students' knowledge about actions to be taken before, during and after a disaster occurs. In conclusion, disaster mitigation socialization at the high school level is a strategic step in building a disaster resilient community. This activity can be a model for the development of similar programs in other schools, supporting the government's efforts in building community resilience to disasters.

This study investigates the effectiveness of the Jigsaw cooperative learning model in enhancing fourth-grade students’ understanding of Asmaul Husna in elementary schools. The research employed a pre-test and post-test design, involving an experimental class that applied the Jigsaw method and a control class that used conventional teaching. Data were collected through written tests designed for elementary-level comprehension and observation sheets to record students’ learning activities. The results indicate that the Jigsaw model fosters greater student engagement, encourages collaboration, and facilitates a clearer understanding of the material, as students actively participate in sharing knowledge with peers. In addition, the method nurtures a sense of individual responsibility and improves communication skills among students. The teacher’s role as facilitator proved essential in guiding group interactions and ensuring that learning objectives were met effectively. These findings suggest that the Jigsaw model can serve as an effective alternative strategy for teaching Islamic Religious Education in elementary schools, particularly on topics such as Asmaul Husna that require not only cognitive understanding but also moral application in daily life.